DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Diversity of the Relict Plant Taiwania Cryptomerioides Hayata (Cupressaceae) in Mainland China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Diversity of the Relict Plant Taiwania Cryptomerioides Hayata (Cupressaceae) in Mainland China LE QUÉRÉ, A., D. P. WRIGHT, B. SÖDERSTRÖM, A. TUNLID corrhizal fungi and adventitious root formation in Scots and T. JOHANSSON (2005): Global patterns of gene regu- pine in vitro. Tree Physiol 22: 373–381. lation associated with the development of ectomycor- NIEMI, K., M. SALONEN,A. ERNSTSEN, H. HEINONEN-TANSKI rhiza between birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Paxil- and H. HÄGGMAN (2000): Application of ectomycorrhizal lus involutus (Batsch) Fr. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact fungi in rooting of Scots pine fascicular shoots. Can J 18: 659–673. For Res 30: 1221–1230. LI, L., S. LU and V. CHIANG (2006): A genomic and molecu- NIEMI, K., C. SCAGEL and H. HÄGGMAN (2004): Application lar view of wood formation. Crit Rev Plant Sci 25: of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vegetative propagation of 215–233. conifers. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 78: 83–91. LINDAHL, B. O., A. F. S. TAYLOR and R. D. FINLAY (2002): PILATE, G., E. GUINEY, K. HOLT, M. PETIT-CONIL, Defining nutritional constraints on carbon cycling in C. LAPIERRE, J.-C. LEPLÉ, B. POLLET, I. MILA, E. A. WEB- boreal forests – towards a less ‘phytocentric’ perspec- STER, H. G. MARSTORP, D. W. HOPKINS, L. JOUANIN, tive. Plant Soil 242: 123–135. W. B OERJAN, W. SCHUCH, D. CORNU and C. HALPIN LLOYD, G. and B. MCCOWN (1980): Commercially-feasible (2002): Field and pulping performances of transgenic micropropagation of Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia, trees with altered lignification. Nat Biotechnol 20: by use of shoot-tip culture. Int Plant Prop Soc Proc 30: 607–612. 421–427. ROLANDO, C., B. MONTIES and C. LAPIERRE (1992): Thioaci- dolysis, pp 334–349. In: Methods in lignin chemistry, MARX, D. H. (1969): The influence of ectotrophic fungi on edited by LIN, S. Y. and C. W. DENCE, Springer-Verlag, the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. I. Berlin. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic SARKANEN, K. V. and H. L. HERGERT (1971): Classification fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology 59: 153–163. and distribution, pp 43–94. In: Lignins: Occurrence, MOREL, M., C. JACOB, A. KOHLER, T. JOHANSSON, formation, structure and reaction, edited by SARKANEN, F. M ARTIN, M. CHALOT and A. BRUN (2005): Identifica- K. V. and C. H. LUDWIG, Wiley-Interscience, New York. tion of genes differentially expressed in extraradical SEPPÄNEN, S.-K., H.-L. PASONEN, S. VAURAMO, J. VAHALA, mycelium and ectomycorrhizal roots during Paxillus M. TOIKKA, I. KILPELÄINEN, H. SETÄLÄ, T. H. TEERI, involutus-Betula pendula ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. S. TIMONEN and A. PAPPINEN (2007): Decomposition of Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 382–391. the leaf litter and mycorrhiza forming ability of silver MORIN, C., J. SAMSON and M. DESSUREAULT (1999): Protec- birch with a genetically modified lignin biosynthesis tion of black spruce seedlings against Cylindrocladium pathway. Appl Soil Ecol 36: 100–106. root rot with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Can J Bot 77: SMITH, S.E. and D. J. READ (1997): Mycorrhizal symbiosis. 169–174. 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego. NIEMI, K. and H. HÄGGMAN (2002): Pisolithus tinctorius TIIMONEN, H., T. ARONEN, T. LAAKSO, P. SARANPÄÄ, V. CHI- promotes germination and forms mycorrhizal structures ANG, T. YLIOJA, H. ROININEN and H. HÄGGMAN (2005): in Scots pine somatic embryos in vitro. Mycorrhiza 12: Does lignin modification affect feeding preference or 263–267. growth performance of insect herbivores in transgenic NIEMI, K., H. HÄGGMAN and T. SARJALA (2002): Effects of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth)? Planta 222: exogenous diamines on the interaction between ectomy- 699–708. Genetic Diversity of the Relict Plant Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata (Cupressaceae) in Mainland China By ZHONG-CHAO LI1), XIAO-LAN WANG2) and XUE-JUN GE1),*) (Received 26th April 2006) Abstract repeats (ISSR). In comparison with other coniferous The genetic diversity and differentiation of five popu- species, T. cryptomerioides from mainland China pos- lations of Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata in mainland sesses little genetic variation, particularly at the level of China were investigated using inter-simple sequence individual populations (the percentage of polymorphic loci, Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s indices of diver- 1) South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of sity at the species and population levels are 38.02%, Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China. 