Vascular Heterogeneity in the Kidney
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Role of New Podocyte-Associated Proteins in the Renal Ultrafiltration Barrier
From the DEPARTMENT OF LABORATORY MEDICINE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ROLE OF NEW PODOCYTE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN THE RENAL ULTRAFILTRATION BARRIER Angelina Schwarz Stockholm 2019 All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by Universitetsservice US-AB 2019. © Angelina Schwarz, 2019 ISBN 978-91-7831-452-2 Cover: confocal microscopy image of a mouse glomerulus (front) and electron microscopy image of a podocyte (back) Role of new podocyte-associated proteins in the renal ultrafiltration barrier THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Angelina Schwarz Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Assoc. Prof. Jaakko Patrakka, MD, PhD Prof. Rachel Lennon, MD, PhD Karolinska Institutet University of Manchester Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Biological Sciences Division of Pathology/ICMC Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine Co-supervisor(s): Lwaki Ebarasi, PhD Examination Board: Karolinska Institutet Assoc. Prof. Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina, MD, PhD Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Division of Pathology/ICMC Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Division of Growth and Metabolism Mark Lal, PhD AstraZeneca Prof. Bengt Fellström, MD, PhD Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Uppsala University Metabolism, Innovative Medicines Biotech Unit Department of Medical Sciences Division of Nephrology Assoc. Prof. Taija Mäkinen, PhD Uppsala University Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology Division of Vascular Biology ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem and an economical burden affecting people worldwide. The main causes of CKD are diabetes and hypertension and patient numbers keep increasing. In many cases, CKD is progressive leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD), a condition that can be treated only through chronic dialysis or renal transplantation. -
Ward's Renal Lobule Model
Ward’s Renal Lobule Model 470029-444 1. Arcuate artery and vein. 7. Descending thick limb of 12. Collecting tubule. 2. Interlobular artery and vein. Henle's loop. 13. Papillary duct of Bellini. 3. Afferent glomerular arteriole. 8. Thin segment of Henle's 14. Vasa recta. loop. 4. Efferent glomerular arteriole. 15. Capillary bed of cortex (extends 9. Ascending thick limb of through entire cortex). 5. Renal corpuscle (glomerulus Henle's loop. plus Bowman's capsule). 10. Distal convoluted tubule. 16. Capillary bed of medulla (extends 6. Proximal convoluted tubule. 11. Arched connecting tubule. through entire medulla). MANY more banks of glomeruli occur in the cortex than are represented on the model, and the proportionate length of the medullary elements has been greatly reduced. The fundamental physiological unit of the kidney is the nephron, consisting of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, Henle's loop, and the distal convoluted tubule. The blood is filtered in the glomerulus, water and soluble substances, except blood proteins, passing into Bowman's capsule in the same proportions as they occur in the blood. In the proximal tubule water and certain useful substances are resorbed from the provisional urine, while some further components may be added to it by secretory activity on the part of the tubular epithelium. In the remainder of the tubule, resorption of certain substances is continued, while the urine is concentrated further by withdrawal of water. The finished urine flows through the collecting tubules without further change. Various kinds of loops occur, varying in length of the thin segment, and in the level to which they descend into the medulla. -
The Renal Vascular System of the Monkey: a Gross Anatomical Description MARK J
J. Anat. (1987), 153, pp. 123-137 123 With 8 figures Printed in Great Britain The renal vascular system of the monkey: a gross anatomical description MARK J. HORACEK, ALVIN M. EARLE AND JOSEPH P. GILMORE Departments ofAnatomy and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, U.S.A. (Accepted 12 September 1986) INTRODUCTION Monkeys are frequently used as a model for physiological experiments involving the kidney. It is known that physiological disparity between mammalian species can often be elucidated by a study of the structural differences between these species. Despite this fact, the monkey's renal vasculature has not been described in sufficient detail. Such a description would be useful since monkey experimentation plays an important role in understanding human physiology. Also, the branching pattern and segmen- tation of the monkey's renal vasculature is interesting from both comparative and experimental viewpoints. Fourman & Moffat (1971) indicated that although all mammalian kidneys are somewhat similar, there are several species-specific differences in terms oforganisation, microstructure and function. They conducted several extensive vascular studies on mammals, including several rodents and carnivores, but did not include any specific information concerning the monkey. Graves (1971) and Fine & Keen (1966) have described the branching patterns and segmentation of human kidneys. However, comparable information pertaining to the monkey kidney is not available. The purpose of the present study is to provide a detailed morphological description of the gross renal vasculature in the kidneys of two species of monkeys, Macacafascicularis and Macaca mulatta. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve monkeys (Macacafascicularis and Macaca mulatta) were used in this study after they had been utilised for electrophysiological experimentation. -
