Chamaerops Humilis L., Dans La Partie Occidentale De L’Algérie

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Chamaerops Humilis L., Dans La Partie Occidentale De L’Algérie République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique UNIVERSITE ABOUBAKR BELKAÏD - TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire d’Ecologie et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Naturels THÈSE Présentée par Melle MEDJATI Nadjat En vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat LMD En Ecologie et Environnement THÈME Contribution à l’étude biologique et phytoécologique du Chamaerops humilis L., dans la partie occidentale de l’Algérie. Soutenue le : /../ 2014, devant le jury composé de : Président : BENABADJI NOURY Professeur Université de TLEMCEN Directeur de Thèse HASNAOUI OKKACHA M. C. A Université de SAÏDA Examinateurs : BOUAZZA MOHAMED Professeur Université de TLEMCEN MEHDADI ZOHEIR Professeur Université de SIDI BEL ABBES LATRECHE ALI Professeur Université de SIDI BEL ABBES STAMBOULI- MEZIANE HASSIBA M. C. A Université de TLEMCEN Année universitaire 2013/2014 Rien n’est aussi dangereux que la certitude d’avoir raison FRANÇOIS JACOB, le jeu des possibles À ma famille qui m’avoir permis de devenir ce que je suis. REMERCIEMENTS Nous y voilà ! Quatre ans, un manuscrit, et plein de gens qui, directement ou non, m’ont permis de voir le bout cette thèse et que je me dois de remercier. Merci en tout premier, parce qu’il faut un premier, et parce que lui a été ce premier si important dans mon parcours, mon promoteur, Monsieur Hasnaoui Okkacha, maître de conférences à l’université de Saïda, pour avoir accepté de m’encadrer et aussi pour avoir cru en mes capacités jusqu’au bout. Merci de ne pas m’avoir laissée décrocher pendant mes moments de doutes. Merci de m’avoir interdit le renoncement. Merci de m’avoir supportée. Merci à Monsieur Benabadji Noury, professeur a l’université de Tlemcen de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter de présider le jury de ma soutenance. Aucun remerciement ne saurait être à la hauteur de toute l’aide et de tout le soutien que le professeur Bouazza Mohammed, professeur à l’université de Tlemcen, m’a apporté durant mon cursus universitaire et d’avoir accepté de me faire l’honneur d’examiner ce travail. Je lui en serai toujours reconnaissante. Merci aux membres du jury pour leurs conseils avisés, leur rigueur scientifique et leur disponibilité. En particulier, Monsieur Mehdadi Zoheir et Monsieur Latreche Ali, professeurs à université Djillali Liabès de Sidi Bel Abbès qui m’ont accordé beaucoup de leurs temps pour examiner cette contribution. Je remercie également, Madame Stambouli-Meziane Hassiba, maitre de conférences à l’université de Tlemcen, qui m’a fait partager sa passion pour la botanique et qui a toujours répondu présent pour l’identification des espèces végétales. Merci à Monsieur Vela Errol de m’avoir reçu dans son laboratoire l’UMR AMEP à Montpellier (CIRAD), et avec qui les discussions et les échanges enrichissants m’ont permis d’avancer dans mes réflexions. Je remercie aussi Monsieur Harek Yahya et Monsieur Halla Noureddine sans qui l’activité antibactérienne d’huile essentielle du Chamaerops humilis n’aurait pas été possible. Merci de m’avoir fait partager votre travail, d’avoir pris le temps de m’expliquer ce que vous faisiez et comment vous le faisiez et de m’avoir formée à quelques techniques en biologie. Merci à Monsieur Bettioui Réda pour son aide dans le traitement et l’interprétation statistiques de mes données. Merci à Monsieur Babali Brahim et Monsieur Hasnaoui Abderrahmane avec qui j’ai pu travailler pendant ces quatre ans et qui ont rendu ce travail de thèse un peu moins solitaire. Merci à tout le personnel de laboratoire d’écologie et gestion des écosystèmes naturels pour leur accueil et leur soutien. Merci à Monsieur Merzouk Abdsammed, Monsieur Hassani Feiçal, Monsieur Ferouani Tawfik, Melle Mkedder Asma. Ils m’ont permis de m’intégrer à leur dynamique et à leur esprit d’équipe. Merci à mes collègues doctorants, Bekkouche Assia, Taybi Ali, Zettam Amine, Benmehdi Ikram, Belhaciné Fatima, Brahimi Naima, Kerzabi Rachida, Barkka Fatiha et Bendaouad Amina pour leurs soutiens et leurs conseils, en particulier Hachemi Nouria qui m’a apporté un soutien moral qui ma permis de traverser les moments de doute et de progresser dans la réalisation de ma thèse. Merci à mes amis Amel, Wassila, Fatima, Aicha, Horia, Asma, Toufik, Lotfi, Abdellatif, ….pour m’avoir soutenue, encouragée dans mes moments de doutes et de fatigue. PUBLICATIONS INTERNATIONALES Table de Matière TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ET OBJECTIVE 1 Partie 1. Présentation générale du Chamaerops humilis L., et de la zone d’étude Chapitre I. Monographie du Chamaerops humilis L. I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. ÉTYMOLOGIE 5 