0.1326, 0.1986 and 9.27%, 0.035, 0.0518 respectively). 2) Center for Functional Genomics and Microarray, Guangzhou In contrast, the level of population differentiation is University, Guangzhou 510405. much higher (GST: 0.7269; Shannon’s genetic differentia- θ B *) Corresponding author: Dr. XUE-JUN GE. South China Botanical tion: 0.7392; Hickory : 0.668; AMOVA genetic differen- Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, tiation: 72.37%). The genetic divergence of pairs of pop- P. R. China. Tel: +86-20-3725 2551; Fax: +86-20-3725-2831. E- ulations was not significantly correlated with the geo- mail address: [email protected],[email protected] graphical distance separating them. Current patterns of 242 Silvae Genetica 57, 4–5 (2008) genetic variation were related to biogeographic history Information about the genetic structure of a rare and the small population size. On the basis of these species such as this, as well as data on its overall level findings, we discuss the development of conservation of genetic diversity, are particularly important for strategies for this endangered species. species conservation. Genetic analyses can provide valu- Key words: Taiwania cryptomerioides; genetic diversity, ISSR, able insights into the processes influencing extinction China, relict species, conservation (CLARKE and YOUNG, 2000) and, increasingly, genetic data have been used to define conservation management units and to predict changes in population structure and Introduction dynamics (NEWTON et al., 1999). However, in comparison Like most of the genera within the Cupressaceae that with the rarities from Europe and North America, few evolved since the Jurassic period, Taiwania, one of the detailed studies of genetic variation have been under- so-called “living fossils”, is considered to be an ancient taken on rare plants in China. Subtropical mainland genus in evolutionary terms with its origin dating back Asia was one of the most important refugia for plants to the Tertiary. According to the fossil evidence, e.g. Tai- during the Pleistocene glaciations because it was not wania schaeferi Schloem.-Jäg. discovered in Klein- covered by ice sheets. Many species that became extinct saubernitz (Germany) (WALTHER, 1999), Spitsbergen elsewhere survived in this region, but in a state of isola- (Norway) and Alaska (LePage BA, unpublished data), tion and in small populations. Strong genetic differenti- this genus was widespread in what are now the temper- ation has been discovered in some relict conifer species ate regions of the northern hemisphere (FLORIN, 1963). in China, for example Cathaya argyrophylla (GE et al., Today, Taiwania, a monotypic genus containing only 1998), Glyptostrobus pensilis (LI and XIA, 2005), Metase- Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata, has a scattered dis- quoia glyptostroboides (LI et al., 2005) and Ametotaxus tribution. Its distributional range covers mountain argotaenia (GE et al., 2005). The genetic diversity of areas on the border between Burma and China (south- T. cryptomerioides from Taiwan has been assessed previ- western part of Yunnan province), the Hoang Lien Son ously by allozyme (LIN et al., 1993), ISSR and ITS mountain range in northern Vietnam, and Taiwan sequence analysis (CHANG, 2005). A low genetic differen- (FARJON, 2002; FARJON and GARCIA, 2003). Taiwan is an tiation (GST: 5.2% based on allozyme data, LIN et al., important refuge for T. cryptomerioides: it grows on the Φ 1993; ST: 15.26% using ISSR, CHANG, 2005) was found Central Mountain at the altitudes of 1600–2600 m, in the Taiwanese populations. Nevertheless, the where the largest population and greatest timber yield intraspecific genetic variation across the distributional in the world are found (HUANG, 1983). In addition, there range still remains unknown. are still a few individuals of T. cryptomerioides in main- Among various molecular tools, the inter-simple land China: in the remote Lichuan mountains in Hubei sequence repeats (ISSR) method has been widely used Province, Leishan mountains in Guizhou Province, and for studies of population genetics, because the repeats Gutian-Pingnan mountains in Fujian Province. These are highly variable, and the method is economical in areas are regarded as having acted as key refugia for terms of time, money, and labor (GUPTA et al., 1994; relict species during Pleistocene glaciations (WU, 1980; ZIETKIEWICZ et al., 1994; TSUMURA et