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From Becto Forever Winter 2016 | jila.colorado.edu From BEC to Forever p.1 JILA Light & Matter Smiling faces at JILAday, December 8, 2015. Credit: Steve Burrows, JILA JILA Light & Matter is published quarterly by the Scientific Communications Office at JILA, a joint in- stitute of the University of Colorado Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The editors do their best to track down recently published journal articles and great research photos and graphics. If you have an image or a recent paper that you’d like to see featured, contact us at: [email protected]. Please check out this issue of JILA Light & Matter online at https://jila.colorado.edu/publications/jila/ light-matter. Kristin Conrad, Project Manager, Design & Production Julie Phillips, Science Writer Steven Burrows, Art & Photography Gwen Dickinson, Editor Winter 2016 | jila.colorado.edu Stories From BEC to Breathing Forever 1 Turbulence: An Unexpected Journey 3 The Guiding Light 5 A Thousand Splendid Pairs 9 Born of Frustration 13 The Land of Enhancement: AFM Spectroscopy 15 Natural Born Entanglers 17 Dancing to the Quantum Drum Song 19 Features NIST Boulder Lab Building Renamed for Katharine Blodgett Gebbie 7 JILA Puzzle 11 In the News 21 How Did They Get Here? 23 Atomic & Molecular Physics From BEC to Forever The storied history of JILA’s Top Trap t took Eric Cornell three years to build JILA’s spherical Top Trap with his own two hands in the lab. The innovative trap relied primarily on magnetic Ifields and gravity to trap ultracold atoms. In 1995, Cornell and his colleagues used the Top Trap to make the world’s first Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), an achievement that earned Cornell and Carl Wieman the Nobel Prize in 2001. The Nobel-Prize-winning creation of BEC had been Although physicists today revere Boltzmann as a a race to the finish line, as labs all over the world had giant in the field of physics, he was vehemently also been attempting to be the first to validate the attacked when he published the transport equa- 70-year-old prediction of BEC by Satyendra Nath tion in 1876. For starters, Boltzmann assumed that Bose and Albert Einstein. The innovative Top Trap matter was made of atoms, an idea that was vig- was the key to Wieman and Cornell’s great achieve- orously disputed at the time by many scientists ment. Afterwards, Cornell, Wieman, and their col- who claimed energy was at the root of the physical leagues conducted a host of Top-Trap experiments, world. With respect to the special case showing that publishing 20 significant papers on the physics of it was possible for a physical process to continue ultracold atoms over the next two decades. forever without damping, or stopping completely, “everyone” knew that was crazy. If something starts By the end of that 20–year period of discovery, moving, it slows down or cools down. Eggs break, however, the now much older (and more com- for heaven’s sake, and they don’t reform into eggs. plicated) Top Trap was wearing out. It was time That’s just the way the world works! to think about one last experiment. Only one of Cornell’s graduate students, Dan Lobser, knew Boltzmann’s controversial idea was that damping how to operate the complicated apparatus. So happens when you put lots of atoms together, with Cornell and Lobser enlisted additional help from just one or two exceptions. This idea was heresy to student assistant Andrew Barentine and Fellow the scientific establishment of his time. It was also Heather Lewandowski, who had previously worked right. with Lobser. Even though physicists today believed the special Cornell and Lewandowski decided upon a fitting case is correct because the rest of the trans- final experiment for the Top Trap: a test of a special port equation has been validated, Cornell and case of Boltzmann’s transport equation that had Lewandowski decided to prove it. The Top Trap never been proved. This part of Boltzmann’s theory was the perfect instrument to use. predicted that, once set in motion, a cloud of atoms in a perfectly spherical trap would breathe, The researchers placed an ultracold cloud of ru- or oscillate, forever. It was a perfect experiment for bidium atoms in the Top Trap and started the the Top Trap despite being somewhat of an histori- cloud oscillating. The cloud oscillated in and out cal oddity. in what’s known as a “monopole breathe.” While it 1 Winter 2016 , JILA Light & Matter Rubidium atoms “breathing” endlessly in the Top Trap. Credit: The Lewandowski and Cornell groups and Steve Burrows, JILA was “breathing,” the cloud changed in volume by about 30%. Most importantly, the breathing continued for a very long time—long enough to vindicate Boltzmann. When the researchers finished taking the data for the experiment, they disassembled the Top Trap. While this was happening, Eric Cornell walked out of the lab where he’d started an amazing scientific journey at JILA 