Odense Pilot River Basin Provisional Article 5 Report

Fyn County Odense PRB

pursuant to the Water Framework Directive Title: Odense Pilot River Basin, Provisional Article 5 Report pursuant to the Water Framework Directive – 132 pages.

Internet version: A pdf ﬁ le of the report is available on the Odense Pilot River Basin website: www.OdensePRB.fyns-amt.dk

Publisher: Fyn County Nature Management and Water Environment Division Environmental and Land Use Management Division DK-Ørbækvej 100 5220 Odense SØ

Telephone: +45 6556 1000 Telefax: +45 6556 1505

E-mail: [email protected] Website: www. OdensePRB.fyns-amt.dk (project) and www.fyns-amt.dk (Fyn County)

Editors: Harley Bundgaard Madsen, Stig Eggert Pedersen and Nanna Rask

Other authors: Jørgen Windolf Henrik Tornbjerg Ole Jørgensen Heidi Clausen Rikke Clausen Annette Sode Søren Larsen Kjeld Sandby Hansen Elsebeth Glob Karin Skovhus Lotte Knudsen Lene Juncher Lind Mikael Hjorth Jensen Peter Østergaard Svend Petersen Morten Sørensen Peter Hyldegaard Jakob Q. Christensen Ann Fuglsang Sune Hald Lars Gjøde Bangsgaard Dirk-Ingmar Müller-Wohlfeil Erik Vinther Michael Munk Sørensen (COWI) Kirsten Muus

Translation: David I. Barry

Layout: Birte Vindt Flemming Nørgaard Inge Møllegaard Susanne Roed Marianne Hegelund Inga Housted Holm

National Scientiﬁ c Advisory Board: See www.OdensePRB.fyns-amt.dk

Regional Political Advisory Board: See www.OdensePRB.fyns-amt.dk

Please quote: Fyns Amt (2003). Odense Pilot River Basin. Provisional Article 5 Report pursuant to the Water Framework Directive. Fyn County, 132 pp.

Maps: Copyright KMS National Survey and Cadastre 1992/KC.86.1023

Impression: 200

Year of publication: November 2003

Printed by: MOURET AD & DESIGN, telephone +45 6311 0333

ISBN: 87-7343-574-0

Odense 2 PRB Odense Pilot River Basin Table of contents

Foreword ...... 5

Summary and conclusions ...... 7

1. Characterization of surface waters, wetlands and groundwater ...... 11

1.1 River basin...... 11 1.1.1 Landscape and soil types ...... 11 1.1.2 Land use, population and wastewater ...... 11 1.1.3 Agricultural conditions ...... 12 1.2 Climatic conditions ...... 17 1.3 The water cycle ...... 19 1.4 Watercourses ...... 21 1.4.1 Location, size and density...... 21 1.4.2 Typology...... 21 1.4.3 Delineation of watercourse reaches ...... 23 1.4.4 Physical modifi cation...... 23 1.4.5 Reference conditions...... 26 1.4.6 Provisional establishment of objectives ...... 27 1.5 Lakes...... 31 1.5.1 Location of the lakes...... 31 1.5.2 Physical modifi cation...... 31 1.5.3 Typology...... 33 1.5.4 Reference conditions...... 34 1.5.5 Provisional establishment of objectives ...... 36 1.6 Wetlands...... 37 1.6.1 Location ...... 37 1.6.2 Typology...... 38 1.6.3 Physical modifi cation...... 39 1.6.4 Reference conditions...... 40 1.6.5 Provisional establishment of objectives ...... 40 1.7 Groundwater...... 43 1.7.1 Initial characterization ...... 43 1.7.2 Further characterization ...... 49 1.7.3 Provisional establishment of objectives ...... 53 1.8 Transitional waters and coastal waters...... 55 1.8.1 Odense Fjord ...... 55 1.8.2 Typology...... 58 1.8.3 Delineation of water bodies ...... 59 1.8.4 Physical modifi cation...... 59 1.8.5 Reference conditions...... 60 1.8.6 Provisional establishment of objectives ...... 66

2. Register of protected areas...... 67

3. Pollutant loading...... 73

3.1 Households and industry ...... 74 3.1.1 Waterborne pollution ...... 74 3.1.2 Airborne pollution...... 77 3.2 Agriculture ...... 79 3.3 Background loading...... 83 3.4 Loading estimates for selected areas ...... 85 3.4.1 Groundwater...... 85 3.4.2 Watercourses...... 88 3.4.3 Lakes and fjords ...... 89 3.5 Nutrient budgets ...... 92 3.5.1 Nitrogen budget...... 92