al., 1996; WOLFE WANG and LIU, 1994). The populations in mainland and LISTON, 1998). ISSRs have also been used to deter- China have only been widely known to botanists since mine the genetic diversity of species of conservation con- th the early decades of the 20 century, and have some- cern (ESSELMAN et al., 1999). Technically, the ISSR reac- times been regarded as comprising a different species, tion is more specific than RAPD amplification due to the namely T. flousiana Gaussen. Due to human overex- longer SSR-based primers (WOLFE and LISTON, 1998). ploitation in the past century, the conservation status of One limitation of the ISSR technique is that the bands this species is “vulnerable” according to the IUCN Red are scored as dominant markers and that genetic diver- List criteria (FARJON, 2001) and it is a protected species sity estimates are based on diallelic characters, thus the in China (FU, 1995). level of genetic diversity may be underestimated. The T. cryptomerioides is a component of evergreen primary objective of this study was to use ISSR markers broadleaf forests in mountainous areas. It occurs at an to investigate genetic variation within and between the altitude of 500–2800 m in “coniferous, broad-leaved, or extant T. cryptomerioides populations in mainland mixed evergreen valley forests on acid, red, or brown China.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taiwania-A New Evergreen Conifer for Florida
    MENNINGER: TAIWANIA—A NEW EVERGREEN 417 level of illumination and decreased proportion Comparison of the total free amino acids leads ally with decreasing light intensity. The sugar to the conclusion that they too are depleted in contents and pH of petals were not greatly the absence of adequate light. It is not apparent, influenced by degree of illumination. however, from the data at hand whether proteins In addition to the easily measurable categories were being degraded at the higher light intensi of data in Table 2, observations were made of the ties. It is likely that they were fairly well condition of flowers relative to illumination. exploited at the lower light intensities as indi Poorly illuminated flowers (13 foot-candles and cated by McNew (4). Amino acids do not, how less) had black or white centers, rather than the ever constitute a very efficient source of energy normal pink, and deteriorating peduncles unable per unit weight. to support flower heads. Vase-life of the cut-flowers in this experiment was prolonged by lighting up to the time the Discussion experimental plan called for the conclusion of the experiment. During the course of the study, The decline of photosynthetic capacity of repeated observations indicated that flowers leaves of chrysanthemum cut-flowers (Table 1) properly cared for could be maintained in useful with storage under conditions of relatively low condition three to four times as long in the light light intensity (less than 50 foot-candles) may be as in darkness. caused by the degeneration of chlorophyll under Flowers were benefited by light (Table 2) but conditions of organic nutrient stress, as well as not as much as leaves (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnamese Conifers and Some Problems of Their Sustainable Utilization Ke Loc Et Al
    Vietnamese conifers and some problems of their sustainable utilization Ke Loc et al. Vietnamese conifers and some problems of their sustainable utilization Phan Ke Loc 1, 2, Nguyen Tien Hiep 2, Nguyen Duc To Luu 3, Philip Ian Thomas 4, Aljos Farjon 5, L.V. Averyanov 6, J.C. Regalado, Jr. 7, Nguyen Sinh Khang 2, Georgina Magin 8, Paul Mathew 8, Sara Oldfield 9, Sheelagh O’Reilly 8, Thomas Osborn 10, Steven Swan 8 and To Van Thao 2 1 University of Natural Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi; 2 Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources; 3 Vietnam Central Forest Seed Company; 4 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; 5 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 6 Komarov Botanical Institute; 7 Missouri Botanical Garden; 8 Fauna & Flora International; 9 Global Trees Campaign; 10 Independent Consultant Introduction Vietnam is now recognized as one of the top ten global conifer conservation ‘hotspots’, as defined by the Conifer Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Vietnam’s conifer flora has approximately 34 species that are indigenous to the country, making up about 5% of conifers known worldwide. Although conifers represent only less than 0.3% of the total number of higher vascular plant species of Vietnam, they are of great ecological, cultural and economic importance. Most conifer wood is prized for its high value in house construction, furniture making, etc. The