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Chennai From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Madras" redirects here. For other uses, see Madras (disambiguation). ?????? Madras Metropolis Clockwise from top right: Chennai Central, , , TIDE L Park, , San Thome Basilica, , Classical dan ce Bharata Natyam and . Clockwise from top right: Chennai Central, Marina Beach, Madras High Court, TIDE L Park, Ripon Building, San Thome Basilica, Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Classical dan ce Bharata Natyam and Valluvar Kottam. Chennai is located in ChennaiChennai Location of Chennai in Tamil Nadu Coordinates: 13°5'N 80°16'ECoordinates: 13°5'N 80°16'E Country India State Tamil Nadu District Chennai, Kanchipuram and [A] Former name Madras Native Languages Tamil Established 1639 Government Type MayorCouncil Body Chennai Corporation Mayor Saidai Duraisamy[1] Deputy Mayor P. Benjamin Corporation Commissioner Vikram Kapur Police Commissioner T.K. Rajendran[2] Area[3] Metropolis 426 km2 (164.8 sq mi) Metro 1,189 km2 (426 sq mi) Elevation 6 m (20 ft) Population (2011)[4] Metropolis 6,727,000 Rank 5th Density 16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi) Metro[5] 8,653,521 Metro rank 4th Demonym(s) Chennaiite, Madrasi Time zone IST (UTC+05:30) Pincode(s) 600001 to 600130 Area code(s) +91-44 Vehicle registration TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85 UN/LOCODE IN MAA Official language Tamil Spoken languages Tamil, English Website Chennai Corporation Jump up ^ The Chennai metropolitan area also includes portions of Kanchipuram an d Tiruvallur districts adjoining the . Chennai /'t??nna?/ (also known as Madras Listeni/m?'dra?s/) is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay o f Bengal, it is the biggest industrial and commercial center in ,[6] and a major cultural, economic and educational centre. Chennai is known as the " Detroit of India" for its automobile industry.[7] It is the fifth-largest city a nd fourth-most populous metropolitan area[8] in the country and 36th-largest urb an area[9] in the world. The city is host to the third-largest expatriate population in India after Mumba i and Delhi, with 35,000 in 2009 and steadily climbing to 82,790, in 2011.[10][1 1] Chennai is the only city in South Asia and India to figure in the "52 places to go around the world" by The New York Times.[12][13][14] Tourism guide publish er Lonely Planet has named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015.[15] Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities I ndex [16] and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annua l Indian city survey.[17][18] The city was ranked 38 worldwide, by the number of foreign tourist arrivals in 2012. It Is also home for various popular personali ties and home to IT startups. Chennai has also been named in the "hottest" citie s to live in for 2015 by BBC among global cities with a mixture of both modern a nd traditional values.[19] National Geographic ranked Chennai as world's 2nd bes t food city and Chennai was the only Indian city to feature in the list.[20] Che nnai was also named as the 9th best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Pla net.[21] With diverse industries such as healthcare, shipping, finance, informat ion technology,automobiles,Chennai has become the hub for one of the best employ ment opportunities in the country attracting immigrants from all over India maki ng it the second industrial capital of India. The healthcare offered continues t o be the best in India with approximately 1500 international patients per day co mbining both government as well as private hospitals. .The Chennai Metropolitan Area as recently as January 2015 has been ranked the fourth-largest economy in I ndia, and the third highest GDP per capita.[22] Contents [hide] 1 Toponymy 2 History 3 Environment 3.1 Geography 3.2 Geology 3.3 Flora and fauna 3.4 Environment Conservation 3.5 Climate 4 Administration 4.1 Law and order 4.2 Politics 4.3 Utility services 5 Architecture 6 Demographics 7 Housing 8 Arts and culture 8.1 Museums and art galleries 8.2 Music and performing arts 9 Cityscape 9.1 Tourism and hospitality 9.2 Entertainment 9.3 Recreation 9.4 Shopping 10 Economy 10.1 Communication 10.2 Power 10.3 Banking 10.4 Health care 10.5 Waste management 11 Transport 11.1 Air 11.2 Rail 11.3 Road 11.4 Sea 12 Media 13 Education 14 Sports and recreation 14.1 City based teams 15 International relations 15.1 Foreign missions 15.2 Sister cities 16 See also 17 Footnotes 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External links Toponymy[edit] The origin of the word Chennai is disputed. There are two different theories for the origin of the name Madraspattinam and C hennaipattinam: The first theory is that it was derived from the fisherman village landlord Muth urasan palayakara naicker who gave land for St. George fort, East India Company and the name of a ruler Damal Chennappa Nayagar, a Nayakar of Vandavasi who serv ed as a general under Sriranga Deva Raya of the Aravidu Dynasty[23] father of Da mal Venkatadri Naicker, from whom the English acquired the town in 1639. The fir st official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated 8 August 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company.[24] The second theory states th at it was named after the Chenna Kesava Perumal Temple; the word Chenni in Tamil means face, with the temple regarded as the face of the city.