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Gramática Popular Del Mixteco Del Municipio De Tezoatlán, San Andrés Yutatío, Oaxaca

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Gramática Popular Del Mixteco Del Municipio De Tezoatlán, San Andrés Yutatío, Oaxaca SERIE gramáticas de lenguas indígenas de México 9 Gramática popular del mixteco del municipio de Tezoatlán, San Andrés Yutatío, Oaxaca Judith Ferguson de Williams Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Gramática popular del mixteco del municipio de Tezoatlán, San Andrés Yutatío, Oaxaca San Andrés Yutatío Serie de gramáticas de lenguas indígenas de México Núm. 9 Serie dirigida por J. Albert Bickford Equipo de redacción y corrección Susan Graham Elena Erickson de Hollenbach Sharon Stark Equipo de corrección del español Sylvia Jean Ossen M. De Riggs Érika Becerra Bautista Miriam Pérez Luría Lupino Ultreras Ortiz Adriana Ultreras Ortiz El diseño de la pasta es la Estela 12 de Monte Albán I de influencia olmeca (dibujo por Catalina Voigtlander) Gramática popular del mixteco del municipio de Tezoatlán, San Andrés Yutatío, Oaxaca (versión electrónica) Judith Ferguson de Williams publicado por el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Apartado Postal 22067 14000 Tlalpan, D.F., México Tel. 555-573-2024 www.sil.org/mexico 2007 Las fotografías del pueblo de San Andrés Yutatío fueron tomadas por Juan Williams H. Los mapas fueron elaborados por Susan Graham. Las piezas arqueológicas de las ilustraciones se encuentran en el Museo Nacional de Antropología y en el Museo Regional de Oaxaca. Algunas de las fotografías arqueológicas fueron tomadas por Ruth María Alexander, la cual se indica en las páginas respectivas. Las demás fueron tomadas por Alvin y Louise Schoenhals. Los dibujos de las piezas arqueológicas fueron elaborados por Catalina Voigtlander. – ·· – Para más información acerca del mixteco de San Andrés Yutatío y el municipio de Tezoatlán, véase www.sil.org/mexico/mixteca/tezoatlan/00e-MixtecoTezoatlan-mxb.htm © 2007 Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Derechos reservados. Puede reproducirse para fines no lucrativos siempre y cuando no se altere en forma alguna. Hay algunas diferencias mínimas entre las versiones impresas y electrónicas en las divisiones entre páginas. Mixteco de Tezoatlán (mxb) Primera edición, versión impresa, 2006: 300 ejemplares, ISBN 968-31-0323-5 Primera edición, versión electrónica [enero 2008]: www.sil.org/mexico/mixteca/tezoatlan/G009a-GramMixTez-mxb.htm Contenido Contenido ..................................................................................................... v Mapa de México .......................................................................................... vi Mapa del municipio de Tezoatlán.............................................................. vii El gran tronco otomangue......................................................................... viii Propósito...................................................................................................... ix Agradecimiento ........................................................................................... xi Abreviaturas y símbolos ............................................................................. xii PARTE 1: TEMAS INTRODUCTORIOS......................................................... 1 1. Introducción ............................................................................................. 3 2. El alfabeto................................................................................................. 9 PARTE 2: PARTES DE LA ORACIÓN.............................................................. 21 3. El sustantivo ........................................................................................... 23 4. El adjetivo............................................................................................... 33 5. El pronombre.......................................................................................... 45 6. La preposición ........................................................................................ 61 7. El verbo: Los tiempos ............................................................................. 67 8. El verbo: Usos de los tiempos................................................................. 77 9. El verbo: Partículas antes del verbo....................................................... 87 10. El verbo: Procesos derivacionales ........................................................ 95 11. El verbo: Algunas clases especiales.................................................... 119 12. El adverbio ......................................................................................... 133 13. La conjunción ..................................................................................... 137 14. La interjección.................................................................................... 