Guyana and Suriname

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Guyana and Suriname REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Award in the arbitration regarding the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Guyana and Suriname, Award of 17 September 2007 -- Sentence arbitrale relative à la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Guyana et le Surinam, Sentence du 17 septembre 2007 17 September 2007 - 17 septembre 2007 VOLUME XXX pp.1-144 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2012 PART I Award in the arbitration regarding the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Guyana and Suriname Award of 17 September 2007 PARTIE I Sentence arbitrale relative à la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Guyana et le Surinam Sentence du 17 septembre 2007 Award in the arbitration regarding the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Guyana and Suriname Sentence arbitrale relative à la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Guyana et le Surinam Delimitation of the territorial sea—article 15 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) places primacy on median line in case of opposite or adjacent States—special circumstances that may affect a delimitation to be assessed on a case-by-case basis—special circumstances of established practice of navigation justify deviation from the median line from the starting point to the three nautical mile limit—no obligations created by uncompleted treaties—the three to twelve nauti- cal mile limit line drawn, taking into account the special circumstance of determining such line from a point at sea fixed by historical arrangements, to the point at which the equidistance line established for the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone intersects the 12 nautical mile point . Determination of a continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone—concept of a single maritime boundary not found in UNCLOS, but in practice and case law– provisional equidistance line subject to adjustment in light of relevant circumstances in order to achieve equitable solution—certainty, equity, stability integral parts of pro- cess of delimitation—coastal geography may be relevant to the extent that it generates “the complete course” of the provisional equidistance line—angle bisector methodol- ogy rejected—international courts and tribunals dealing with maritime delimitation should be mindful of not remaking or wholly refashioning nature—absent an express or tacit agreement between the parties oil concessions and oil wells irrelevant to the delimitation of maritime boundary—boundary negotiations with a third State irrel- evant—no factors rendering the provisional equidistance line inequitable . Admissibility of claim of unlawful threat or use of force—Tribunal has jurisdic- tion under article 293 of UNCLOS to apply rules of international law not incompat- ible with the Convention—the incident to be considered in the context of the whole dispute—no obligation to engage in separate exchanges of views on threat or use of force–Tribunal’s jurisdiction over disputes concerning a coastal State’s enforcement of its sovereign rights with respect to non-living resources not excluded—no generally accepted definition of the doctrine of clean hands in international law—a violation must be ongoing for the doctrine of clean hands to apply—claims relating to the use of force in a disputed area not incompatible under UNCLOS with claim for maritime delimitation of that area . Claim of unlawful threat or use of force—action taken by Suriname not a law enforcement activity but a threat of use of force in contravention of UNCLOS, the Charter of the United Nations and general international law—in international law force may be used in law enforcement activities provided such force is unavoidable, 4 Guyana/Suriname reasonable and necessary—claim that action constituted a countermeasure precluding wrongfulness not accepted—countermeasures may not involve use of force . State responsibility—no need to assess extent of Suriname’s international respon- sibility—injury to Guyana “sufficiently addressed” by Tribunal’s delimitation decision granting it undisputed title to the area of the incident . Obligation under articles 74(3) and 83(3) of UNCLOS to make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements–duty to negotiate in good faith—obligation to “make every effort” to reach such arrangements . Obligation under articles 74(3) and 83(3) of UNCLOS to make every effort not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of final agreement—unilateral activity that might affect the other party’s rights in a permanent manner not permissible—distinction drawn between activities leading to a permanent physical change, such as exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and those that do not, such as seismic exploration . Remedy—declaratory relief . Délimitation de la mer territoriale—article 15 de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (CNUDM) donne primauté à la ligne médiane dans les cas concernant des États se faisant face ou