Anatomy and Physiology of the Bowel and Urinary Systems
PMS1 1/26/05 10:52 AM Page 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Bowel and 1 Urinary Systems Anthony McGrath INTRODUCTION The aim of this chapter is to increase the reader’s under- standing of the small and large bowel and urinary system as this will enhance their knowledge base and allow them to apply this knowledge when caring for patients who are to undergo stoma formation. LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter the reader will have: ❏ an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the small and large bowel; ❏ an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Fig. 1.1) consists of the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, small and large intestines, rectum and anal canal. It is a muscular tube, approximately 9m in length, and it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. However, while giving a brief outline of the whole system and its makeup, this chapter will focus on the anatomy and physiology of the small and large bowel and the urinary system. The GI tract is responsible for the breakdown, digestion and absorption of food, and the removal of solid waste in the form of faeces from the body. As food is eaten, it passes through each section of the GI tract and is subjected to the action of various 1 PMS1 1/26/05 10:52 AM Page 2 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Bowel and Urinary Systems Fig. 1.1 The digestive system. Reproduced with kind permission of Coloplast Ltd from An Introduction to Stoma Care 2000 2 PMS1 1/26/05 10:52 AM Page 3 Gastrointestinal Tract 1 digestive fluids and enzymes (Lehne 1998). -
Urinary System
OUTLINE 27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 818 27.2 Kidneys 820 27 27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney 820 27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney 821 27.2c Nephrons 824 27.2d How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine 828 27.2e Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 828 Urinary 27.2f Innervation of the Kidney 828 27.3 Urinary Tract 829 27.3a Ureters 829 27.3b Urinary Bladder 830 System 27.3c Urethra 833 27.4 Aging and the Urinary System 834 27.5 Development of the Urinary System 835 27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development 835 27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development 835 MODULE 13: URINARY SYSTEM mck78097_ch27_817-841.indd 817 2/25/11 2:24 PM 818 Chapter Twenty-Seven Urinary System n the course of carrying out their specific functions, the cells Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the uri- I of all body systems produce waste products, and these waste nary system performs many other functions, including the following: products end up in the bloodstream. In this case, the bloodstream is ■ Storage of urine. Urine is produced continuously, but analogous to a river that supplies drinking water to a nearby town. it would be quite inconvenient if we were constantly The river water may become polluted with sediment, animal waste, excreting urine. The urinary bladder is an expandable, and motorboat fuel—but the town has a water treatment plant that muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine. removes these waste products and makes the water safe to drink. -
The Urinary System Dr
The urinary System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of the Urinary System • Excretion – removal of waste material from the blood plasma and the disposal of this waste in the urine. • Elimination – removal of waste from other organ systems - from digestive system – undigested food, water, salt, ions, and drugs. + - from respiratory system – CO2,H , water, toxins. - from skin – water, NaCl, nitrogenous wastes (urea , uric acid, ammonia, creatinine). • Water balance -- kidney tubules regulate water reabsorption and urine concentration. • regulation of PH, volume, and composition of body fluids. • production of Erythropoietin for hematopoieseis, and renin for blood pressure regulation. Anatomy of the Urinary System Gross anatomy: • kidneys – a pair of bean – shaped organs located retroperitoneally, responsible for blood filtering and urine formation. • Renal capsule – a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidneys. • Renal cortex – outer region of the kidneys where most nephrons is located. • Renal medulla – inner region of the kidneys where some nephrons is located, also where urine is collected to be excreted outward. • Renal calyx – duct – like sections of renal medulla for collecting urine from nephrons and direct urine into renal pelvis. • Renal pyramid – connective tissues in the renal medulla binding various structures together. • Renal pelvis – central urine collecting area of renal medulla. • Hilum (or hilus) – concave notch of kidneys where renal artery, renal vein, urethra, nerves, and lymphatic vessels converge. • Ureter – a tubule that transport urine (mainly by peristalsis) from the kidney to the urinary bladder. • Urinary bladder – a spherical storage organ that contains up to 400 ml of urine. • Urethra – a tubule that excretes urine out of the urinary bladder to the outside, through the urethral orifice. -