[25] The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in I ndia.[26] Multiple explanations attempt to account for the city's colonial name, Madras: allegedly derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing-village north of Fort St George .[27] However, it is uncertain whether the name "Madraspattinam" was in use befo re the arrival of European influence.[28] the military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Muthu-raju, Muthurasu or a bbreviatedly, Mudiraju.[29] other arguments suggest that the Portuguese, who arrived in the area in the 16th century, named the village Madre de Deus, meaning Mother of God. another possibility sees the village's name coming from the prominent Madeiros f amily of Portuguese origin, which consecrated the Madre de Deus Church in the Sa nthome locality of Chennai in 1575. another theory concludes that the name Madras was given to Chennapattanam after it was taken from a similarly named Christian priest.[30] other parties express the opinion that Madras might have taken its name from a f isherman by the name of Madrasan from religious Muslim schools, referred to as Madrasahs from the word Madhu-ras, which means "honey" in Sanskrit.[31] In 1996 the state government officially changed the name to Chennai. At that tim e many Indian cities underwent a change of name.[31][32] However, the name Madra s continues in occasional use for the city,[33] as well as for places named afte r the city, such as the , the Indian Institute of Technology , Madras and (MMC).

History[edit] See also: and Timeline of Chennai history Clive House at Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement i n India during 1609 Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach St.Thomas Mount, Chennai View of Madras from the harbor, 1895 An 18th-century portrait depicting Fort St. George, the first major English sett lement in India and the foundation stone of Chennai Stone age implements have been found near in Chennai. According to th e Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural est ablishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.[34] The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, a nd economic centre for many centuries. During 1st century CE, a poet and weaver named lived in the town of (a neighbourhood of present Ch ennai).[35] From the 1st-12th century the region of present Tamil Nadu and parts of South India was ruled by the Cholas.[36] The Pallavas of Kanchi built the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram during th e reign of Mahendravarman I. They also defeated several kingdoms including the C heras, Cholas and Pandyas who ruled over the area before their arrival. Sculpted caves and paintings have been identified from that period.[37] Ancient coins da ting to around 500 BC have also been unearthed from the city and its surrounding areas. A portion of these findings belonged to the , which r uled the region during the medieval period.[38] The Portuguese first arrived in 1522 and built a port called São Tomé after the Chri stian apostle, St. Thomas, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near , north of C hennai.[39] On 22 August 1639, which is referred to as , the English East India Co mpany under Francis Day bought a small strip of land stretching 3 miles on the C oromandel Coast. They got a license to build a fort and a castle in the contract ed region. The ruler Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, the Nayaka of , gran ted the English permission to build a factory and warehouse for their trading en terprises. The region was then primarily a fishing village known as "Madraspatna m".[38] A year later, the English built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India,[40] which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort.[41] Post independence the fort housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010, b ut shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a chang e in the Government.[42] In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.[39] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la -Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore.[43] They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759 under the leadership of Eyre Coote.[44] In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the British were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the Treaty of Madras ended the war.[45] By the 18th century, the British had co nquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modernday states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the with Madras as the capital.[46] Gradually, the city grew into a major naval base and became the central administ rative centre for the British in South India.[47] With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the thriving urban centre was connected to other imp ortant cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland.[48] Sir Arthur Lawley was Governor of Madras from 19 06 to 1911 and promoted modern agriculture, industry, railways, education, the a rts and more democratic governance.[49] The Governor lived in Government House, Fort St George, and had a country home at , with access to a golf course, hockey pitches, riding stables and the Guindy Horse Racing Track.[50][51] In the First World War as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, he looked after the w elfare of Indian soldiers.