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Recreations in Botany

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Recreations in Botany rilwitMmrtiMwiwiirwiiniWniiriniWtiiniiniW * HnU QfaUege of JKgttculturp At Qlornell MniiieraHB 1924 001 674 682 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001674682 RECREATIONS IN BOTANY BY CAROLINE A. CREEVBY ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK HAEPBK & BEOTHEKS PUBHSUBES 1893 X Copyright, 1893, by Hakpkr & Brothers. All rights reserved. TO MT FRIEND MAEGARET E. SANGSTER THIS VOLUME K» JLobrnols KnacrtfteU — CONTENTS I INTRODUCTOBT Botany an Out-door Sport — Pleasure of Knowing the Names of Plants—Dangerous and Criminal Classes—Poison-Ivy—Poison- Sumae — Drosera Rotundifolia — Bladderworts — Parts of a Flower Page 1 II THE botanist's TOOLS AND METHODS Botany-box — A Perfect Specimen — How to Analyze a Flower — Under- and Over-development of Species—Variations of Color Herbarium . 18 III FERTILIZATION OF PLANTS Usefulness of Insects — Self-fertilization of Plants the Exception to the Rule — Wind-lovers — Insect-lovers — Devices for At- traeting Insects — Examples of Flowers which Seek Cross-fer- tilization 20 IV ORCHIDS The Taste for Orchids not a Passing Fancy — Earth-growing and Epiphytal Orchids—Difficulty of Collecting, Transporting and — VI CONTENTS Growing Tropical Plants — Characteristics — "Highly Special, ized" — Cypripediums and Other Native Orchids — Rare and Beautiful Species Found in Hot-houses Page SO V LEAVES Variety and Beauty of Leaves—Queries About Leaves—Leaf Al- bum—Altered Leaves —Cellular Tissue—Arrangement of Leaf- cells—Stomata—Offices of Leaves—Metastasis—Arrangement on Stem—Devices for Protection of Leaves—Why Leaves Fall in Autumn—Carnivorous Plants ... 56 VI PLANT MOVEMENTS Motion of Seed When First Planted—Circumnutation—Movements of Root-tip—Of Climbing Plants—Sleeping Leaves . .81 VII THE COMPOSITE The Golden-rod for a National Flower—Characteristics of Com- posite Flowers — Disk Flowers — Ray Flowers — Tubuliflorie LigulifloriB—Dwarf Dandelions—Hawk-weeds—Thistles—Rag- weeds, and other Composites 94 VIII PARASITIC PLANTS The Woods in Autumn Full of Interest, Because Every Plant is Fruiting—Cancer-root, or Beech-drops—Indian-pipe—Color ot Leaves and Stems of Parasites—Mistletoe—Cusouta—Boot-par- asitic Plants—Monocotyledons Non-parasitic 102 IX AQUATIC PLANTS The "Trout-ponds" — Eriocaulon Septangulare — A Wet-meadow Bouquet—Buttercups, Cardinal Flower, and Other Plants Grow- ing in Wet Places—Finding a New Species 110 — CONTENTS Vll THK CONE-BEARERS The Forest of White-pine—Cedars of Lebanon—Cones-^Naked " " Seeds —• Big Trees of California — Pines — The Ging- ko Page 120 XI FLOWERLESS PLANTS They Grow Everywhere—Meaning of Cryptogam—Cellular Ar- rangement—Difference Between Lower Orders of Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms—Harmful Plants—Vascular Cryptogams —Horse-tails and their Allies 181 XII FERNS Spores Distinguished from Seeds—Two Eras in the Life of a Fern—The Prothallus—Sporophore—Spores—Sporangia—Sori —Indusium—How to Distinguish Ferns 143 XIII mosses and liverworts (brtophytes) Charm of Mosses—Growth and Propagation—The Protonema Gemmae—Peat -mosses—Thallose and Leafy Liverworts—Ma- crospores—Interesting for Microscopic Study 161 XIV LICHENS Lichens Perennial, not Parasitic—Reindeer-moss—Iceland-moss Manna—Propagation—Nomenclature 160 — VIU OOITTENTS XV ALGuE Offices of Roots