L8-Urine Conc. [PDF]
The loop of Henle is referred to as countercurrent multiplier and vasa recta as countercurrent exchange systems in concentrating and diluting urine. Explain what happens to osmolarity of tubular fluid in the various segments of the loop of Henle when concentrated urine is being produced. Explain the factors that determine the ability of loop of Henle to make a concentrated medullary gradient. Differentiate between water diuresis and osmotic diuresis. Appreciate clinical correlates of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Fluid intake The total body water Antidiuretic hormone is controled by : Renal excretion of water Hyperosmolar medullary Changes in the osmolarity of tubular fluid : interstitium 1 2 3 Low osmolarity The osmolarity High osmolarity because of active decrease as it goes up because of the transport of Na+ and because of the reabsorbation of water co-transport of K+ and reabsorption of NaCl Cl- 4 5 Low osmolarity because of High osmolarity because of reabsorption of NaCl , also reabsorption of water in reabsorption of water in present of ADH , present of ADH reabsorption of urea Mechanisms responsible for creation of hyperosmolar medulla: Active Co- Facilitated diffusion transport : transport : diffusion : of : Na+ ions out of the Only of small thick portion of the K+ , Cl- and other amounts of water ascending limb of ions out of the thick from the medullary the loop of henle portion of the Of urea from the tubules into the into the medullary ascending limb of inner medullary medullary interstitium the loop of henle collecting -
Normal Vascular and Glomerular Anatomy
Normal Vascular and Glomerular Anatomy Arthur H. Cohen Richard J. Glassock he topic of normal vascular and glomerular anatomy is intro- duced here to serve as a reference point for later illustrations of Tdisease-specific alterations in morphology. CHAPTER 1 1.2 Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis FIGURE 1-1 A, The major renal circulation. The renal artery divides into the interlobar arteries (usually 4 or 5 divisions) that then branch into arcuate arteries encompassing the corticomedullary Interlobar junction of each renal pyramid. The interlobular arteries (multiple) originate from the artery arcuate arteries. B, The renal microcirculation. The afferent arterioles branch from the interlobular arteries and form the glomerular capillaries (hemi-arterioles). Efferent arteri- Arcuate oles then reform and collect to form the post-glomerular circulation (peritubular capillar- artery Renal ies, venules and renal veins [not shown]). The efferent arterioles at the corticomedullary artery junction dip deep into the medulla to form the vasa recta, which embrace the collecting tubules and form hairpin loops. (Courtesy of Arthur Cohen, MD.) Pyramid Pelvis Interlobular Ureter artery A Afferent arteriole Interlobular artery Glomerulus Arcuate artery Efferent arteriole Collecting tubule Interlobar artery B Normal Vascular and Glomerular Anatomy 1.3 FIGURE 1-2 (see Color Plate) Microscopic view of the normal vascular and glomerular anatomy. The largest intrarenal arteries (interlobar) enter the kidneys between adjacent lobes and extend toward the cortex on the side of a pyramid. These arteries branch dichotomously at the corti- comedullary junction, forming arcuate arteries that course between the cortex and medulla. The arcuate arteries branch into a series of aa ILA interlobular arteries that course at roughly right angles through the cortex toward the capsule. -
Studies from the Institute of Pathology, No. 14 A
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Studies from the Institute of Pathology, No. 14 A. 5691 A CASE OF MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION CLINICAI HISTORY THE patient was a male aged 50 years. He was quite well till ten weeks prior to admission to hospital, when he begani to complain of breathlessness on exertion, abdominal pain, swelling of the feet and ankles, and loss of weight. The abdominal pain was in the left hypochondrium, was dull in character with sharp twinges, and was not related to food or exercise. On admission to hospital the patient was seen to be a moderately well nourished but anamic male subject. His pulse was regular, and heart sounds were normal. The blood pressure was 200'/150, and on X-ray of the chest, the heart was enlarged and of the aortic type. Albumen was present in the urine, the specific gravity of which was 1,025. The Wassermann reaction was negative. During his stay in hospital his symptoms became worse. The day before his death he had a sudden and severe hkematemesis followed by melkna. He died ten days after admission. POST-MORTEM The body is that of a poorly nourished adult male subject. Rigor mortis is present. There is no jaundice or enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes. The lower extremities are oedematous. Body Cavities.-The pleural and pericardial sacs are normal. About half a pint of blood-stained fluid is present in the peritoneal cavity. Heart.-Weight 600 gm. The epicardial surface is smooth and glistening. -