25 years earlier. It was hard to watch an “old friend” disappear, though perhaps not quite as hard as it had been for Boltzmann to be dismissed and reviled for his stunning insights into the nature of the physical world. D. S. Lobser, A. E. S. Barentine, E. A. Cornell, and H. J. Lewandowski, Nature Physics, 11 1009–1012 (2015). Winter 2016 . JILA Light & Matter 2 Astrophysics Artist’s impression of a young star surrounded by an accretion disk. This system is similar to the HD 163296 system theoretically analyzed by Phil Armitage and Jacob Simon before being observed by ALMA. Credit: ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO) Turbulence: An Unexpected Journey ellow Phil Armitage and his collaborator Jake Simon of the Southwest Research Institute re- cently conducted a theoretical study of turbulence in the outer reaches of an accretion disk Faround HD 163296, a nearby young star. Meanwhile, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submil- limeter Array (ALMA) in northern Chile observed the same accretion disk. There were intriguing and un- expected differences between what the theory predicted and what the observation revealed. As a result, theorists may need to rethink their understanding of the behavior of an accretion disk at great distances from the central star. 3 Winter 2016 , JILA Light & Matter Astrophysics ALMA’s 16-antenna Atacama Compact Array, or ACA, enhances imaging fidelity for extended astronomical sources. Credit: ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO) “The outer disks we’re interested in should have Sun to the Earth) flowing in and accreting onto the some sort of turbulence, some significant gas star. So something—quite likely turbulence—is remov- motion that departs from the simple rotation (of ing the angular momentum in the inner disk regions. the disk),” said Simon. Simon explained that some- thing has to remove the disk’s angular momentum However, at 100 AU (two and a half times the dis- to allow the gas to move towards the central star. tance from the Sun to Pluto), there is no reason, Turbulence was, and still is, the primary explanation in principle, that the gas has to be turbulent or for how this happens. However, ALMA detected no flowing inward at all. The gas could just be sitting clear evidence of turbulence in the outer disk. there orbiting the young star until it eventually gets blown away because of heating by x-rays or ultra- “ALMA is a revolutionary instrument,” explained violet radiation from the star. Armitage. He said people had predicted that ALMA would overturn some theoretical ideas, but he and “The new observation is interesting, exciting, and Simon hadn’t expected it to be their ideas. Even more mysterious now than before.” said Armitage. so, he and Simon are excited that the new obser- “The issue here is not the precision of the mea- vations are giving them the opportunity to revisit surements, which is extremely good, but how their theory to account for the new observation. those measurements are interpreted.” He added And, if this observation holds up with other planet- that there are things in the Universe that may not forming systems, it will be Simon and Armitage’s work in quite the way people currently understand job to figure out exactly what’s going on. them. And, according to Armitage and Simon, this is the sort of mystery that makes it great fun to do Armitage said that there may be a period of con- theoretical astrophysics. fusion on both the observational and theoretical sides before it becomes clear what’s happening Kevin M. Flaherty, A. Meredith Hughes, Katherine A. Rosenfeld, Sean M. in the outer region of the accretion disk of HD Andrews, Eugene Chiang, Jacob B. Simon, Skylar Kerzner, David J. Wilner, The Astrophysical Journal, 813:99 (2015). 163296. An interesting part of this conundrum is that there are observations that clearly show material Jacob B. Simon, A. Meredith Hughes, Kevin M. Flaherty, Xue-Ning Bai, and Philip J. Armitage, The Astrophysical Journal 808:180 (2015). at 1 astronomical unit, or AU (the distance from the Winter 2016 . JILA Light & Matter 4 When beams of visible light with opposite circular polarizations are crossed in a high-harmonic generation process, an array of harmonics (x-ray laser beams) is produced at different angles, which allows the harmonics to be easily separated. Right and left circularly polarized x-ray laser beams are produced on opposite sides. Credit: The Kapteyn/Murnane group and Steve Burrows, JILA 5 Winter 2016 , JILA Light & Matter Laser Physics The Guiding Light Visible lasers provide exquisite control of x-ray light he Kapteyn/Murnane group, with Visiting Fellow Charles Durfee, has figured out how to use visible lasers to control x-ray light! The new method Tnot only preserves the beautiful coherence of laser light, but also makes an array of perfect x-ray laser beams with controlled direction and polarization.
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