and Leaves (or Fronds) of Algae—Spores—Large Sea-weeds—Edible Algse—Colors and Distribution—Red Snow —Diatoms Page 165 XVI FUNGI Lowest Forms of Vegetable Life — Harmful and Beneficent Wholly Parasitic or Sacrophytic —Reproduction—Rapid Growth and Short-lives—Six Families—Mushrooms—Puff-balls—Fungi Attacking Cereals—Potato-rot, Moulds, Ferments—Bacilli and Bacteria—Antiseptics 173 XVII PLANT ADAPTABILITY AND UTILITY Migration of Plants — Flexibility — Hardness — The Birch — High Altitude Plants—Cinchona—Palms—Cacti—TheMesquite 186 XVIII SEEDS AND FRUITS Ovules—TJsurpations of Ovules—Dissemination of Seeds by Wind, Water, and Animals—Different Fruits in Botanical Language The True Lover of Flowers 203 Index 213 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE POISON. SDMAC 4 POISON- ITY 5 DROSKRA ROTUNDIFOLIA T FLOWERING STEM OP UTRICnLAEIA INPLATA 9 POLLEN -GRAINS 21 MAGNIFIED VIEWS OF THE PARTS CONCERNED IN THE OPERATION OP EXTRACTING NECTARY FROM AND IN FERTILIZING ORCHID FLOWER BY HAWK-MOTH • . 28 VANDA LOWII 35 CONSTRUCTION OF ORCHID 37 A GROUP OF NATIVE ORCHIDS 45 MASDEVALLIA DENISONIANA 48 LYCASTE 49 L^LIA FRISIANS .... 53 WATER-CARRYING DUCTS OF PLANTS 62 HIGHLY-MAGNIFIED SECTION OF LEAF 64 STOMATA 65 PIECE OP LIVERWORT LEAF CUT DOWN THROUGH THE MOUTH . 66 BLUE-FLAG 67 LEAF OP VENUS'S PLT-TRAP (dI0N.4;a) .... ... 74 THE SAME CLOSED 74 PITCHER-PLANT IN BLOOM 76 LEAP OF THE SARRACENIA 77 NEPENTHES 'iS DROSERA FILIFORMIS 80 MIMOSA AWAKE 86 MIMOSA ASLEEP 87 LOCUST BRANCH AWAKE 88 LOCUST BRANCH ASLEEP . 89 LOCUST, MELILOT, LUPINE, OXALIS—ASLEEP .... .91 X ILLUSTRATIONS PAOE PAPPUS OF DANDELION 9'? RECEPTACLE OF DANDELION 98 MISTLETOE 105 CEDAR OP LEBANON 122 CEDAR-CONES ... 123 GROUP OP SEQUOIAS, OP ALL ABES 125 FIR—HEMLOCK— IRISH YEWS—GINGKO 129 VEGETABLE 134 HYDROIDS (animal) GROWING ON A SHELL . 135 ANIMAL . 136 EQUISETUM—SPORES WITH ELATERS ... ... 137 TRKE-FERN 144 A FEEN 146 FERTILE PERN, OF COMMON BRAKE, WITH SPORANGIA . 148 GEMM^ . 154 MARCHANTIA 156 ANEURIS PINGUIS . 15lf FRUIT OF LIVERWORTS 158 THE COMMON CUP-LICHEN, MODERATELY MAGNIFIED .... 161 SEA-WEED, MAGNIFIED, SHOWING SPORE-SACS 166 GULP-WEED 167 COMMON SEA-WEED 168 SEAWEED 169 ZYGNEMA . 170 MOULD 173 FUNGI GROWING ON A DEAD OAK-LEAP 177 GKAPE-PUNGUS 175, 183 PALMS OP THE MIDDLE AMAZON . 193 CACTI . 197 CACTUS - 201 SAMARA 204 FEATHERY-TAILED ACHENE OP ANEMONE 207 PINEAPPLE 208 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS AcheTie, or Akene.—A small, dry, in- Cleistoga/mous.—Closed fertilization. dehiscent, one-seeded fruit. Applied to inconspicuous blos- Adventitious. —Accidental. Applied soms which are self - fertilized tn buds springing from anasual before the bud opens, as in stem- less violets. Such plants bear Anemophilous. —Wind-loving. Ap- other, more conspicuous blos- plied to flowers fertilized by the soms, which are often unfruitful. wind, as pines. Circinate. — Rolled from the tip Anther. — Hbe part of the stamen downward, as in the young which contains the pollen, usu- fern fronds. ally consisting of two cells, Column.—^The body formed by the which open, when' the pollen is union of stamens and pistils in ripe, by a slit. orchids. Apetalous Without petals, as the Corolla. —The flower-leaves standing anemone. next within and above the calyx. Axil—The upper angle at the junc- Corymb. —A cluster of flowers, flat or tion of stem and branch. convex at the top, blossoming Axis. —The stem; the part around first at the circumference, last which other organs are attached. at the centre. Bracta.