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Scientists Develop New, Faster Method for Seeking out Dark Matter P LIGHT + MATTER Spring/Summer 2021 | jila.colorado.edu Scientists Develop New, Faster Method for Seeking out Dark Matter p. 1 Furry friend enjoying the springtime snow! Image Credit: Kristin Conrad JILA Light & Matter is published quarterly by the Scientific Communications Office at JILA, a joint institute of the University of Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy. The science communicators do their best to track down recently published journal articles and great research photos and graphics. If you have an image or a recent paper you’d like to see featured, contact us at: [email protected]. Please check out this issue of JILA Light & Matter online at https://jila.colorado.edu/publications/jila-light-matter-quarterly Steven Burrows, Project Manager, Artwork Molly Alvine, Design & Production Kenna Castleberry, Science Writing Gwen Dickinson, Editor Stories Scientists Develop New, Faster Method for Seeking Out Dark Matter 1 The Forces Involved in Folding Proteins 4 Using Quantum Knots to Build a Secure Internet 7 NIST Team Compares 3 Top Atomic Clocks with Record Accuracy 9 Scientists Dig Deeper into Subject of First-Ever Image of a Black Hole 11 Molecules in Flat Lands: An Entanglement Paradise 13 Feature Articles Highlighting the Research Centers within JILA 15 David Jacobson is Awarded the 2021 NIH Pathway to Independence Award 18 Life after JILA 19 Heather Lewandowski Wins the 2021 Boulder Faculty Excellence Award 20 Scientists Develop New, Faster Method for Seeking Out Dark Matter or nearly a century, scientists their hunt past a fundamental ob- HAYSTAC is led by Yale and is a Fhave worked to unravel the stacle imposed by the laws of ther- partnership with JILA and the Uni- mystery of dark matter—an elusive modynamics. The group includes versity of California, Berkeley. substance that spreads through scientists at JILA, a joint research the universe and likely makes up institute of the University of Colora- Quantum laws much of its mass, but has so far do Boulder and the National Insti- proven impossible to detect in tute of Standards and Technology Daniel Palken, the co-first author experiments. Now, a team of re- (NIST). of the new paper, explained that searchers has used an innova- what makes the axion so difficult to tive technique called “quantum “It’s a doubling of the speed from find is also what makes it such an squeezing” to dramatically speed what we were able to do before,” ideal candidate for dark matter— up the search for one candidate for said Kelly Backes, one of two lead it’s lightweight, carries no electric dark matter in the lab. authors of the new paper and a charge and almost never interacts graduate student at Yale Universi- with normal matter. The findings, published 10 Feb- ty. ruary 2021 in the journal Nature, “They don’t have any of the prop- center on an incredibly lightweight The new approach allows research- erties that make a particle easy to and as-of-yet undiscovered parti- ers to better separate the incredi- detect,” said Palken, who earned cle called the axion. According to bly faint signals of possible axions his PhD from JILA in 2020 theory, axions are likely billions to from the random noise that exists trillions of times smaller than elec- at extremely small scales in na- But there’s one silver lining: If ax- trons and may have been created ture, sometimes called “quantum ions pass through a strong enough during the Big Bang in humungous fluctuations.” The team’s chances magnetic field, a small number of numbers—enough to potentially ex- of finding the axion over the next them may transform into waves of plain the existence of dark matter. several years are still about as like- light—and that’s something that ly as winning the lottery, said study scientists can detect. Researchers Finding this promising particle, coauthor Konrad Lehnert, a NIST have launched efforts to find those however, is a bit like looking for a Fellow at JILA. But those odds are signals in powerful magnetic fields single quantum needle in one real- only going to get better. in space. The HAYSTAC experiment, ly big haystack. however, is keeping its feet planted “Once you have a way around on Earth. There may be some relief in sight. quantum fluctuations, your path Researchers on a project called, can just be made better and bet- The project, which published its fittingly, the Haloscope At Yale Sen- ter,” said Lehnert, also a professor first findings in 2017, employs an sitive To Axion Cold Dark Matter adjoint in the Department of Phys- ultra-cold facility on the Yale cam- (HAYSTAC) experiment report that ics at CU Boulder. pus to create strong magnetic they’ve improved the efficiency of