adjacents—circonstances spéciales pouvant avoir un effet sur une délimitation considérées au cas par cas—circonstance spéciale concernant une pratique de navigation établie justifiant une déviation de la ligne médi- ane du point de départ fixé à la limite des trois milles marins—absence d’obligation résultant d’un traité incomplet—ligne tracé entre les limites des trois et douze milles marins, en prenant en considération les circonstances spéciales relevant de la déter- mination d’une telle ligne à partir d’un point en mer fixé par des arrangements histor- iques jusqu’au point d’intersection entre la ligne d’équidistance établie pour le plateau continental et la zone économique exclusive et le point situé à douze milles marins . Délimitation du plateau continental et de la zone économique exclusive—Con- cept de frontière maritime unique ne figurant pas dans la CNUDM, mais présent dans la pratique et la jurisprudence—ligne provisoire d’équidistance étant sujette à ajustement, au regard des circonstances pertinentes aux fins d’aboutir à une solu- tion équitable—certitude, équité et stabilité comme parties intégrantes du processus de délimitation—géographie côtière pouvant être pertinente dans la mesure où elle permet de générer « le tracé complet » de la ligne provisoire d’équidistance—rejet de la méthode de la bissectrice—juridictions internationales traitant de délimitations maritimes devant être attentives à ne pas refaire ou refaçonner entièrement la nature— concessions pétrolières et puits de pétrole non pertinents dans la délimitation de la frontière maritime, en l’absence d’accord exprès ou tacite entre les Parties—négocia- tions frontalières avec un Etat tiers non pertinentes—absence de facteurs rendant la ligne provisoire d’équidistance inéquitable . Recevabilité de la demande portant sur la menace ou l’emploi illicite de la force— Tribunal compétent en vertu de l’article 293 de la CNUDM pour appliquer des règles de droit international qui ne sont pas incompatibles avec celle-ci—incident à considé- rer dans le contexte du différend dans son ensemble—absence d’obligation d’initier des échanges de vues distincts concernant la menace ou l’emploi de la force—compé- tence du Tribunal sur les différends concernant la mise en œuvre par un Etat côtier de maritime delimitation 5 ses droits souverains sur les ressources non biologiques n’étant pas exclue—absence de définition généralement acceptée de la doctrine des mains propres en droit inter- national–violation devant être en cours pour que la doctrine des mains propres soit applicable—absence d’incompatibilité, en vertu de la CNUDM, des demandes fondées sur l’emploi de la force dans une zone en litige avec une demande de délimitation maritime de ladite zone . Demande portant sur la menace ou l’emploi illicite de la force—mesure prise par le Surinam ne pouvant être qualifiée d’activité d’exécution de la loi, mais con- stituant une menace d’emploi de la force en violation de la CNUDM, de la Charte des Nations Unies et du droit international général—en droit international, possibilité de recourir à la force, selon le droit international, dans le cadre d’activités d’exécution de la loi, à condition qu’un tel recours soit inévitable, raisonnable et nécessaire—rejet de l’allégation selon laquelle la mesure constituait une contre-mesure excluant l’illicéité— contre-mesures ne pouvant pas impliquer l’emploi de la force . Responsabilité de l’État—détermination de l’étendue de la responsabilité interna- tionale du Surinam n’étant pas nécessaire—dommage subi par le Guyana étant « suf- fisamment traité » par la décision du Tribunal en matière de délimitation lui accordant un titre incontestable sur la zone de l’incident . Obligation des États en vertu des articles 74(3) et 83(3) de la CNUDM de faire tout leur possible pour conclure des arrangements provisoires—devoir de négocier de bonne foi—obligation de « faire tout leur possible » pour conclure de tels arrange- ments . Obligation des États en vertu des articles 74(3) et 83(3) de la CNUDM de faire tout leur possible pour ne pas compromettre ou entraver la conclusion de l’accord définitif—inadmissibilité de toute activité unilatérale susceptible d’affecter les droits de l’autre partie de manière permanente—distinction établie entre les activités con- duisant à une modification physique permanente, telle que l’exploitation des réserves gazières et pétrolières et celles n’ayant pas un tel effet, comme l’exploration sismique . Remède—constatation judiciaire valant satisfaction . * * * * * 6 Guyana/Suriname Arbitral Tribunal constituted pursuant to Article 287, and in accordance with Annex VII, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in the matter of an arbitration between: Guyana and Suriname Award of the Arbitral Tribunal The Arbitral Tribunal: H .E . Judge L . Dolliver M . Nelson, President Professor Thomas M . Franck Dr . Kamal Hossain Professor Ivan Shearer Professor Hans Smit Registry: Permanent Court of Arbitration The Hague, 17 September 2007 maritime delimitation 7 Agents, counsel and other representatives of the Parties Guyana — Hon .
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