—lbe small leaves at the base Dehiscent. — Splitting open of cap- of or upon the flower-stem. sules into regular valves for the discharge of seeds. Dehiscent Calyx.-Tbe outer flower -leaves, fruits contain more than oneseed. usually green. Dicotyledonotis. —Having two cotyle- Capsule.—The diy, dehiscent frnit of dons or seed-leaves. a compound pistil, as in poppy. Dimorphous. —Two - formed. Ap- Caudiele.—^The stalk of the pollen- plied to plants like the par- mass in orchids. tridge-berry, in which high an- Caulicle.—A little stem. The radicle thers and low stigmas are found of seeds. in one flower, and high stigmas Cellulose.—The substance of which and low anthers in another. cell-walls is composed. The visiting insect carries pol- Chlorophyl (written also with two len from high or low anthers in I's) Leaf-green. A soft granu- one flower to corresponding stig- lar substance found in green mas in others. parts of a plant exposed to light, Disk.—The central part of compo- whose office is to convert crude sites, as distinguished from ray- sap into vegetable material. flowers. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS Drupe— A stone -fniit. Chemes, Mon^cotyledonoits. — Embryo con- pluniB,<etc,, are drupes. taining one cotyledon. Such plants are endogenous, and the i^ndofire?iows.^Iucreasmg by inside leaves are parallel-veined. growth and elongation of the Monopetalous.—CovoWa united into apex. Palms, grasses, lilies, etc., one piece, like campanula' are examples The wood is Gamopetalous is a more modern made up of separate threads term for the bell-corolla. scattered irregularly through the whole of the stem. Node.—Joint. The part of the stem .Entornophilous. —Insect-loving. Ap- bearing a leaf or branch. plied to plants which are fertil- ized by visits of insects. Ovary. —The part of the pistil bear- i^jpAyfes.—Air-plants. Plants fast- ing ovules. ened upon other plants, but Ovules. —Unfertilized seeds. nourished by the air only. Exogenous. —Increasing by growth Palmate (leaves) are borne ou the in lings around a central pith. tip of a common stalk — e.g.^ The wood-bundles are wedge- horse-chestnut. shaped, radiating from the ceu- Panicle.—A compound flower clus- tre. The whole is covered by ter, irregularly branching — bark. Maples, and most of our grasses, lilies-of-the-valley are trees, are exogens. examples. Pappu8.~The calyx of composites Filament—The stamen-stalk, bear- —thistle- and dandelion-down. ing the anther. Pa/renchyma.—The soft cellular tis- i^ioret—Diminutive of flower. Ap- sue of plants. plied to the small flowers of Pedicel.—The stalk of each individ- composites. ual flower of a cluster of flowers. Fronds.—The leaves of ferns, algse, Peduncle. — The naked stalk of a liverworts, etc flower. The stalk on which a cluster of flowers is borne is the Glabrou8.Smooth ; that is, without common peduncle. hairs or bristles. Per/ect.—AB applied to flowers, hav- Gymnosperms. — Naked- seeded, ing both stamens and pistils. cone- bearing plants, as pines Perianth The floral envelopes tak- and hemlocks. en collectively. Petal.—A division ofthe corolla. Haiifiiorza.—Sucker-like rootlets of Petiole—The foot-stalk of a leaf. dodder and poison-ivy. Pinnate (leaves) are compound leaves, in which the leaflets are Indusiuyn.—The scale-like covering arranged on a common stalk, ofthe fruit of ferns.
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