III. CARACTÉRISTIQUES BOTANIQUES 6 IV. RÉPARTITION GÉOGRAPHIQUE 8 V. DESCRIPTION DES USAGES MULTIFORMES DE PALMIER NAIN 9 VI. LES ÉTUDES ANTÉRIEURES RÉALISÉES SUR LE PALMIER NAIN 10 VI.1. Potentialités ethno pharmaceutique 10 VI.2. La germination 10 Chapitre II. Description générale du milieu d’étude I. ASPECTS GÉOGRAPHIQUES 11 II. CADRE PHYSIQUE ET BIOTIQUE 11 II.1. Géomorphologie 11 II.1.1. Les Monts de Tlemcen 13 II.1.2. Les Monts des Traras 13 II.1.3. Les plaines Telliennes 13 II.2. Géologie et lithologie 13 II.3. Pédologie 15 II.3.1. Sols des Monts de Tlemcen 15 II.3.2. Sols des Monts des Traras 17 II.3.3. Sols steppiques 18 II.4. Hydrologie 18 II.4.1. Bassins versants du Nord 18 II.4.2. Bassins versants du centre 19 II.4.3. Bassins versants du Sud 21 II.5. Végétation et occupation de sol 21 II.5.1. Répartition générale des terres 21 II.5.2. Patrimoine forestier 22 Chapitre III. Climat et bioclimats de la région de Tlemcen I. INTRODUCTION 24 II. CARACTÉRISTIQUES ET DONNÉES DES STATIONS CLIMATIQUES DE RÉFÉRENCE 25 II.1. Les caractéristiques des stations climatiques de référence 25 II.2. Les données climatiques disponibles, leurs moyennes mensuelles et annuelles 26 II.3. Analyse des paramètres climatiques et bioclimatiques 28 III. L’OMBROCLIMAT 28 III.1.Données pluviométriques des stations étudiées et variabilités spatio-temporelles 29 III.1.1. Variations annuelles 29 III.1.2. Variations saisonnières 31 III.1.3. Le régime mensuel 32 IV. LE THERMOCLIMAT 34 IV.1. Données thermiques moyennes des stations étudiées 34 IV.2. Distribution et variabilité spatiales des températures 36 IV.2.1. Températures moyennes annuelles (T) 36 IV.2.2. Températures moyennes mensuelles (T max, T min) 36 IV.2.3. Températures moyennes minimales du mois le plus froid « m » 36 IV.2.4. Températures moyennes maximales du mois le plus chaud «M» 37 IV.2.5. Amplitudes thermiques, indice de continentalité 37 V. LES FACTEURS MÉCANIQUES 39 Table de Matière V.1. Le vent 39 VI. CLASSIFICATION BIOCLIMATIQUE 40 VI.1. Classification en fonction des précipitations annuelles (P) 41 VI.2. Classification des ambiances bioclimatiques en fonction de "T" et "m" 43 VI.3. Indice d’aridité de De Martonne 43 VI.4. Quotient pluviothermique d'Emberger 46 VI.5. Le Diagramme ombrothermique de Bagnouls et Gaussen 49 VII. CONCLUSION 52 Chapitre IV. Milieu humain I. INTRODUCTION 53 II. FORMES DES PRESSIONS ANTHROPOZOOGENES 53 II.1. Croissance démographique 54 II.2. Pratiques pastorales 54 II.3. Le défrichement et le système de culture 55 III. CONCLUSION 56 Partie 2. Biologie du Chamaerops humilis L. Chapitre I. Connaissances ethno pharmaceutiques du Chamaerops humilis L. I. INTRODUCTION 57 II. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES 58 II.1. Présentation de la zone d’étude 58 II.2. Méthodologie 60 III.RESULTATS 61 III.1. Fréquence d’utilisation médicinale du Chamaerops humilis selon la typologie des enquêtés 61 III.1.1. Communes prospectées 61 III.1.2. Sexe d’appartenance 62 III.1.3. Tranche d’âge 62 III.1.4. Niveau d’étude 62 III.1.5. Situation familiale 62 III.2. Usages médicinaux du Chamaerops humilis 64 III.2.1. Parties utilisées 64 III.2.2. Maladies traitées 64 IV. DISCUSSION 66 V. CONCLUSION 68 Chapitre II. Activité antibactérienne de l’huile essentielle du Chamaerops humilis L. I. INTRODUCTION 69 II. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES 70 II.1. Matériel 70 II.1. 1. Matériel végétal 70 II.1.2. Micro-organismes testés 70 II.2. Méthodes 70 II.2.1. Extraction des huiles essentielles 70 II.2.2. Procédure microbiologique 70 III. RÉSULTATS ET DISCUSSION 71 IV. CONCLUSION 73 Chapitre III. Comportement germinatif et essais de levée de l’inhibition tégumentaire des graines du Chamaerops humilis L. I. INTRODUCTION 74 II. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES 74 II.1. Matériel végétal 74 II.2. Méthodes 75 II.2.1. Condition de germination 75 II.2.2. Prétraitement 75 III. RÉSULTATS 76 Table de Matière III.1. Influence des prétrempages dans l’eau distillée 76 III.2. Influence de la scarification 78 IV. DISCUSSIONS 80 V. CONCLUSION 81 Partie 3. Phytoécologie des groupements à Chamaerops humilis L. Chapitre I. Diversité biologique et biogéographique du groupement à Chamaerops humilis I. INTRODUCTION 82 II. MATERIELS ET METHODES 84 II.1. Description des stations choisies 84 II.1.1. Station de Rachgoun 84 II.1.2. Station de Honaïne 84 II.1.3. Station d’Aïn Isser 84 II.1.4. Station de Béni Snous 85 II.1.5. Station de Dermam 85 II.1.6. Station d’Aïn Sfa 85 II.2. Collecte des données 87 II.2.1. Relevés phytoécologiques 87 II.2.2. Paramètres stationnels 88 II.2.3. Identification des espèces 89 II.3. Traitement des données floristiques 89 II.3.1. Codage des données 89 II.3.2. Traitement statistique multivariable 89 III. RÉSULTATS ET INTERPRÉTATIONS 90 III.1. Composition systématique 90 III.2.
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