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Searching a Site for a Civil Airport Based on Bird Ecological Conservation: an Expert-Based Selection (Dalian, China)

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Searching a Site for a Civil Airport Based on Bird Ecological Conservation: an Expert-Based Selection (Dalian, China) Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (2019) e00729 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Ecology and Conservation journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/gecco Original Research Article Searching a site for a civil airport based on bird ecological conservation: An expert-based selection (Dalian, China) * Bing Zhao a, Nuo Wang b, , Qiang Fu b, Hua-Kun Yan c, d, Nuan Wu b a College of Economic and Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Jinbei Road 2898#, Tianjin, 300300, China b Department of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 217 Room Jidian Building, Linghai Road 1#, Dalian, 116026, China c Sino-US Global Logistics Institute, Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China d Fujian Provincial Communication Transportation Group Co Ltd., Fuzhou, 350014, China article info abstract Article history: The construction and operation of a civil airport will inevitably destroy the biodiversity Received 13 June 2019 and ecosystem components. Especially when located on bird migration routes, the Received in revised form 22 July 2019 emergence of a civil airport will have a large impact on birds, resulting in immeasurable Accepted 23 July 2019 ecological loss. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an evaluation of the ecological impact on birds at the airport site selection stage for the sustainable development of humans and Keywords: the nature. Geographically, Dalian, China, is an important site in the bird migration routes Airport in northeast Asia, and the National Conservation Area of Snake Island and Laotieshan Site selection Bird Mountain located in the south of Dalian has been included in the Man and Biosphere Ecology Programme (MBP) network as a biosphere reserve. Therefore, the expansion plan of a new Expert-based civil airport in this region is a major challenge to the bird ecology. Here, using the detailed AHP investigation data about migratory birds in Dalian, we evaluate the impact of different site schemes on the bird ecology by an expert-based approach and choose the more favourable one for bird ecological environments. The innovative attempt to a civil airport site selec- tion based on the bird ecological conservation presented in this paper is of great signifi- cance for improving airport site planning and exploring the sustainable development of airports and the bird ecology around the world. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction The development of the world air transport industry has brought great convenience to human transportation. However, at the same time, this free expansion of the airspace has continuously encroached on the original living space of birds. If a civil airport is built in the range of a bird migration route, the anthropogenic disturbances such as the frequent aircraft take-off and landing, the airport noise and the light will cause bird strikes, habitat fragmentation, species population decline and rare bird extinction. Moreover, it may result in the drastic and irreversible reduction of environmental system complexity and resil- ience (Salafsky et al., 2008; Battisti et al., 2016a). In the long run, it will be a foreseeable ecological disaster that should been given high attention. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (B. Zhao), [email protected] (N. Wang), [email protected] (Q. Fu), [email protected] (H.-K. Yan), [email protected] (N. Wu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00729 2351-9894/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 2 B. Zhao et al. / Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (2019) e00729 Practice has shown that airport operations have a serious impact on the bird ecology. Taking bird strikes as an example, according to the Bird Attack Information System (IBIS) (ICAO, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2018), 97,751 reports were received from 91 states about strikes occurring in 105 states and territories from 2008 to 2015, with an average annual number of 12,219 strikes, twice the average annual number between 2001 and 2007. This indicates that the ecological impact of the civil aviation industry on birds has become increasingly serious in recent years. In China, bird strike events have also increased significantly. According to the Chinese Bird Strike Aircraft Accident Analysis Report (CAAC, Civil Aviation Administration of China, 2017), 21,599 bird strike reports were received in China, with an average annual growth rate of 34.5% from 2007 to 2016. From the perspective of seasonal patterns, bird strikes occur mostly in autumn, indicating that bird strikes are significantly related to the migratory patterns of birds. It can be speculated that if a civil airport