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DOI Number: 10.2478/tco-2018-0017 Margareta Niculescu – A Portrait throughout a Century
Anca Doina CIOBOTARU
Abstract: In the last century, Romanian puppet theatre has not only received, but it has also given to the world – which I would personally correct. Perhaps: “it has given to the world innovative, poetic performances that have brought about a new aesthetic vibe.” If you skim through World Encyclopaedia of Puppetry Arts (first edition published in French, under the title Encyclopédie mondiale des arts de la marionette, and second edition published in English, under the aforementioned titled, available online at: https://wepa.unima.org/en/), you will find more information on Romanian puppet theatre than you might expect. A complicated history that has been reshaped subjectively – as is the case with every history. And, given that Margareta Niculescu left this world on the 19th of August, 2018, I’ve decided to turn back to the pages 493 and 494 (from the first edition), as if going in a pilgrimage. For quite some time, I’ve been thinking of getting closer to her, all prejudices, myths and subjectivity aside; perhaps Matei Brunul1 has also helped; do shadows make way for themselves/do they follow us? In any domain, at any time, in any place. What matters is that you want to go back into the light, to free yourself, to be able to remember.
Key words: Margareta Niculescu, directing, puppet theatert, UNIMA
If I were to create a performance on this theme, it would have to be done in a Brechtian manner; a little distancing might be of help. Therefore, I would write: ACT I IAȘI – the 4th of January, 1926. Date of birth – this is how all mortal beings’ stories begin. All biographies skip directly to the year 1949, when Margareta Niculescu, only 23 years of age at the time, was named manager of the
Professor dr. habil. Faculty of Theatre, George Enescu National University of Arts, Iasi, Romania 1 I am referring to Lucian Dan Teodorovici’s novel Matei Brunul, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2012. 219
THEATRICAL COLLOQUIA Ţăndărică Puppet Theatre. With discretion and elegance, she always kept her personal life separate from the turmoil of her career. How did she get all this determination, strength, energy? Maybe it was from the dreams she had as a young girl, looking through the windows of her home, on Brăteanu Street, at the National Theatre. She would dream of becoming a violinist, of living on the stage, she would dream…! She was more powerful than the turmoil of the times. One has the opportunity to read a personal account: “Before the war, I used to play the violin and go to the performances at the National Theatre in Iaşi, the city I was born in. Later, I was drawn to journalism, then cultural activism. I never planned or chose anything. It was by chance that I received help in finding my direction.”2
2 *** - Passeurs et complices/ Passing It On, Institut International de la Marionnette, l’Entretemps 2009, p. 28, our translation. 220
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ACT II Since 1949, when she had taken upon herself the task of (re)organizing modern puppet theatre in Bucharest, as founding manager of the Ţăndărică Theatre, until 1986, when she would permanently settle in France, in Charleville-Mézières, she built, rebuilt, and shaped her creative vision. Even though she was only 23, she understood she needed “legitimacy” – based on professional abilities – and she decided to study at the Theatre and Cinematography Institute in Bucharest, where she spent four years studying directing. “Manager and student – quite an unusual combination.”3 A legitimate professional, she started her journey in the world of puppetry gathering experience through experimenting. Exigency, determination, excellence – three key words that can be read through the lines of her résumé. Reading once again the article I have previously mentioned, I understand that she always “took chances”, meaning experimenting, seeking, and building a team (with all it implies in a theatre – both the artistic and technical staff). “I tried things, I experimented, I hesitated, and I came to realize that our art has to create its own language, distancing itself from ‘the theatre of magic and illusion’, but also from mimesis.” This is how, at the Ţăndărică Theatre, puppets started telling stories both for children and adults. She invited directors…, but she also directed herself. In her résumé4, there are performances in very different styles, which have greatly contributed to the renewal of puppetry aesthetics; selectively: Umor pe sfori/Humour in Strings (1954), Mâna cu cinci degete/The Hand with Five Fingers (1958 – a parody of a detective movie), which were performed in Bucharest and Sofia, Cartea lui Apolodor/The Book of Apollodorus, after Gellu Naum, a Romanian Surrealist poet (1962), Eu și materia moartă/Me and the Dead Matter – done with the participation of the great comedian Mircea Crișan (1964), Cele trei soții ale lui Don Cristobal/The Three Wives of Don Cristobal, adapted by Valentin Silvestru after F. G. Lorca (1965), Peer Gynt
3 Ibidem. 4 The variants that I have consulted were generously given by her daughter, Irina Niculescu. 221