decline of conifer populations in Vietnam has caused serious concern among scientists. Threats to conifer species are substantial and varied, ranging from logging (both commercial and subsistence), land clearing for agriculture, and forest fire. Over the past twelve years (1995-2006), Vietnam Botanical Conservation Program (VBCP), a scientific cooperation between the Missouri Botanical Garden in Saint Louis and the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources in Hanoi, has conducted various studies on this important group of plants in order to gather baseline information necessary to make sound recommendations for their conservation and sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • Bunzo Hayata and His Contributions to the Flora of Taiwan
    TAIWANIA, 54(1): 1-27, 2009 INVITED PAPER Bunzo Hayata and His Contributions to the Flora of Taiwan Hiroyoshi Ohashi Botanical Garden, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0962, Japan. Email: [email protected] (Manuscript received 10 September 2008; accepted 24 October 2008) ABSTRACT: Bunzo Hayata was the founding father of the study of the flora of Taiwan. From 1900 to 1921 Taiwan’s flora was the focus of his attention. During that time he named about 1600 new taxa of vascular plants from Taiwan. Three topics are presented in this paper: a biography of Bunzo Hayata; Hayata’s contributions to the flora of Taiwan; and the current status of Hayata’s new taxa. The second item includes five subitems: i) floristic studies of Taiwan before Hayata, ii) the first 10 years of Hayata’s study of the flora of Taiwan, iii) Taiwania, iv) the second 10 years, and v) Hayata’s works after the flora of Taiwan. The third item is the first step of the evaluation of Hayata’s contribution to the flora of Taiwan. New taxa in Icones Plantarum Formosanarum vol. 10 and the gymnosperms described by Hayata from Taiwan are exampled in this paper. KEY WORDS: biography, Cupressaceae, flora of Taiwan, gymnosperms, Hayata Bunzo, Icones Plantarum Formosanarum, Taiwania, Taxodiaceae. 1944). Wu (1997) wrote a biography of Hayata in INTRODUCTION Chinese as a botanist who worked in Taiwan during the period of Japanese occupation based biographies and Bunzo Hayata (早田文藏) [1874-1934] (Fig. 1) was memoirs written in Japanese. Although there are many a Japanese botanist who described numerous new taxa in articles on the works of Hayata in Japanese, many of nearly every family of vascular plants of Taiwan.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Supporting Information Mao et al. 10.1073/pnas.1114319109 SI Text BEAST Analyses. In addition to a BEAST analysis that used uniform Selection of Fossil Taxa and Their Phylogenetic Positions. The in- prior distributions for all calibrations (run 1; 144-taxon dataset, tegration of fossil calibrations is the most critical step in molecular calibrations as in Table S4), we performed eight additional dating (1, 2). We only used the fossil taxa with ovulate cones that analyses to explore factors affecting estimates of divergence could be assigned unambiguously to the extant groups (Table S4). time (Fig. S3). The exact phylogenetic position of fossils used to calibrate the First, to test the effect of calibration point P, which is close to molecular clocks was determined using the total-evidence analy- the root node and is the only functional hard maximum constraint ses (following refs. 3−5). Cordaixylon iowensis was not included in in BEAST runs using uniform priors, we carried out three runs the analyses because its assignment to the crown Acrogymno- with calibrations A through O (Table S4), and calibration P set to spermae already is supported by previous cladistic analyses (also [306.2, 351.7] (run 2), [306.2, 336.5] (run 3), and [306.2, 321.4] using the total-evidence approach) (6). Two data matrices were (run 4). The age estimates obtained in runs 2, 3, and 4 largely compiled. Matrix A comprised Ginkgo biloba, 12 living repre- overlapped with those from run 1 (Fig. S3). Second, we carried out two runs with different subsets of sentatives from each conifer family, and three fossils taxa related fi to Pinaceae and Araucariaceae (16 taxa in total; Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXODIACEAE.Publishe
