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Improving Water Productivity and Livelihood Resilience in Karkheh River Basin in Iran

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Improving Water Productivity and Livelihood Resilience in Karkheh River Basin in Iran Proceedings of the International Workshop on: Improving Water Productivity and Livelihood Resilience in Karkheh River Basin in Iran September 10-11, 2007 Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran Edited by: H. Farahani, T. Oweis, H. Siadat, F. Abbasi, A. Bruggeman, J. Anthofer and F. Turkelboom Organized by: Improving On-farm Agricultural Water Productivity in the KRB Project (CPWF Project No. 8) Strengthening Livelihood Resilience in Upper Catchments of Dry Areas by INRM Project (CPWF Project No. 24) International Center for Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Research Education and Research in the Dry Areas AEERO Organization Copyright © 2008 ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) All rights reserved. ICARDA encourages fair use of this material for non-commercial purposes, with proper citation. Citation: H. Farahani, T. Oweis, H. Siadat, F. Abbasi, A. Bruggeman, J. Anthofer and F. Turkelboom. 2008. Proceedings of the International Workshop on: Improving Water Productivity and Livelihood Resilience in Karkheh River Basin in Iran. no. 2. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. iv+169pp. ISBN: 92-9127-212-4 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria. Tel: (963-21) 2213433 Fax: (963-21) 2213490 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.icarda.org The views expressed are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of ICARDA. Where trade names are used, it does not imply endorsement of, or discrimination against, any product by the Center. Maps have been used to support research data, and are not intended to show political boundaries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge with thanks the funding and research support of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food in the research on which this publication is based. ii Contents Foreword 1 CHAPTER I: WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGIES IN UPPER KARKHEH RIVER BASIN (KRB) 3 Role of Transfer of New Technologies to Improve Water Productivity of Major Rainfed Crops in KRB 5 A.R. Tavakoli, T. Oweis, Sh. Ashrafi, A. Liaghat, F. Abbasi, and H. Farahani Effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillum on the Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Kermanshah and Lorestan, Iran 17 P.M. Milani and J. Anthofer Study of Agronomic Characters and Adaptability of Kabuli Chickpea Lines at Farmers' Fields in Upper KRB 29 S. H. Sabaghpour, P. Pezashkpour, I. Kerami, M. Pala, A. Ghaffari, A. Ali pour, H. Azizi, S. Nazari, and F. Mahmoodi Evaluation of Agronomic Management for Enhancing Lentil Yield at Farmers' Fields under Dryland Conditions in KRB 38 S. H. Sabaghpour, H. Pirdadeh, I. Kerami, M. Pala, A. Ghaffari, J. Anthofer, F. Feri, A. Nemeti, H. Azizi, and A. Hasanvand A Glance at Biological Degradation in KRB 43 A. Shahmoradi, M. Ghaitori, S. Ahmadi, and A. Tavakoli CHAPTER II: WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGIES IN LOWER KRB 49 Assessment of Wheat Water Productivity and Methods of Improvement in South KRB 51 M. Moayeri, H. Dehghanisanij, H. Sedgi, H. Farahani, F. Abbasi, A.F. Nato, and E. Pazira Assessment of the Causes of Low Water Productivity and Ways of Improvement in Irrigated Maize Areas of South KRB 59 M. Moayeri, H. Dehghanisanij, H. Sedgi, H. Farahani, F. Abbasi, A.F. Nato, and E. Pazira CHAPTER III: WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGIES IN SALINE AREAS OF LOWER KRB 67 Comparisons of Yield of Several Wheat Genotypes in Saline Areas of KRB 69 G.H. Ranjbar, S.A.M. Cheraghi, and A. Abayani Comparisons of Yield of Several Sorghum Cultivars in Saline Areas of KRB 76 A. Anagholiand, A. Rahnema Comparisons of Yield of Several Barely Genotypes in Saline Areas of KRB 82 G.H. Ranjbar, S.A.M. Cheraghi, and M.H. Rahimian Determination and Evaluation of Water Productivity in the Salt-Prone Areas of Lower KRB 88 S. Absalan, N. Heydari, F. Abbasi, H. Farahani, M. Qadir, H. Siadat, and T. Oweis iii Evaluation of the Best Management Practices for Improving Water Productivity in the Salt-prone Areas of Lower KRB 96 S. Absalan, E. Dehghan, F. Abbasi, N. Heydari, H. Farahani, M. Qadir, A. Javadi, H. Siadat, and T. Oweis CHAPTER IV: PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES, LIVELIHOODS, AND SOCIOECONOMICS IN KRB 103 Integrated Watershed Management for the Dry Mountains of Iran - Adapting worldwide 'lessons learned' to Iranian conditions 105 F. Turkelboom, M. Ghafouri, and A. Sarreshtehdari Participatory Technology Development - Challenges and Opportunities 118 J. Anthofer, B. Moosavi, M. Moazami, M. Efati, and F. Turkelboom Characterization of Production and Livelihoods Systems of Rural Communities in Upper KRB 125 A. Aw-Hassan and K. Noori Socioeconomic Characteristics, Different Water Uses and Status of Irrigated Cereals in Lower KRB (Azadegan and Sorkheh Plains), Iran 138 H. Asadi, M. Niasar, A. Abbasi, A. Ayeneh, K. Shideed, N. Heydari. F. Abbasi. F. Mazraeh, and M. Gamarinejad CHAPTER V: BASIN STUDIES 145 A Land Suitability Study under