[52] Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I,[53] when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lane s in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption to shipping.[54] After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madr as State, which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969.[55] The violent agitations of 1965 against the compulsory imposition of Hindi and in support of english in in dia in the state marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and eventually it had a big impact on the whole state.Because of madras and its peop le english exists now in india otherwise hindi might have been made as solo lang uage in india[56] On 17 July 1996, the city known as Madras was officially renam ed Chennai, in line with what was then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicis ed names.[57] On 26 December 2004, an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.[5 8][59] Environment[edit] Geography[edit] Main article: Chennai, sometimes referred to as the "Gateway to South India,"[60][61] is locat ed on the southeastern coast of India in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around 6.7 metres (22 ft),[62] and its highest point is 60 m (200 ft).[63] Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centr e and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, travels thro ugh the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at . The estuary of this river is heavily polluted with effluents released by the industries in the region.[64] Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted w ith effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources, the Coumm being so heavily polluted it is regarded as the city's eyesore.[65][66] A protected estu ary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animal s.[67] The , 4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast, l inking the two rivers. The Nullah, an eastwest stream, runs through and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Some areas of the city hav e the problem of excess iron content in groundwater.[68]

Satellite image of Chennai Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.[69] Clay underlies most of t he city, chiefly Manali, Kolathur, , K. K. Nagar, , Alapa kkam, and . Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, and include areas such as , George Town, , New Wa shermanpet, , Mylapore, , Adyar, Besant Nagar and Uthandi. In these areas, rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Areas having hard r ock surface include Guindy, , , , Jaladampet, Vela chery, and a part of and .[70][71] The ground water table in Chennai is at 4-5m below ground in most of the areas,[71] which was co nsiderably improved and maintained through the mandatory rain water harvesting s ystem.[72] Geology[edit] Chennai is classified as being in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk o f damage from earthquakes.[73] Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential geothermal energy site. The crust has granite rocks indicating volcanic activities in the past. It is expected that temperatu res of around 200 to 300 C° will be available if the ground were drilled 4 to 5 km deep.[74] The region has the oldest rocks in the country dating back to nearly a billion years.[75] Flora and fauna[edit] Main article: Flora and fauna of Chennai The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are fav ored by the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles to lay eggs every winter. A larg e number of cattle egrets, pond herons and other waterbirds can be seen in the r ivers of Cooum and Adyar. About 75,000 birds migrate to Chennai every year.[76] Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai also play host to a number of migratory bir ds during the monsoon and winter.[77] Over 300 species of birds have been record ed in the city and its neighborhood by members of Madras Naturalists' Society si nce its inception in 1978. is a protected area within the city limits. Wildlife conser vation and research activities take place at Arignar Anna Zoological Park includ ing Olive ridley sea turtle conservation. [78] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research station, located 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Chennai.[79 ] It is India's leading institution for herpeto faunal conservation and the firs t crocodile breeding center in Asia.[80] Environment Conservation[edit] Chennai has three rivers and many lakes spread across the city. Urbanization has led to shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands.[81] The Chennai River Restoratio n trust set up by the government is working on the restoration of Adyar river.[8 2] Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.[83] [84] Chennai Climate chart (explanation) JFMAMJJASO ND 23 2920 2.2 3121 4 3323 7.7 3526 44 3728 56 3727 100 3526 140 3526 137 3425 279 3224 407 2923 191 2821 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: [85] [show]Imperial conversion Climate[edit] Chennai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). The city lies on the ther mal equator[86][87] and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation i n seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known regionally as Agni Nakshatram ("fire star") or as Kathiri Veyyil,[88] with maximum temperatures around 3540 °C (95104 °F). The coolest part of the year is Janua ry, with minimum temperatures around 1522 °C (5972 °F). The lowest recorded temperatur e was 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905.