149 15. La partícula......................................................................................... 153 PARTE 3: FRASES......................................................................................... 163 16. La frase sustantiva.............................................................................. 165 17. La frase adjetiva ................................................................................. 179 18. La frase verbal: Adverbios que modifican al verbo ......................... 183 19. La frase adverbial ............................................................................... 193 PARTE 4: ORACIONES................................................................................. 203 20. La oración básica................................................................................ 205 21. La pregunta......................................................................................... 213 22. La oración imperativa ........................................................................ 217 v vi LA GRAMÁTICA MIXTECA PARTE 5: ORACIONES COMPUESTAS......................................................... 221 23. La oración coordinada........................................................................ 223 24. La oración compleja no coordinada................................................... 229 PARTE 6: TEXTOS........................................................................................ 239 25. Textos ................................................................................................. 241 APÉNDICES .................................................................................................. 265 Apéndice 1: Medidas ................................................................................ 267 Apéndice 2: Tonos de los pronombres ..................................................... 273 Apéndice 3: Pronombres de una sola vocal como sufijos ........................ 277 BIBLIOGRAFÍA E ÍNDICE DETALLADO ....................................................... 283 Bibliografía ............................................................................................... 285 Índice detallado........................................................................................ 287 Mapa de México El municipio de Tezoatlán se encuentra en el sur de México, en el estado de Oaxaca. Mapa del municipio de Tezoatlán El pueblo de San Andrés Yutatío se encuentra en el municipio de Tezoatlán del distrito de Huajuapan de León, en el estado de Oaxaca, México. Está ubicado a 45 kilómetros al suroeste de la ciudad de Huajuapan de León. vii El gran tronco otomangue El idioma hablado en San Andrés Yutatío es parte de la rama mixteca de la familia lingüística otomangue. viii Propósito Esta gramática describe los rasgos fundamentales de la estructura gramatical del idioma mixteco actualmente hablado en el pueblo de San Andrés Yutatío, en el municipio de Tezoatlán, Oaxaca, México. Esta gramática es popular en el sentido de que una persona no tiene que ser lingüista para poder leerla y entenderla. Se usan los términos gramaticales más básicos y la mayoría de ellos se definen. Todos los ejemplos fueron escritos, grabados o dictados por personas de San Andrés Yutatío. El idioma mixteco existía en México muchos siglos antes de la llegada de los españoles, y tiene una gramática muy distinta a la del español. El mixteco pertenece al grupo de idiomas llamado otomangue. Se espera que algo de la belleza y riqueza de su gramática se pueda ver en esta descripción. Taza mixteca policromada con un colibrí en el borde ix Ñoo San Andrés Yutatío tá sa̱ naá sa̱ naníán Yuta̱ Tiyo̱ ̱ó, dá chi ̱ kánduu̱ iin yuu̱ chiká̱ ano káa to̱on káa tiyo̱ ̱ó ini yu̱ta. Dá ni ̱ saaṉ na̱ ñoo ni ̱ naki̱ in na yuu̱ ñoó, ni ̱ chindú̱ u̱ ná yéé chóon. El pueblo de San Andrés Yutatío antes se llamaba “Yu̱ta Tiyo̱ ó”̱ (Río de la tortuga), porque en el río había una piedra muy grande que parecía una tortuga. La gente del pueblo fue y trajo esa piedra y la puso en frente de la agencia municipal. x Agradecimiento Mi esposo Juan Williams H. y yo estamos sumamente agradecidos con la gente del pueblo de San Andrés Yutatío por la oportunidad que nos ha brindado de vivir largos periodos en el pueblo y aprender su idioma. Estamos especialmente agradecidos con las personas que al principio (en los años de 1986 a 1988) se esforzaron en ayudarnos a aprender el idioma. De igual manera queremos agradecer a las personas que escribieron o narraron cuentos en mixteco que después estudiamos. Nuestro agradecimiento se extiende también a Gerardo Ojeda Morales, hablante nativo del mixteco de San Andrés Yutatío, con quien asistí a un curso sobre cómo escribir una gramática popular en 1995. Su ayuda fue indispensable porque él puede identificar los tonos y muchos otros aspectos de su lengua. Este curso “La elaboración de Gramáticas Populares en Lenguas Otomangues”, se
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