Current and Climate Change Scenarios in KRB 147 A. Ghaffari, E. De Pauw, and S.A. Mirghasemi Assessment of Different Scenarios of Supplemental Irrigation at Upstream Sub-Basins of Karkheh Basin on Flows of Karkheh Dam 160 B. Hessari, F. Abbasi, and M. Akbari Detection of land use change in KRB using multi-temporal satellite imagery 168 S. A. Mirghasemi and E. De Pauw iv Foreword The work is conducted in partnership between two CGIAR centers (ICARDA and Water in the Karkheh River Basin (KRB) of IWMI), the main umbrella NARS in Iran, the the Islamic Republic of Iran is limited and Agricultural Extension, Education and becoming scarce as population and Research Organization (AEERO), and its demand are increasing. The productivity of research institutes such as the Agricultural rainfed agriculture is low; conventional irri- Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Seed gation management is poor; cropping sys- and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), and tems are sub-optimal; and policies and Dryland Agriculture Research Institute institutions have room for improvement. (DARI), University of California, Davis, USA, However, Iran’s agricultural strategy identi- and most importantly, the farmers and fies water productivity improvement as a extension staff in the basin. top priority. The KRB reflects in many aspects the problems of water manage- A two-day international workshop on ment in other basins in the region. “Improving Water Productivity and Accordingly, it is intended to link the work Livelihood Resilience in Karkheh River in KRB with the Euphrates and Amu Darya Basin” was jointly organized by ICARDA river basins. and AREO 10-11 September, 2007 in Karaj, Iran, and the presentations are compiled in The aim of the CGIAR’s Challenge Program the proceedings. The presentations at the on Water and Food (CPWF) on “Improving workshop focused on integrated and par- On-Farm Agricultural Water Productivity in ticipatory approach to technology devel- the Karkheh River Basin (KRB)”, (PROJECT opment in addressing water productivity REFERENCE NO: PN8) is to help the and livelihood resilience. It underscored resource-poor communities in the basin to the importance of sustainable develop- sustainably improve their income and liveli- ment without endangering the ecological hoods. The specific objectives are to assets of fragile ecosystems in this region. improve farm and basin water productivity and the sustainable management of the The workshop concluded, based on the natural resource base; develop appropri- research results presented and the discus- ate policies and institutions; and enhance sions held, that agricultural water manage- the capacity of National Agricultural ment occupies an important role in the Research Services (NARS). efforts to improve the livelihoods of rural communities in the basin. It is also clear that Means and activities needed to achieve achieving the objective of improving water this goal include: productivity will positively affect farmers’ • Options for sustainable improvement of production and income and contribute to water productivity in irrigated and rain- sustainable agriculture in the basin. There is fed systems a great potential for increasing water pro- • Farmers’ adoption of the new recom- ductivity in agriculture and the farmers mendations and technologies resilience in the future as water will become • Progressive policies and suitable institu- more scarce and climate change is tional arrangements expected to aggravate that with pro- • Capacity building of NARS and commu- longed drought and other extreme events. nity leaders, and • Assessment of water productivity and The success of the project, and particularly institutional and policy structures this workshop, is due to the dedication of 1 all the partners- the research leaders and officials in AEERO. The support provided by teams of various institutions- of the two the CPWF is highly appreciated. projects and the strong support of the Theib Oweis Director Integrated Water and Land Management Program International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) 2 CHAPTER 1 Water Productivity and Technologies in Upper Karkheh River Basin (KRB) 3 Role of Transfer of New Technologies to Improve Water Productivity of Major Rainfed Crops in KRB A.R. Tavakoli1*, T. Oweis2, Sh. Ashrafi3, A. Liaghat1, F. Abbasi3, and H. Farahani2 1Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Agricultural Extention, Education and Research Organization (AEERO), Iran 2International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. 3Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, (AERI), Karaj, Iran. *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] 5 ABSTRACT ley reached to 1.11–3.74 kg mm-3 by using a single irrigation at sowing or spring time. Most of the agricultural area in the upper Low RWP (and yield) in farmer practices Karkheh River Basin (KRB) is rainfed and a were mainly due to suboptimal agronomic large part of the region's rural livelihood is management practices. These preliminary based on dryland farming systems. The results confirm the potential of single irriga- average water productivity (WP) values for tion and early planting as an effective dryland crops range from 0.3 to 0.5 kg m-3.
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