THEATRICAL COLLOQUIA – done in 1978, in Norway, Crăiasa zăpezilor/The Snow Queen, after H. C. Andersen – staged in Oslo, with a scenography by Sever Frențiu, Fabule/Fables, after Hans Sachs – in Magdeburg, Pinocchio – in Belgrade. These performances materialized her vision, using metaphors, enlarging the performing space and the stage technics. A cinematic-like vision in creating stage images and actions, a nearness to phantasy, the mix of the poetic and the ironical, the comic resources of self-derision/self-irony are signs of a spirit defined by intelligence, intuition, and pragmatic exigency. The portrait is remade from pieces. Paradoxically, after 1990, in this period of more than a quarter of a century when, starting from the proposed model, a genuine theatre movement has begun, when many events/people in the entire Romania have become models, Margareta Niculescu’s artistic and managerial vision has remained in the background. In 1969, she started the Nocturnes series, determined by her wish to bring together young and adult audiences in the puppet theatre. Today, we appreciate the founding of an Experimental Studio in a theatre as a sign of modernity. And yet, between 1972 and 1975, she coordinated the Puppeteer’s Studio, which she used for emphasizing the puppeteer’s identity and the necessity of their permanent training. Moreover, in collaboration with academics (The Theatre and Cinema Institute in Bucharest), the company’s (and other companies’) “virtuosos”, the puppetry masters would pass their art to younger artists. The meeting of different generations, of academic knowledge and the practitioners’ technical skills has constantly generated new forms of stage expression, new approaches that have freed the puppet from the limits of the illustrative and have given it the expressive power of theatrical sign, of stage metaphor. In those moments, theoretical preoccupations were left a step behind stage practice, which is why director (and founder of the Experimental Studio) Irina Niculescu’s accounts give us a much clearer perspective on the aesthetic direction that were followed. On the puppet stage, those were years of seeking and of reshaping aesthetics. Therefore, there were requests for organizing training programs; creativity stemmed from the meeting of different generations. Nowadays, through the ERASMUS
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THEATRICAL COLLOQUIA program, this has become common practice, but how many theatre puppets in Romania support such programs? Referring to her time at Ţăndărică Theatre and this project, Margareta Niculescu stated: “We worked towards theatricality in the puppet theatre and we acknowledged its metaphorical and symbolical dimensions. We took one step at a time in our move towards radical changes, decidedly breaking from common ways, in order to help a new art-world take shape. There were new changes […] which, from my point of view, played a key role in going over aesthetic limits and abolishing codes, defying genre and category-based definitions.”5 In 1958, when the first World Puppetry Festival took place, Bucharest became the capital of puppetry; for many eastern countries (including Romania), the 50s were a period in which this type of performance went through a true process of renewal. In fact, it meant much more; the true meaning was emphasized by a message sent to Irina Niculescu: „ Dear Irina, Margareta was the most important person and artist for U N I M A-J AP A N. WHY? She opened the door to international activities in 1958 when International Puppet Festival in Bucharest was held. Thank you, Margareta. High in the sky above of Charlesville-Mezieres, One beautiful star is shining, for all of puppetry lovers.
On behalf of U N I M A-J AP A N Tsubame Kusunoki Tamiko Onagi 29th August 2018”
5 *** - Passeurs et complices/ Passing It On, ed. cit, p.32, our translation. 223
THEATRICAL COLLOQUIA No further comment is required. Reading the preface of the book Teatrul de păpuși în lume/Puppet Theatre in the World, we can understand that this event belonged to a vision that Margareta Niculescu had already established: “For the people of our times, who move at a fast pace in a gigantic world that is filled with creations of their imagination, the puppet remains forever a reflex of their need for charm and poetry. […] Will puppet theatre, this ancient art that has so categorically changed its instruments, will it continue to renew its structure? Will transformations continue to take place? Will it become the total art – announced by some visionaries – that speaks to everyone and in which all other arts merge in a unique, original manner?”6 These questions were on her mind throughout all of her activity. In an interview she gave for Le monde in 2011, she stated: “The great idea that continues to nurture this art is that of contradicting the dogma that the marionette is a copy of the human being. When the marionette began to manifest as a metaphor, a new, grand, whirling artistic field opened: all materials, all objects, all shapes, all images, all conceivable interactions between shapes and space, between the object and its handler became possible, at the intersection with other arts – drama, music, visual arts.”7
ACT III The 80s were marked by fresh changes in the puppet theatre, not only in Romania, but all over the world. The fact that, in 1981, together with Jacques Félix and Henryk Jurkovski, she co-founded the International Institute for Marionettes – Institut International de la Marionnette (IIM) at Charleville-Mézières, an organization she would manage starting with the year 1985, is a proof that her vision went beyond the limitations and the mentality of her time, and also that she understood that she could and should do more than she was allowed by the “bureaucratic” constraints in Bucharest. Jacques
6 *** - Teatrul de păpuși în lume. Jocul de păpuși contemporan în cuvânt și imagine, Editura Meridiane, București, 1966, p. 5. 7 Apud Matei Vișniec: https://www.rfi.ro/special-paris-105384-margareta-niculescu-marea- doamna-artelor-marionetei-s-stins-din-viata, our translation. 224