Odense PRB Odense Pilot River Basin 3 Table of contents

3.6 Hazardous substances and heavy metals ...... 93 3.6.1 Airborne pollution...... 93 3.6.2 Waterborne pollution ...... 93

4. Impact of human activities on water status ...... 97

4.1. Groundwater...... 97 4.1.1 Abstraction of groundwater...... 97 4.1.2 Groundwater chemical status...... 97 4.1.3. Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance...... 98 4.2. Watercourses ...... 99 4.2.1 Physical pressures...... 99 4.2.2 Impact of pollutant loading...... 100 4.2.3 Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance...... 101 4.3 Lakes...... 103 4.3.1 Physical pressures...... 103 4.3.2 Impact of pollutant loading...... 103 4.3.3 Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance...... 105 4.4 Wetlands...... 106 4.4.1 Physical pressures...... 106 4.4.2 Impact of pollutant loading...... 108 4.5 Coastal waters...... 110 4.5.1 Physical pressures...... 110 4.5.2 Impact of pollutant loading...... 111 4.5.3 Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance...... 113

5. Economic analysis...... 115

5.1 Aim of the economic part of the Article 5 characterization and analysis...... 115 5.2 Assessment of the economic signiﬁ cance of water use...... 115 5.2.1 Trend in water demand...... 116 5.2.2 Economic signiﬁ cance of the commercial sectors...... 116 5.2.3 Households ...... 117 5.2.4 Industry/services...... 118 5.2.5 Agriculture/market gardens...... 118 5.2.6 The public sector...... 119 5.2.7 Cost-effectiveness ...... 119 5.3 Trends in water use ...... 120 5.3.1 Trend in water consumption ...... 120 5.3.2 Trend for households...... 120 5.3.3 Trend for industry/services ...... 120 5.3.4 Trend for agriculture/market gardens ...... 121 5.3.5 Other trends...... 121 5.4 Cost recovery ...... 121 5.4.1 Assessment of the degree of cost recovery...... 121 5.4.2 Incentive structure in the price-setting mechanism of the current tariffs...... 122 5.5 Environment-related subsidies ...... 122

References ...... 123

Annexes

Annex 0.1 Guidance Documents pursuant to the Common Implementation Strategy .....127 Annex 0.2 Borders of river basin districts in Denmark ...... 128 Annex 1.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for various variables ...... 129 Annex 2.1 Basis for the selection of the EC Habitat Sites in Odense River Basin (habitats and species) ...... 130 Annex 2.2 EC Bird Protection Sites in Odense River Basin ...... 132

Odense 4 PRB Odense Pilot River Basin Foreword

Foreword in Pilot River Basins”. Following restructuring, the work is now organized through EU Work- ing Group 2B “Integrated River Basin Manage- The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) ment”. entered into force on 22 December 2000. Three Odense Fjord and the associated catchment years later, i.e. 22 December 2003, Member States – herein collectively referred to as Odense River have to have implemented the WFD in their na- Basin – has been selected for inclusion in this pi- tional legislation. lot project in line with a number of other Euro- pean river basins. Fyn County is responsible for The purpose of the WFD is among other things carrying out the project under the supervision of to: the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, and hence for reporting the project’s results and • Establish a framework for the protection of products to the EU. inland surface waters, wetlands, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater. The purpose of the pilot project in Odense River • Prevent further deterioration and protect and Basin can be summarized as follows: enhance the status of aquatic ecosystems. • Enhance protection and improvement of the • To test EU guidance documents (Guidance aquatic environment through progressive Documents, see Annex 0) on implementation reduction of discharges and losses of priority of the WFD. substances or the phase-out of these. • The guidance documents are tested through • Ensure the progressive reduction of pollution the preparation of fi rstly, a provisional Article of groundwater and prevent its further pollu- 5 report to the EU and secondly, a provisional tion. River Basin Management Plan for the surface waters and groundwater in Odense River Adoption of the EU WFD in 2000 considerably Basin that has to be completed by the end of strengthens coherent management of the aquatic 2006. environment. The WFD is thus a framework • The fi rst part of the project is subdivided in Directive that integrates a number of previously such a way that a report on the testing of the adopted Directives pertaining to specifi c sources relevant guidance documents has to be sub- of pollution (e.g. the Wastewater Directive and mitted to EU by 30 September 2003, while a the Nitrates Directive) or protection of specifi c Danish language and English language report areas (e.g. the Bathing Water Directive and the containing the characterization and analysis Shellfi sh Directive), and which collates the of Odense River Basin and the associated measures in these Directives into a coherent ap- aquatic systems pursuant to Article 5 of the proach. WFD has to be submitted by the beginning of Implementation of the WFD entails a coordi- November 2003. nated effort to protect the environment leading to an overall management plan for a river basin The Odense Pilot River Basin project is organ- – a River Basin Management Plan. In order to ized around a Steering Group, two external Ad- promote this ambitious, holistic reorganization visory Boards and a number of scientifi c Working of EU water policy, the EU water directors have Groups. A number of external scientifi c experts decided upon a coordinated strategy for imple- are associated with the working groups. mentation of the WFD – the so-called Common On 30 September 2003, Fyn County submitted Implementation Strategy (CIS). a report to the EU answering specifi c questions An important element of this strategy is the es- on the guidance documents concerning the pro- tablishment of interdisciplinary working groups visional Article 5 characterization and analysis. and the preparation of European guidance docu- According to the WFD timetable, the Article 5 ments to facilitate implementation of the various report for each river basin district has to be com- elements of the WFD in the individual Member pleted by the end of 2004. States. In order to test the applicability of these This report concerns the provisional Article guidance documents in practice, and to develop 5 characterization and analysis of Odense River and test an optimal procedure for designing a Basin encompassing Odense Fjord and associated River Basin Management Plan, it was decided catchment area, including inland surface waters, to carry out pilot projects in a number of se- wetlands and groundwater. lected European river basins during the period The main elements of the Article 5 characteri- 2002-2006. The work was previously organized zation and analysis are: through Working Group 4.1: “Integrated Testing