[89] The highest rec orded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003.[89] The average annual rainfall is about 140 cm (55 in).[90] The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds, fro m midOctober to midDecember. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rainfall recorded is 257 cm (101 in) in 2005.[91] Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October[92] and no rth-easterly during the rest of the year. Historically, Chennai has relied on th e annual rains of the monsoon season to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area.[93] Chennai has a water table at 2 metres for 60 p ercent of the year.[94] [hide]Climate data for Chennai, India (19712000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 34.4 (93.9) 36.7 (98.1) 40.6 (105.1) 42.8 (109) 45.0 (113) 43.3 (109.9) 41.1 (106) 40.0 (104) 38.9 (102) 39.4 (102.9) 35.4 (95.7) 33.0 (91.4) 45.0 (113) Average high °C (°F) 28.8 (83.8) 30.5 (86.9) 32.5 (90.5) 34.3 (93.7) 36.8 (98.2) 36.9 (98.4) 35.0 (95) 34.3 (93.7) 33.9 (93) 31.8 (89.2) 29.6 (85.3) 28.5 (83.3) 32.8 (91) Average low °C (°F) 20.9 (69.6) 22.0 (71.6) 23.8 (74.8) 26.4 (79.5) 27.9 (82.2) 27.5 (81.5) 26.3 (79.3) 25.7 (78.3) 25.5 (77.9) 24.5 (76.1) 23.0 (73.4) 21.9 (71.4) 24.6 (76.3) Record low °C (°F) 13.9 (57) 15.0 (59) 16.7 (62.1) 20.0 (68) 21.1 (70) 20.6 (69.1) 21.0 (69.8) 20.6 (69.1) 20.6 (69.1) 16.7 (62.1) 15.0 (59) 13.9 (57) 13.9 (57) Average rainfall mm (inches) 22.5 (0.886) 2.2 (0.087) 4.0 (0.157) 7.7 (0.303) 43.9 (1.728) 55.9 (2.201) 100.3 (3.949) 140.4 (5.528) 137.3 (5.406) 278.8 (10.976) 407.4 (16.039) 191.1 (7.524) 1,391.5 (54.783) Average rainy days 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.4 4.0 6.9 8.5 7.1 10.6 11.7 6.3 59.1 Average relative humidity (%) 73 72 70 69 62 57 64 66 72 77 78 77 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 268.3 268.1 293.6 290.2 279.9 202.6 185.2 193.6 198.6 194.6 182.7 204.3 2,761.7 Source #1: India Meteorological Department (temperatures and precipitation)[95][ 96] Source #2: NOAA (sunshine duration and humidity 19711990)[97] Administration[edit] Main article: Administration of Chennai The Ripon Building, commissioned in 1913, houses the Chennai Corporation Chennai city is governed by the Chennai Corporation (formerly "Corporation of Ma dras"), which was established in 1688. It is the oldest surviving municipal corp oration in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.[98][9 9] In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km 2 (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 km2 (164 sq mi),[100] dividing into three regionsN orth, South and Central, which covers 200 wards.[101][102] The corporation is he aded by a mayor, an office presently occupied by Saidai Sa. Duraisamy.[103][104] The Mayor and councillors of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents.[105] While the city limit was expanded to 426 km2 in 2011, the revis ed population is yet to be officially announced. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the nodal agency respon sible for planning and development of Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is spread over an area of 1,189 km2 (459 sq mi),[106] covering the Chennai district and p arts of Tiruvallur and Kanchipuram districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities, and the smaller are governed by town councils called panch ayats. Under the gamut of the CMDA are 5 parliamentary and 28 assembly constitue ncies.[107][108] The CMDA has drafted an additional Master Plan that aims to dev elop satellite townships around the city. The city's contiguous satellite towns include Mahabalipuram in the south, and in the sou thwest, and Sriperumpudur, , Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur to the west.[10 9] Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive a nd legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings in the Fort S t George campus. The Madras High Court, is the highest judicial authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.[110] Chenna i has three parliamentary constituenciesChennai North, Chennai Central and Chenna i Southand elects 14 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legi slature.[111] Law and order[edit] Madras High Court The is the main law enforcement agency in the city, with a jurisdiction of over 745 sq km catering to over 85 lakh people. It consists of 121 Police stations and is headed by a commissioner of police. The Greater Chen nai Police is a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, and the administrative contro l lies with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry.[112] Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP ) is responsible for the traffic management in the city. The metropolitan suburb s are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, headed by the Chennai Police C ommissionerate, and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by the Kanc hipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.[113][114][115]