THEATRICAL COLLOQUIA Félix saw the establishing of the institute as something natural: “It’s simple. The founding of the Institute naturally followed the first International Festival in Charleville, held in 1972! […] which took place at the same time with the 11th UNIMA Congress: there were 800 participants from all over the world! […] We were warmly welcomed by the people in the city and there was an extraordinary vibe! [...] ... after this great success, we did it again in 1976. There were a lot of people who wanted to take part.”8
Margareta Niculescu and Henryk Jurkowski
8 *** - Passeurs et complices/ Passing It On, ed. cit, p.37, our translation. 225
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Margareta Niculescu and Jaques Félix
Margareta Niculescu understood that she had to accomplish a mission to which she unconditionally devoted all the energy of her ideas, initiatives, and actions, defining and strengthening the identity of the International Institute for Marionettes. In fact, it was this context that allowed her to reach her full potential as a mentor, emphasizing the education and training of puppeteers, which led to the founding of the National School for Higher Education in Puppetry Arts (1987), which places pluridisciplinarity at the core of its educational principles; to a certain degree, this was a continuation of the work she had done at the Puppeteer’s Studio. The founding of the IIM Publishing House, in 1988, with a clearly defined editorial program, and the first steps in the field of research made in 1996, when the Centre for Residencies for Young Creators and Researchers opened in Villa d’Aubilly – these followed naturally, according to the rule that “necessity is the mother of invention”. In a memorial article, Matei Vişniec notes: “Undoubtedly, these were complicated times, in which it was not an easy task for a passionate artist
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THEATRICAL COLLOQUIA to navigate, between the political pressure from the communist regime and her aesthetic beliefs. However, Margareta Niculescu navigated successfully and then she also succeeded, due to her talent and strength, in leaving her mark on puppetry art at a European and global level.”9 Between 1990 and 1993, she initiated the International Meetings of Puppetry Schools (Rencontres Internationales des Ecoles de Marionnettes - RIDEM), which later became the International Meetings for Arts Education (Rencontres Internationales des Enseignements Artistiques - RIDEA), from 1996 to 1999. Trans- and interdisciplinarity, adapting to the puppeteers’ professional demands/needs, thematic workshops, organizing masterclasses and, moreover, the involvement of renowned creators and researchers. The list is long, but these projects gave the participants the opportunity to meet Joan Baixas, Henk Boerwinkel, Jan Dvorak, Philippe Genty, Gavin Glover, Claire Heggen, Henryk Jurkowski, Josef Krofta, Jean-Pierre Lescot, Leszek Madzik, Michael Meschke, Hoïchi Okamoto, Alain Recoing, Ilka Schönbein, Roland Shön and Frank Soehnle, Jim Henson, Tadeusz Kantor, Peter Schumann, Josef Svoboda, Yang Feng (China), Yoshida Minotaro and Koryû Nishikawa IV (Japan), Nyoman Sumandhi (Bali), Asep Sunandar (Indonesia), or Brunella Eruli, Henryk Jurkowski, Didier Plassard – the last three being considered her allies in the process of “interaction in intellectual fertilization”.
9 Matei Vişniec: https://www.rfi.ro/special-paris-105384-margareta-niculescu-marea- doamna-artelor-marionetei-s-stins-din-viata, our translation. 227
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Margareta Niculescu and Jim Hanson
Margareta Niculescu and S. Obraztov
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Were it only for this list, the information it delivers would still represent an incontestable presentation. However, there is something that one might miss: her mentorship, the confidence she instilled and the energy she gave. The School’s students were seen from the perspective of their potential: “The future of theatre can begin in the school’s work site.” Lucile Bodson is one of the collaborators who, in 2003, were passed on not only the management of the International Institute for Marionettes, but also the principles of supporting the youth and creating strong ties in the professional field.
Instead of a Prologue
She has (yes, this is the correct form) many prizes and medals, among them being the Palmes Académiques (France), Erasmus Prize (Pays-Bas); she is Commander of Arts and Letters (France), she has a Medal for Cultural Merits Commander Class (Romania). The list could go on, but what matters most is her legacy. She knew how to bring different generations together, how to establish connections and how to open the minds of people in the domain: “Perhaps the most important type of education is the triggering and maintaining of curiosity. So, above all, we must teach the passion for theatre, the pleasure of imaginative experiences.”10
10 Idem, p. 54, our translation. 229
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Margareta Niculescu receiving the ERASMUS award
The 19th of August, 2018 – Margareta Niculescu embarks on a new journey. On Monday, the 20th of August, 2018, the mayor of Charleville- Mézières paid homage to Margareta Niculescu, whose efforts, energy, and enthusiasm changed something in the identity of the city, the identities of those who met her or who are going to come close to her flame, in the world of puppet theatre.
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Dedication Philippe Genty
Bibliography
Teodorovici, Lucian Dan, Matei Brunul scris, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2012 *** - Passeurs et complices/ Passing it on, Institut International de la Marionnette, l’Entretemps 2009 https://wepa.unima.org/en/ 10.11. 2018 Vișniec, Matei - https://www.rfi.ro/special-paris-105384-margareta-niculescu- marea-doamna-artelor-marionetei-s-stins-din-viata/ 15. Nov. 2018
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