Odense PRB Odense Pilot River Basin 5 Foreword

• Characterization of surface waters and be heavily modifi ed. groundwater Committee proceedings under the Danish – Differentiation according to type and Environmental Protection Agency are currently delineation of water bodies/ground- paving the way for the preparation of Statutory water bodies Orders and guidelines that will serve as the leg- – Reference conditions (excl. ground- islative and scientifi c foundation for defi ning water) the tasks of the coming river basin districts in – Provisional objectives relation to the WFD. As this work had not been • Identifi cation of pressures completed at the time this report was prepared, • Impact of human activity on the status of sur- the analyses must be considered preliminary, and face waters and on groundwater it must be expected that they will need adjusting – Assessment of the likelihood of failing to some extent once the central authorities have to meet environmental objectives prepared a foundation that is equally applicable • Economic analysis of water use. to all river basin districts. Furthermore, the report is incomplete in certain aspects as time has In addition, the report contains an overview of only permitted the provision of illustrative exam- international and national protected areas. ples of characterization and analyses. The sections in the report concerning the It is the hope of Fyn County, though, that the setting of provisional environmental objectives report can be of inspiration to the State in con- and the assessment of the likelihood of failing to nection with preparation of the above-mentioned meet these objectives refer to the WFD objective material, as well as to the other Danish Counties, that all water bodies and all groundwater bodies who will have to initiate a corresponding analysis should achieve at least “good status” by the year of the remaining river basin districts in Denmark 2015 at the latest. In this connection it is worth at the beginning of 2004. Moreover, Fyn County emphasizing that the provisional environmental hopes that this report and the “realistic” testing objectives set for the water bodies in this Article of the EU guidance documents will also provide 5 report and the assessment of the likelihood inspiration to the EU and river basin districts in that these objectives will not be met with the EU Member States for the comprehensive plan- measures hitherto implemented are based on ning work that awaits them. registration of the actual conditions and “tran- Fyn County would like to take this opportu- scription” of the current national/regional and nity to thank the two external Advisory Boards international objectives without any form of as well as the scientifi c experts for their great in- scientifi c, economic or political evaluation of the terest in the project and for an inspiring coopera- consequences. The same also applies with regard tion during preparation of the report. to the identifi cation of water bodies considered to

Fyn County, October 2003

The ﬁ fteen Pilot River Basins:

Scheldt (Belgium, France, The Netherlands) Odense (Denmark) Oulujoki (Finland) Moselle-Sarre (France, Germany, Luxembourg) Marne (France) Neisse (Germany, Poland, Czech Republic) Pinios ( Greece) Shannon (Ireland) Ribble (UK, England) Cecina (Italy) Tevere (Italy) Suldalvassdraget (Norway) Guadiana (Portugal) Somes (Romania, Hungary) Júcar (Spain)