Female state police personnel on patrol As of 2011 (prior to the expansion of Chennai Corporation area), Chennai city ha s a sanctioned strength of 14,000 police personnel. With a population density of 26,903 persons per square kilometre, the city had 1 policeman for every 413 peo ple. The Chennai suburban police had about 4,093 police personnel and a ratio of 1:1,222.[116] In 2010, the crime rate in the city was 169.2 per 100,000 people, as against an average of 341.9 in the 35 major cities of India.[117] In 2011, N orth Chennai zone had 30 police stations and 3 police out posts, zone had 28 police stations and 3 police out posts, and zone had 30 police stations.[118] In 2009, Chennai Central Prison, one of the oldest prisons in India, built over 11 acres of land, was demolished; the prisoners were moved to Central Pri son.[119] Politics[edit] Tamil Nadu legislative assembly Being the capital of the Madras Province that covered a vast area of the Deccan region, Chennai remained the centre of politics in the southern region of India during the British colonial era. After Independence, it remained the centre of p olitical activities of the state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the Indian National Congress, commonly known as the Congress Party. Fou nded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, most no tably A.O. Hume,[120] the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in the city in December 1884.[121] D uring the first 50 years of the Indian National Congress, the city played host t o its conferences seven times in 1887, 1894, 1898, 1903, 1908, 1914 and 1927, be coming one of the strong bases for the Indian independence movement. After indep endence, the city hosted the Congress in 1955 in its suburb of . Chennai is also the birthplace of several regional political movements since the British era. South Indian Welfare Association, one of the earliest regional par ties, was founded in 1916, which later came to be known as the Justice Party, wh ich was the main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state.[ 122][123] In 1944, the party was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) by E. V. Ramasam i (popularly known as 'Periyar'). The party was a non-political party that deman ded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu.[124] However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C. N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956. Since the 19th century, when Western scholars proposed that Dravidian languages, which dominated the southern region of India, formed a different linguistic gro up to that of the Indo-Aryan languages that are predominant in the north of the subcontinent, the aspects of Tamil nationalism gained prominence. This resulted in the Anti-Hindi agitations in the city and across the state. However, the post -Independence re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethni c basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation fr om the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more po pular and more powerful political force in the state. The agitations of the 1960 s played a crucial role in the defeat of the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 19 67 elections and the continuing dominance of Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu pol itics.[125] Utility services[edit] See also: Water management in Chennai Puzal Lake, Redhills The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the Chennai MetroWat er Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakk am Lake, the primary water reservoirs of the city,[126] and treated at water tre atment plants located at , Puzhal, Chembarambakkam[127] and supplied to t he city through 27 water distribution stations.[128] The city receives 530 mld o f water from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project, 180 mld of water from t he project[127] and 100 mld of water from the desalination plant, the country's largest sea water desalination plant.[129][130][131] Howeve r, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 million litres per day (ML D) in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD.[132] The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifica tions in 1958.[133] There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,[134] and 2,000 more has been planned by the corporation.[135] The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.[136] The Corporation of Chennai provides civic services to the city. Garbage collecti on in some of the wards is contracted to Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, a priva te company,[137] while the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others,[138] with a superintendent engineer managing the cha nnels. As of 2011, 8 transfer stations exist within the city for treating the wa ste.[139] Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the cityOne in and a nother in Perungudi, with a major portion of the latter covering the Pallikarana i marshland.[140] In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night .[141] Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[142] Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service.[143] The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.[144] Architecture[edit] Main article: See also: List of tallest buildings in Chennai and Heritage structures in Chenna i a multi-storeyed building, with road in the foreground Parry's Corner, one of the oldest business areas of Chennai, lined up with Art D eco buildings.