    Flora of China 4: 54–61. 1999. 1 TAXODIACEAE 杉科 shan ke Fu Liguo (傅立国 Fu Li-kuo)1, Yu Yongfu (于永福)2; Robert R. Mill3 Trees evergreen, semievergreen, or deciduous, monoecious; trunk straight; main branches ± whorled. Leaves spirally arranged or scattered (decussate in Metasequoia), monomorphic, dimorphic, or trimorphic on same tree, lanceolate, subulate, scalelike, or linear. Microsporophylls and cone scales spirally arranged (decussate in Metasequoia). Pollen cones borne in panicles, or solitary or clustered at branch apices, or axillary, small; microsporangia with (2 or)3 or 4(–9) pollen sacs; pollen nonsaccate. Seed cones terminal or borne near apex of previous year’s growth, ripening in 1st year, persistent or late deciduous; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts and cone scales usually spirally aranged (decussate in Metasequoia), sessile, opening when ripe (falling in Taxodium), semiconnate and free only at apex, or completely united; bracts occasionally rudimentary (in Taiwania); ovules 2–9 per bract axil, erect or pendulous; cone scales of mature cones flattened or shield-shaped, woody or leathery, 2–9-seeded on abaxial side. Seeds flat or triangular, wingless (in Taxodium), narrowly winged all round or on 2 sides, or with a long wing on proximal part. Cotyledons 2–9. 2n = 22*. Nine genera and 12 species: Asia, North America, and (Athrotaxis D. Don) Tasmania; eight genera (one endemic, three introduced) and nine species (one endemic, four introduced) in China. A merger of the Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae is increasingly supported by both morphological and molecular evidence (see note under Cupressaceae). However, the two groups are kept as separate families here for pragmatic reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Duplications and Genomic Conflict Underlie Major Pulses of Phenotypic 2 Evolution in Gymnosperms 3 4 Gregory W
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.13.435279; this version posted March 15, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 1 Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic 2 evolution in gymnosperms 3 4 Gregory W. Stull1,2,†, Xiao-Jian Qu3,†, Caroline Parins-Fukuchi4, Ying-Ying Yang1, Jun-Bo 5 Yang2, Zhi-Yun Yang2, Yi Hu5, Hong Ma5, Pamela S. Soltis6, Douglas E. Soltis6,7, De-Zhu Li1,2,*, 6 Stephen A. Smith8,*, Ting-Shuang Yi1,2,*. 7 8 1Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Kunming, Yunnan, China. 10 2CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of 11 Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. 12 3Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, 13 Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 14 4Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 15 5Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 16 University Park, PA, USA. 17 6Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 18 7Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 19 8Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 20 MI, USA. 21 †Co-first author. 22 *Correspondence to: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • (Taxodioideae), Cupressaceae, an Overview by GC-MS
    Article Terpenoids of the Swamp Cypress Subfamily (Taxodioideae), Cupressaceae, an Overview by GC-MS Bernd R. T. Simoneit 1,*, Angelika Otto 2, Daniel R. Oros 3 and Norihisa Kusumoto 4 1 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 2 Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Sektion Paläobotanik, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3 Consultant, 72 Marina Lakes Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA 4 Wood Extractive Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-541-737-2081 Academic Editor: Artur M. S. Silva Received: 16 July 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019; Published: 21 August 2019 Abstract: The resins bled from stems and in seed cones and leaves of Cryptomeria japonica, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Taxodium distichum, and T. mucronatum were characterized to provide an overview of their major natural product compositions. The total solvent extract solutions were analyzed as the free and derivatized products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the compounds, which comprised minor mono- and sesquiterpenoids, and dominant di- and triterpenoids, plus aliphatic lipids (e.g., n-nonacosan-10-ol). Ferruginol, 7α-p- cymenylferruginol, and chamaecydin were the major characteristic markers for the Taxodioideae conifer subfamily. The mass spectrometric data can aid polar compound elucidation in environmental, geological, archeological, forensic and pharmaceutical studies. Keywords: Cryptomeria japonica; Glyptostrobus pensilis; Taxodium distichum; Taxodium mucronatum; Cupressaceae; GC-MS overview; terpenoids 1. Introduction Natural products, especially terpenoids or their derivatives, are preserved in the ambient environment or geological record. When extracted and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) they are used by organic geochemists as tracers for sources, transport and alteration processes of organic matter in any global compartment [1–15].