L25 Kidney2 to Post
Vert Phys PCB3743 Kidney 1 Fox Chapter 17 part 1 © T. Houpt, Ph.D. 1 Kidney Function Remove waste chemicals, while reabsorbing nutrients 1. Filter plasma from blood (including water & water-soluble nutrients) 2. Reabsorb Na+ : essential to maintain high extracellular [Na+] 3. Reabsorb H20 : essential to maintain body fluid volume 4. Reabsorb glucose and other nutrients 5. Reabsorb HCO3 / secrete H+ to maintain pH 2 Toxicity of Ammonia (NH3) 1. NH3 -> NH4+ very basic 2. NH3 is metabolic poison • Fish allow NH3 to diffuse into surrounding water • Birds & Reptiles convert NH3 to uric acid, which is not water soluble and is excreted in the feces. • Mammals convert NH3 to urea (CH4N2O), which is non-toxic and water soluble for excretion by kidney 1828: first organic synthesis: the production of urea without living tissue. → AgNCO + NH4Cl (NH2)2CO + AgCl 3 Krebs Cycle http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/tca.html 4 Too much ammonia removes a-ketoglutarate from Krebs cycle, so starves cells of ATP http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbcdab/urea/amtox.htm 5 Urea - waste product of excess amino acid metabolism amino acid metabolism toxic! 2 liver ammonia + CO 6 Chapter 17: Anatomy of the Kidney Kidney Function Filter excess and waste chemicals (water soluble) from the blood. (excess water, Na+, urea, glucose > 200 mg/100ml) Kidney Structures cortex (bark): reddish brown, lots of capillaries medulla (inner region): striped with capillaries & collecting ducts; divided into renal pyramids urine -> collecting ducts -> minor calyces -> major calyces calyx; calyces -> renal pelvis-> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra “cup” high surface area for exchange, then to storage and outside ren- Latin for kidney nephro- Greek for kidney -uria - problem with urine, e.g. -
Urinary System Functions
Urinary System Functions • Major excretory pathway for wastes transported by blood – Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption by the kidney’s microscopic tubules – Includes wastes from metabolism, excess water and excess solutes, absorbed substances • Collection, transport, exit of urine – product of kidney’s function – Responsive to condition – Role in maintenance of blood volume and pressure • Urine release controlled by reflex actions • Regulation of hemopoesis Organs and Vessels of the Urinary System Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter - peristalsis Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) Urinary bladder Urethra Figure 25.2 Dissection of urinary system organs (male). Kidney Renal artery Renal hilum Renal vein Ureter Urinary bladder Figure 25.3a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall. Three layers of supportive tissue surround kidney Renal fascia outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue Perirenal fat capsule Fatty cushion Fibrous capsule Transparent capsule Anterior Inferior vena cava Aorta Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity (organs removed) Supportive Renal tissue layers vein • Renal fascia anterior Renal posterior artery • Perirenal fat capsule • Fibrous Body of capsule vertebra L2 Body wall Posterior Kidney Function Maintain the body’s internal environment by: – Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water – Regulating ion concentrations in ECF – Ensuring long-term acid-base -
The Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
Chapter 23 *Lecture PowerPoint The Urinary System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • Urinary system rids the body of waste products. • The urinary system is closely associated with the reproductive system – Shared embryonic development and adult anatomical relationship – Collectively called the urogenital (UG) system 23-2 Functions of the Urinary System • Expected Learning Outcomes – Name and locate the organs of the urinary system. – List several functions of the kidneys in addition to urine formation. – Name the major nitrogenous wastes and identify their sources. – Define excretion and identify the systems that excrete wastes. 23-3 Functions of the Urinary System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diaphragm 11th and 12th ribs Adrenal gland Renal artery Renal vein Kidney Vertebra L2 Aorta Inferior vena cava Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Figure 23.1a,b (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view • Urinary system consists of six organs: two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra 23-4 Functions of the Kidneys • Filters blood plasma, separates waste from useful chemicals, returns useful substances to blood, eliminates wastes • Regulate blood volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving water • Regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes