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Application of Cranial Nerve Function Am I in Control of My Own Body

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Application of Cranial Nerve Function Am I in Control of My Own Body Teaching Tips - continued from page 14 Application of Cranial Nerve Function Directions: Using your diagrams, notes and textbooks, 4. An individual has diabetes and blood vessels in the retina determine the spinal nerve or cranial nerve that is damaged are damaged, what nerve would be sending less sensory based on the symptoms of the individual. impulses? a. olfactory nerve (I) 5. Due to surgical error, the patient has lost most sensory b. optic nerve (II) perception on one side of the face and difficulty c. oculomotor nerve (III) chewing. d. trochlear nerve (IV) 6. Individual cannot move most muscles of the face. e. trigeminal nerve (V) 7. Paralysis of the superior oblique muscle results due to f. abducens (VI) damage of this nerve. The individual’s one eye rotates g. facial (VII) outward. h. vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) 8. The patient complains of decreased sense of taste (3 cranial i. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) nerves). j. vagus nerve (X) 9. The individual cannot abduct (move the eye laterally to k. accessory nerve (XI) see something to the side) one eye due to damage to this l. hypoglossal nerve (XII) nerve. 10. Stimulation of this nerve in the region of the neck 1. The patient is deaf. decreases heart rate. 2. The pupil in one eye is dilated due to decreased tone of the 11. One shoulder droops. constrictor muscles of the iris. 12. The patient has Bell’s palsy. 3. An individual has taken a hard blow to the face (e.g. as a result of falling on concrete) and has lost some sense of Key: 1-h; 2-c; 3-a; 4-b; 5-e; 6-g; 7-d; 8-g, i, j; 9-f; 10-j; 11-k; smell. 12-g Am I in Control of My Own Body? Understanding the Autonomic Nervous System Mary Gahbauer Department of Life and Earth Science, Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio 43081 (614) 823-1467 (614) 823-3042 fax [email protected] The ANS is a dynamic, responsive system that maintains Activity 1: Extensive, protective homeostatic functions of the homeostasis through reflex adjustment to changing conditions - but ANS it is not an intuitive topic for students, and its antique terminologya Guess how many reflexes are known. A search of the Internet, does not help. This article offers a “housekeeping” metaphor to textbooks, and the Merck manual produces definitions like “rapid, introduce the ANS in everyday language, and short class activities automatic, stereotyped response to stimuli”, and lists of scores with questions that enable students to answer, “Just how much of reflexes – far more than anyone guesses. Working in groups can I control my own body?” and “What would happen if the ANS to sort the reflexes, students set aside descriptive terms such as failed?” spinal/cranial or monosynaptic/polysynaptic and proper names such as Babinski for later research. Are there more autonomic or Housekeeping: the biological function of the ANS somatic reflexes? By sorting the reflexes according to body parts Housekeeping in a complex building (i.e., a hotel) means sending involved, it becomes clear that the autonomic group, controlling the fresh supplies to the right location, maintaining a comfortable imperceptible “housekeeping” functions of glands or smooth muscle temperature, etc. and hotel guests are free to plan their own activities in viscera such as heart, iris, stomach, blood vessels, etc., is much since the building seems to run itself. Similarly “housekeeping” larger than the somatic group of reflexes that act in posture and by the ANS adjusts cardiorespiratory control, temperature control, withdrawal. Students may think they control their own bodies, but etc. so that the conscious brain is free to think while the body’s realize the only organ under conscious control is skeletal muscle! routine functions operate automatically. In a hotel or in the body, How does each ANS reflex act to maintain homeostasis and/ housekeeping management also provides automatic, rapid responses or provide some kind of protection? For example, chemoreceptor that protect against internal or external threats or disturbances (see Table 1). Teaching Tips continued on page 16 HAPS-EDucator – Summer 2008 - page 15 Teaching Tips - continued from page 15 reflexes maintain blood gases and therefore pH, and gastric and What work does the ANS perform? Efferent signals in the enteric reflexes maintain food propulsion at the right rate for ANS cause smooth muscle contraction, gland secretion, and/or digestion and absorption. Cough and gag reflexes protect directly, regulate cardiac action; all of the uncontrollable bodily activities and the diving and bladder emptying reflexes protect indirectly. result from one or more of these actions. Table 1. Comparison of housekeeping in a complex building and in the body Activity 3: Afferent limb Housekeeping in a Housekeeping in the body Does something stimulate the CNS to cause the efferent hotel effects (above), or are these random? Physiology is anything but Who/what Service, delivery, Autonomic nerves to viscera, random, so we need to consider what the “work orders” are that does the cleaning staff including blood vessels cause housekeeping nerves to perform some type of job. work? How does it feel to have an X-ray, and what happens? There When is 24/7 24/7 is no feeling and nothing happens because the body cannot sense work done? X-rays. It must be able to detect, through some kind of sensory What jobs Provision of fresh Provision of oxygen, nutrients, receptor, what is going on in and around itself, and report that are done? supplies, food, waste waste cleared, heating and work order (afferent limb of the reflex) to a housekeeping office cleared , heating and cooling adjusted cooling adjusted (integration center of the reflex) before appropriate motor work can be done (efferent limb of the reflex). What are job Staff provide service as ANS automatically adjusts to What are some work orders for autonomic action? Students descriptions? requested by incoming incoming sensory information already know that heat causes sweating, embarrassment causes work orders (acts by reflex) blushing, hunger causes stomach gurgles, etc. Other work orders are unfamiliar, such as baroreceptor afferents that report details Regular maintenance Parasympathetic division of blood pressure, but everyone has felt dizzy on standing up crew provides normal supports rest and restoration conditions suddenly. The baroreceptor reflex must catch up in its work of “autofocusing” the blood pressure after blood sinks into the legs Rapid response crew Sympathetic division prepares by gravity. for emergencies for fight or flight When enough afferent impulses (work orders) have been identified, students sort them into two categories: Which are Regular crew and rapid Both divisions constantly response crew trade off balancing to achieve dynamic triggered by sensation such as pain, fullness of the stomach, or light with each other homeostasis shining in the eyes? Which are triggered by memories, thoughts, or emotions such as anxiety, hatred, or sexual attraction? This What is the Deals with building Deals with involuntary functions, establishes that the afferent limb of the ANS reflex can be any type overall maintenance, frees frees conscious brain for special of peripheral sensation, or can be central input from the cerebral effect? guests for their own purposes hemispheres. Autonomic afferent nerves are few (relaying visceral activities sensation, and baroreceptor and chemoreceptor input), and somatic Provides rapid Provides rapid protection from nerves provide the afferent limb (or even efferent limb, but if both protection against loss threats to airways, blood loss, limbs are somatic, it is a somatic reflex) in some autonomic reflexes of power, flooding, noxious food etc. (see Table 2). hostile behavior WhatActivit ies Housekee2, 3, 4 ping P arts of theANS reflex functions arc during (afferent sleep, limb, Table 2. Components Components of of visceral visceral and and somatic somatic reflexes reflexes happens continues when anesthesia, light coma whenintegrating there management center, efferent on limb) Afferent limb Afferent limb is no vacation autonomic somatic oversight?Activity 2 Efferent limb Efferent Baroreceptor reflex alters heart Pain → pallor, sweating What bodily activities can not be consciously limb rate via sympathetic or via sympathetic efferent controlled? Students offer goose bumps, stomach gurgling, autonomic parasympathetic efferents Activitiessweating, 2, 3,fainting, 4: Parts heart of thumping the reflex, blushing arc (afferent, and so on. limb, After Touch → sexual integratinga few hintscenter, they efferent add pupillary, limb) bladder, bowel, and sexual Gut sensation alters gut motility arousal via functions. These autonomic effects are mediated by efferent via sympathetic or parasympathetic (motor) signals from the central nervous system (CNS); parasympathetic efferents efferents Activity 2: Efferent limb students should note that the dual sympathetic and Whatparasympathetic bodily activities nerves cannot beto consciouslyviscera showncontrolled? in Studentstextbook Efferent Chemoreceptor reflex alters Knee jerk, ankle jerk offer illustrationsgoose bumps, are stomach both efferent gurgling, – the sweating, ANS is fainting, predominantly heart limb use of respiratory skeletal thumping,efferent blushing,. These and nerves so on. are After the housekeeping a few hints they sta addff that pupillary, perform somatic muscles Withdrawal reflex bladder,the work.bowel, and sexual functions. These autonomic effects are mediated by efferent (motor) signals from the central nervous
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