    [Show full text]
  • Taiwania Cryptomerioides)
    J Wood Sci (2003) 49:1–4 © The Japan Wood Research Society 2003 REVIEW ARTICLE Shang-Tzen Chang · Sheng-Yang Wang Yueh-Hsiung Kuo Resources and bioactive substances from Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) Received: January 23, 2002 / Accepted: March 8, 2002 Abstract Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata), treated by most taxonomists as a monotypic genus compris- native to Taiwan, is one of the most economically important ing the only Taiwania species (Taiwania cryptomerioides tree species grown there. In this article we summarize the Hayata). In 1904 Konishi first collected Taiwania in the current results of phytochemistry and bioactivity of Wushonken area, a side branch of the Alishan range, on the Taiwania extracts, including antifungal, antitermite, anti- western slope of Mt. Yushan. The collected specimen then bacterial, and antimite activities as well as cytotoxicity was sent to Hayata, who found that it differed from other against three tumor cells. The resources of Taiwania are genera known at that time. After careful study, Hayata also addressed. proposed a new genus and assigned the name Taiwania cryptomerioides to this species.2 Taiwania, named after its Key words Taiwania cryptomerioides · Bioactivity · Cyto- native island of Taiwan, is a close relative to Cryptomeria, toxicity · Resources with similar foliage and general appearance except that Taiwania has stiffer, sharper, more widely angled needles. The heartwood of Taiwania is yellowish-red with distinctive Introduction purplish-pink streaks. In the climate of Taiwan, Taiwania has an excellent decay resistance; and it is one of the most economically important tree species grown in Taiwan. The family Taxodiaceae, as traditionally defined, includes With the beginnings of phytochemistry in 1931, Kafuka 10 genera and about 16 species that are widely distributed in and Kato began to characterize the constituents of essential northern temperate to subtropical regions of both the Old oils from Taiwania heartwood.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance Notes for Application for Registering a Cultivar of Conifer
    APPLICATION FORM FOR REGISTERING A CONIFER CULTIVAR NAME NOTES FOR GUIDANCE IN COMPLETING THE FORM NORTH AMERICAN APPLICATIONS ONLY Introduction The Royal Horticultural Society was appointed International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) for Conifers by the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) in 1962. The ICRA system aims to promote stability within the naming of cultivated plants by promoting lists of authenticated names in a number of important groups of plants which are commonly cultivated. The Registration Form is designed to bring together all the information that the ICRA requires so that the Registrar may ensure that a new cultivar name is properly established within the rules as laid down in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). This Code is issued at periodic intervals under the authority of the International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, a body which itself lies under the aegis of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). The Code is available in North America from Balogh Scientific Books, 1911 North Duncan Road, Champaign, Illinois 61821, USA (http://www.balogh.com). E-mail: [email protected], Fax: (217) 355-9413, Telephone: (217) 355-9331 or 355-1704. The term “Conifer” has a number of meanings in different parts of the world, but for the purposes of registration, the following genera are considered to be Conifers under the ICRA scheme: Abies Mill., Acmopyle Pilg., Actinostrobus Miq., Afrocarpus (J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray) C. N. Page, Agathis Salisb., Amentotaxus Pilg., Araucaria Juss., Athrotaxis D. Don, Austrocedrus Florin & Boutelje, Austrotaxus R. H. Compton, Callitris Vent., Calocedrus Kurz, Cathaya Chun & Kuang, Cedrus Trew, Cephalotaxus Siebold & Zucc.