is built in the range of a bird migration route, it will have a serious impact on the bird ecology. There are some studies about the bird strike management, mainly from three aspects, namely the influencing factors of bird strikes, the species-specific bird strike risk index assessment, and the bird strike risk evaluation. (Table 1). There are some studies about the impact of other artificial buildings on the bird ecology, mainly on the impact of wind farm facilities on birds, such as the causes and the mitigation strategies of bird collisions at wind farms (Marques et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Dierschke et al., 2016), the site selection of wind farms based on the bird ecological conservation (Al Zohbi et al., 2015), the impact of wind farms on birds from collisions, disturbances, and habitat alteration (Laranjeiro et al., 2018), the assessment of the ecological vulnerability and the risk index of birds based on wind farm construction (Garthe and Hüppop, 2004; Furness et al., 2013; Thaxter et al., 2017; Kelsey et al., 2018) and the law of bird population change under the influence of wind farms (Pearce-Higgins et al., 2012; Erickson et al., 2015; New et al., 2015; Bastos et al., 2016; Busch and Garthe, 2016; Beston et al., 2016; Battisti et al., 2016b; Martín et al., 2018; May et al., 2018; Warwick-Evans et al., 2018; Goodale and Milman, 2019). These results can be used as a reference for studying the impact of airports on the bird ecology. In the studies above, the relationship between airports and birds is mainly assessed from the perspective of ensuring flight safety. In the process of the airport site selection decision-making, although some scholars have begun to pay attention to study the impact on rare animals (Yan et al., 2018), a comprehensive evaluation of the ecological impact from the perspective of protecting birds has not yet been performed. The lack of this research angle is a great deficiency considering the rapid development of air transportation and the increasing decrease in rare bird populations. Therefore, it is an important task to make a prospective assessment of the impact of different airport site schemes on the bird ecology and to minimize the damage to the natural environment based on a bird ecology perspective. Taking the site selection of Dalian Civil Airport in China as an example, based on the extensive literature review and the detailed field research, we establish an evaluation model to study the ecological impact of the existing Dalian Zhoushuizi Airport and the planned relocation of Jinzhou Bay Airport on birds by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. The important concept, based on the ecological impact on birds, and the analysis method can provide a reference for other airport site selection processes, especially for airports in bird migration routes. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area The study was conducted in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. According to our field investigation, it showed an increasing trend of the bird strike events year by year in Dalian, from 6 in 2006 to 92 in 2013, increasing by 15 times in 8 years. The rate of bird strikes/10,000 movements rose to 8.36 in 2013, which was far above the world average level. These results all proved that Table 1 Overview of bird strike research, from 2010 onward. Research content Authors Study regions/data Influencing factors of bird strikes Wang and Herricks (2012) SeattleeTacoma International Airport Coccon et al. (2015) Venice Marco Polo International airport, Treviso Antonio Canova International airport Conkling et al. (2018) B. Bryan Farm in Clay County, Mississippi, USA Fernandez-Juricic et al. Seven major U.S. (2018) Pfeiffer et al. (2018a) 98 civil airports in the United States Pfeiffer et al. (2018b) The United States Navy wildlife strike database and Air Force dataset Species-specific bird strike risk index Soldatini et al. (2010) Venice Marco Polo International Airport, Italy assessment DeVault et al. (2011) United States Holbech et al. (2015) Kotoka International Airport in Accra, Ghana Hauptfleisch and Avenant Namibia's two major airports, Hosea Kutako International and Eros (2016) Bird strike risk evaluation Ning and Chen (2014) Beijing Capital International Airport, Beihai Fucheng Airport Fu et al. (2016) Dalian Zhoushuizi Airport and Jinzhou Bay Airport Lopez-Lago et al. (2017) Simulated data Chen et al. (2018) Beihai airport B. Zhao et al. / Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (2019) e00729 3 the conflict between aircrafts and birds was more serious in Dalian than that in other cities. Consistent with the seasonal patterns of bird strikes in China, the season with the largest number of bird strikes in Dalian is autumn. Bird strikes that occurred in autumn account for more than 60% in a year. This is consistent with the migratory period of birds in Dalian. Currently, there is one civil airport in Dalian, namely, Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport.
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