Odense 6 PRB Odense Pilot River Basin Summary and conclusions

Summary and conclusions waters are in turn subdivided into discrete water bodies. Each water body has thereafter been assessed to determine whether it has been subjected The Odense Pilot River Basin project com- to such great physical modifi cation that it can be prises Denmark’s contribution to the testing of characterized as “heavily modifi ed”. Finally, an a number of EU guidance documents relating attempt has been made to defi ne provisional to implementation of the Water Framework reference conditions that the water body would Directive (WFD). The project is designed as hold were it undisturbed by human activity. a “realistic” test of the guidance documents in The reference conditions for each water body, that a provisional River Basin Management plan together with previous quality objectives for containing a programme of measures will be the water bodies stipulated in the Regional Plan prepared for Odense River Basin by the end of and in certain cases as internationally protected 2006. areas, served as the basis for establishing the pro- As a foundation for planning the programme visional future environmental objectives for the of measures for Odense River Basin, the present water bodies. provisional characterization and analysis has It should be noted that the identifi cation of been performed for surface waters, wetlands heavily modifi ed water bodies and the establish- and groundwater in the basin. All EU Member ment of provisional environmental objectives for States have to carry out such a characterization the water bodies are based on registration of the and analysis in the same systematic manner. The actual conditions and “transcription” of the cur- characterization and analysis has been carried rent national/regional and international objec- out pursuant to the provisions of Article 5 of the tives without any form of scientifi c, economic WFD, and contains: or political evaluation of the conse quences. For example, watercourse reaches assigned a low • An analysis of the river basin district’s charac- quality objective in the current Regional Plan teristics. have been assigned the objective “good ecological •Identifi cation of pressures and a review of the status” in the present Article 5 characterization impact of human activity on the status of sur- and analysis, in accordance with the provision of face waters, wetlands and the groundwater. the WFD that all water bodies shall achieve at • An economic analysis of water use. least good status by 2015 at the latest. • A register of international and national As regards the groundwater, initial identifi ca- protected areas pursuant to Article 6 of the tion and delineation of the aquifers have been WFD. performed. Only the aquifers from which public waterworks abstract groundwater for the drink- The aim of the characterization and analysis is: ing water supply have been identifi ed. In connection with the further characterization, a single •Identifi cation of water bodies/groundwater aquifer has been differentiated into groundwater bodies at risk of failing to meet the WFD’s ob- bodies on the basis of groundwater chemistry jective that they should achieve at least good data such that the chemical status of the water status by the year 2015 at the latest with the in each groundwater body can be described. The environmental measures hitherto adopted. groundwater bodies have been delineated on the •Identifi cation of the need for further charac- basis of groundwater level and fl ow lines. There- terization, including environmental monitor- after the hydrological characteristics and extent ing, as a basis for planning the programme of of groundwater abstraction have been described measures. for each individual groundwater body. • Establishment of the economic background Based on the results of the County’s long-stand- for planning the programme of measures. ing monitoring of the water bodies and groundwater and of the pollution pressure to which they To the extent permitted by scientifi c consid- are exposed, and in certain cases in combination erations and time, the present provisional charac- with mathematical modelling, an assessment has terization and analysis has differentiated surface been made of the likelihood that surface waters waters (watercourses, lakes and coastal waters) and groundwater will fail to meet the WFD’s and wetlands according to type, partly in accord- environmental quality objective of achieving at ance with Danish typology guidelines and partly least good status by 2015 at the latest. These as- on the basis of own judgement. These types of sessments assume implementation of the action