    [Show full text]
  • Flow Cytometric Determination of Genome Size in the Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae Sensu Stricto and Sciadopityaceae
    C2001 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 66: 307-311, 2001 Flow Cytometric Determination of Genome Size in the Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae sensu stricto and Sciadopityaceae Masahiro Hizume1,*, Teiji Kondo2, Fukashi Shibata1 and Ryoko Ishizuka3 1Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan 2Forest Tree Breeding Center, Juo, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan 3Tsukuba Technical Center, Ikeda Science Co., Tsukuba 305-0062, Japan Accepted August 3, 2001 Summary The genome sizes of 13 species of Taxodiaceae, 19 species of Cupressaceae s.s. and Sciadopitys verticillata were determined by flow cytometry of isolated nuclei stained with propidium iodide, using Hordeum vulgare nuclei as an internal standard. In Taxodiaceae, the genomes of Cun- ninghamia lanceolata (28.34 pg/2C) and Taiwania species (25.78, 26.80 pg/2C) were larger than those of other genera/species, which ranged from 19.85 to 22.87 pg/2C. In Cupressaceae s.s., genome size ranged from 20.03 to 27.93 pg/2C among 16 species. The Calocedrus species and Thu- jopsis had a larger genome than most other species. Sciadopitys verticillata had a large genome of 41.60 pg/2C. After comparing the diversity in genome size with previously reported cladograms con- structed using nucleotide sequence data, the tendency of changes in genome size with phylogenetic differentiation is discussed. Key words Cupressaceae, Flow cytometry, Genome size, Taxodiaceae, Sciadopitys. All genera of Taxodiaceae, except for Athrotaxis, are distributed in north-temperate to subtrop- ical regions of the North Hemisphere and most genera are growing in mountainous areas around the Pacific Ocean. Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia, Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron are monotypic genera, and the other genera include only a few species.
    [Show full text]
  • TRACHEID LENGTH and MICROFIBRIL ANGLE of YOUNG TAIWANIA GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT THINNING and PRUNING TREATMENTS Chih-Ming Chiu
    TRACHEID LENGTH AND MICROFIBRIL ANGLE OF YOUNG TAIWANIA GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT THINNING AND PRUNING TREATMENTS Chih-Ming Chiu Senior Scientist Division of Forest Management Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Cheng-Jung Lin Ph.D. Division of Forest Utilization Taiwan Forestry Research Institute 53 Nanhai Rd Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC [email protected] and Song-Yung Wang† Professor Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC (Received May 2004) ABSTRACT The effects of different thinning and pruning methods on the tracheid length and microfibril angle of young Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay) were investigated. No significant differences were found for tracheid length and microfibril angle among the three thinning and pruning treatments. The tracheid length increases outwards from the pith. The radial variation in microfibril angle is high near the pith, and declines gradually towards the cambium. The tracheid length values increase with decreasing microfibril angle. Keywords: Thinning, pruning, tracheid length, microfibril angle, Taiwania. INTRODUCTION Sprague 1998) have reported that the tracheid length increases rapidly and nonlinearly during Tracheid length is recognized as an important the first years of radial growth, and then more wood property. Sirvio and Ka¨renlampi (2001) gradually in the mature wood. Thus, tracheid indicated that the properties of tracheids depend properties appear to vary in a complex way. on maturity and growth rate. The tracheid di- Microfibril angle (MFA) is another wood mensions usually increase monotonically out- characteristic with a major effect on wood qual- wards from the pith, although the longest tra- ity, especially shrinkage properties.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 Vol. 6, Issue 2
    Department of Systematic Biology - Botany & Special.S. Symposium National Issue Herbarium - The Plant Press see page 11 New Series - Vol. 6 - No. 2 April-June 2003 Botany Profile The Temperature of Southeast Asian Botany By Robert DeFilipps n 28-29 March, an enthusiastic remarks by Kress who announced the gonensis are believed to have been group of scientists convened in launching of the Smithsonian Botanical denizens of aquatic habitats (lots of fish the National Museum of Natural Exploration Fund, and by David Evans, fossils nearby) where they lived from OHistory in order to take the temperature Undersecretary for Science, who expressed 126-147 million years ago, and are mono- and feel the pulse of modern Southeast a hope that the ecious with a tepa- Asian botany. They found the subject to annual symposia loid perianth, 4- be in a mostly sustainable and thriving will continue for thecous anthers condition, though faced with some many years. The and monosulcate problems and desirous of additional much-awaited pollen, highly international cooperation to fulfill its presentation of dissected leaves many goals. the José Cuatrecasas Medal for Excellence that fork dichotomously at the apex, and The occasion was the Third Annual in Tropical Botany was conducted by hollow stems. Tracing of the morphologi- Smithsonian Botanical Symposium, and Laurence Dorr and the honored recipient cal characteristics of the plants puts the chosen subject was Botanical Fron- of the medal was John Beaman, now them in a phylogenetic position some- tiers in Southeast Asia: from the Discov- working at the Royal Botanic Gardens, where between Ephedra and Amborella.
    [Show full text]