fields, then try to detect the signal 1 Spring/Summer 2021 ◊ JILA Light & Matter An artistic rendition of the HAYSTAC experiment. Image Credit: The Lehnert Group, Steven Burrows, JILA 1 Spring/Summer 2021 ◊ JILA Light & Matter of axions turning into light. It’s not tool called a Josephson paramet- “Squeezing is just our way of ma- an easy search. Scientists have ric amplifier. Scientists at JILA de- nipulating the quantum mechan- predicted that axions could exhibit veloped a way to use these small ical vacuum to put ourselves in a an extremely wide range of theoret- devices to “squeeze” the light they position to measure one variable ical masses, each of which very well,” Palken said. “If would produce a signal at a we tried to measure the different frequency of light other variable, we would in an experiment like HAY- find we would have very lit- STAC. In order to find the tle precision.” real particle, then, the team may have to rifle through To test out the method, the a large range of possibili- researchers did a trial run ties—like tuning a radio to at Yale to look for the par- find a single, faint station. ticle over a certain range of masses. They didn’t find “If you’re trying to drill down it, but the experiment took to these really feeble sig- half the time that it usually nals, it could end up taking would, Backes said. you thousands of years,” Palken said. “We did a 100-day data run,” she said. “Normally, Some of the biggest obsta- this paper would have tak- cles facing the team are the en us 200 days to com- laws of quantum mechan- plete, so we saved a third ics themselves—namely, of a year, which is pretty the Heisenberg Uncertainty Experimental electronics in the dilu- incredible.” Principle, which limits how tion refrigerator. These components accurate scientists can ensure that quantum noise dominates Lehnert added that the the experiment. be in their observations of Image Credit: Kelly Backes, Yale University group is eager to push those particles. In this case, the bounds even farther—com- team can’t accurately mea- ing up with new ways to dig sure two different properties of were getting from the HAYSTAC ex- for that ever-elusive needle. the light produced by axions at the periment. same time. “There’s a lot of meat left on the Palken explained that the HAYSTAC bone in just making the idea work The HAYSTAC team, however, has team doesn’t need to detect both better,” he said. landed on a way to slip past those properties of incoming light waves immutable laws. with precision—just one of them. Written by Daniel Strain Squeezing takes advantage of that Shifting uncertainties by shifting uncertainties in mea- Backes, K.M., Palken, D.A., Kenany, S.A. et al. A quantum enhanced search for dark matter surements from one of those vari- axions. Nature 590, 238–242 (2021). The trick comes down to using a ables to another. 3 Spring/Summer 2021 ◊ JILA Light & Matter Spring/Summer 2021 ◊ JILA Light & Matter 4 The Forces Involved in Folding Proteins Model of the type III secretion system in Salmonella bacteria Image Credit: The Perkins Lab, Steven Burrows, JILA ashing your hands after physicist Thomas Perkins collabo- monella bacteria. Wcracking an egg or touching rated with CU Biochemistry profes- raw chicken may seem like com- sor Marcello Sousa to dissect the The type III secretion system is mon sense, as the possible result- mechanisms of how certain bac- shaped like a syringe, with a nee- ing bacterial infections have been teria become more virulent. The dle that’s only two nanometers in thoroughly studied. Yet, research- research brings together the Per- diameter (for reference, an atom ers at JILA have found something kins lab expertise in single-mol- is around 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers surprising and ground-breaking ecule studies and the Sousa lab in diameter). Through these nee- about the physics of bacterial expertise in the type III secretion dle-like structures, bacteria pump infections. In a new paper, JILA system, a key component of Sal- effector proteins directly into host 3 Spring/Summer 2021 ◊ JILA Light & Matter Spring/Summer 2021 ◊ JILA Light & Matter 4 cells, humans or livestock for ex- effector proteins have typical ther- governs whether a protein can ac- ample, to take control of various modynamic stabilities. Indeed, tually make it through the type III host cell functions, including sup- thermodynamic stabilities are in- secretion system.” Prior work by pressing the cell’s immune system distinguishable from proteins that others showed that proteins known or hijacking its DNA and RNA ma- clog the needle. The team then to clog the needle unfold at high chinery. In order for effector pro- looked to see if mechanical force force.
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