Odense PRB Odense Pilot River Basin 7 Summary and conclusions

plans hitherto adopted. First and foremost, this brated and validated against monitoring data for entails realization of the reduction targets for the area. These models should describe both the nitrogen and phosphorus loading stipulated in pressure on the water bodies as a function of the Action Plan on the Aquatic Environment I+II, activities in the basin and the ecological status of as well as the municipal wastewater plans that the water bodies as a function of the pressure. comply with surface water and groundwater pro- With respect to description of the pollution tection guidelines specifi ed in the Regional Plan. pressure on the water bodies in the basin, the The economic analyses of water use in the availability of statistical data for the basin needs basin have been made for the household, in- to be improved, including data on production dustrial, agricultural and public service sectors. conditions in enterprises and data on production In the WFD, water use is understood to mean conditions etc. on the individual holdings. water services together with all activities in the With regard to the Article 5 economic analysis, basin having a signifi cant impact on the status detailed statistical information is available for of the water bodies. Calculations have thus been describing water use as far as concerns water made of the costs associated with water use in its supply and wastewater. Information concerning widest sense, and the degree of cost recovery for water use in relation to agriculture, for example water use has been assessed. Finally, the expected drainage measures (drainage, watercourse main- future trend in water use has been estimated. tenance and regulation, reclamation of wetlands, The Article 5 economic analysis shall serve as etc.) is diffi cult to obtain, however, and this the basis for assessing the economic aspects of aspect of the present analysis is therefore less the future programme of measures for the river adequate. basin district, including an assessment of which measures are most cost-effective, and an assess- To summarize, the provisional Article 5 char- ment of to what extent such measures might be acterization and analysis leads to the following economically disproportionate. conclusions: From the provisional analysis and assessments carried out it can be concluded that by far the • Over the past decades, considerable effort majority of the surface water and much of the and expense have been devoted to reducing groundwater will fail to meet the WFD’s objec- environmental pressure on the surface water tive of achieving at least good status by 2015 at bodies and on groundwater. Thus wastewater the latest with the measures hitherto adopted loadings from households and industry have to reduce pollution and physical pressure on been reduced considerably, and loading from the surface waters and groundwater. However, the agricultural sector has also been reduced. the work already initiated to intensively map Monitoring results show, though, that the the groundwater and the ensuing elaboration loadings must be reduced further if the water of groundwater protection plans are expected bodies are to be able to meet the politically to solve many of the problems relating to the adopted quality objectives, including the in- groundwater used for the drinking water supply. ternationally adopted objectives. Among The protection measures initiated in this con- other things, there remains a need to reduce text will not solve the problem of contaminated loading from the agricultural holdings, as well groundwater seeping to the surface water from as discharges from sparsely built-up areas. Dis- upper aquifers, though. charges of hazardous substances must also be It can also be concluded that the data material reduced. presently available is often inadequate to permit • The provisional environmental objectives detailed characterization of Odense River Basin established for the surface- and groundwater and its water bodies and groundwater. This is in this Article 5 report together with the as- especially the case for the minor watercourses, sessment of whether these objectives will be lakes and enclosed marine waters, as well as for met with the measures hitherto implemented, some of the groundwater bodies, for which moni- are based on registration of the actual condi- toring data are not available. For many lakes and tions and “transcription” of current national/ enclosed marine waters, moreover, the data ma- regional and international objectives without terial for calculating loading with nutrients and any form of scientifi c, economic or political hazardous substances is inadequate. The data evaluation of the consequences. The same also material should be improved through enhanced applies with regard to the identifi cation of wa- monitoring, including the development and use ter bodies considered to be heavily modifi ed. of operational mathematical models that are cali-

Odense 8 PRB Odense Pilot River Basin Summary and conclusions

• The methodology in the WFD seems to be ies will not comply with the Groundwater utilizable, but is very demanding of data and Directive’s criterion for pesticide content. resources. Compared to the criterion set by Fyn County, • 25 out of 28 watercourse reaches will not meet four out of the ﬁ ve will not comply. As regards the provisional objectives due to physical nitrate, the objectives set for the investigated conditions (24) and/or wastewater discharges, groundwater bodies will be attainable accord- primarily stormwater discharges (12). ing to the criteria in the WFD and those used • At last 10 out of 12 lakes will not achieve good by Fyn County. ecological status due to nitrogen and phos- • The data material for the minor surface water phorus loading, primarily from agricultural and groundwater bodies is inadequate with sources and from sediment. respect to both loading and assessment of sta- • Odense Fjord will not achieve good ecological tus. status due to nitrogen and phosphorus load- • There is a need to strengthen regional moni- ing, primarily from agricultural sources and toring and the development/use of modelling possibly also sparsely built-up areas, and due tools. to hazardous substances in the sediment. • Households, industry/service and agriculture • Based on the criteria stipulated in the WFD, use 0.3–2% of their income/production value one out of ﬁ ve investigated groundwater bod- on water use in the widest sense.

Odense Fjord viewed from Odense facing northeast. Photo: Jan Kofod Win- ther.

Odense PRB Odense Pilot River Basin 9 Testing area

Great Belt

Northern Belt Sea

OTTERUP Gabet

Odense Fjord Lunde Stream

SØNDERSØ Lindø Terminal Lindø Shipyard MUNKEBO Seden KERTEMINDE Odense North Landfill Strand Stige Ø Landfill Geels Stream Stavis Fynsværket CHP plant Lake Langesø Stavis Stream Stream

Odense Harbour

Ryds Stream ODENSE River Odense

Vejrup Stream

Lindved Stream

Holmehave Brook

River Odense

Ulvebækken Brook

Vittinge Stream

RINGE Sallinge Stream

River Odense

Hågerup Stream

Lake Arreskov

Rislebæk Brook Lake Nørresø

Jylland Silke Stream Watercourse Lake Brændegård Lake

Sjælland Woodland Urban area FAABORG Fyn 0 5 Odense River10 Basinkm

Odense 10 PRB Odense Pilot River Basin