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Design and Analysis of an Origami-Inspired And DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN ORIGAMI-INSPIRED AND HYDROGEL-ACTIVATED FLOOD BARRIER A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Houston by Matthew Thomas Gorman In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in Mechanical Engineering Chair of Committee: Dr. Hadi Ghasemi Committee Member: Dr. Ralph Metcalfe Committee Member: Dr. Fritz Claydon May 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Ghasemi for granting me the opportunity to join the Nanotherm research group. I have had a wonderful time working on this team over the past two years, and I know that I have grown as a researcher, a critical thinker, and a problem solver under his guidance. I would also like to thank the other current and former members of the Nanotherm research group. I was welcomed warmly into the group from day one, and everybody was extremely patient in answering my questions, helping me obtain the resources I needed, and involving me in other ongoing research projects. I will miss spending time in the lab with such a great team next year. Finally, I would like to thank Amanda Ghassaei for allowing me to use her software Origami Simulator to create many of the figures included in this thesis. ii ABSTRACT Flooding is the most common natural disaster in the U.S., resulting in billions of dollars in damage to personal property and public infrastructure each year. Portable, quickly activated flood barriers are required to mitigate the damage risks posed by floods. A novel, origami- inspired flood barrier is proposed that utilizes hydrogels to swell automatically through a large volume change upon contact with water. Brief reviews of the fields of hydrogels and origami are provided in this work. Tests were conducted to characterize the swelling, deswelling, and reswelling properties of sodium polyacrylate, the hydrogel used throughout this work. Three different origami designs were analyzed as candidates for the final flood barrier design: the trapezoidal prism design, the square bellows design, and the semi-cylindrical prism design. Finally, initial flood barrier prototypes were developed. Proof-of-concept tests were used to verify the effectiveness of these prototypes as flood barriers. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 HYDROGEL REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 2 Background and Classification of Hydrogels ......................................................................................... 2 Physics of Hydrogel Swelling ................................................................................................................. 4 Key Hydrogel Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 6 Hydrogel Swelling Kinetics ..................................................................................................................... 9 Hydrogel Measurement Techniques ...................................................................................................... 11 Sodium Polyacrylate ............................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 ORIGAMI REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 14 Overview and Recent Developments ..................................................................................................... 14 Origami Fold Types .............................................................................................................................. 14 Mathematical Description of Origami .................................................................................................. 15 Rigid and Rigid-Thick Origami ............................................................................................................. 18 The Bellows Conjecture ........................................................................................................................ 21 Textile Origami ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Deployable Structures ........................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2: METHODS .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 HYDROGEL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS .............................................................................................. 26 2.2 ORIGAMI DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 27 iv CHAPTER 3: RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.1 SWELLING RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 29 3.2 DESWELLING ........................................................................................................................................ 31 3.3 RESWELLING ........................................................................................................................................ 35 3.4 ORIGAMI DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 37 3.5 PROTOTYPES ......................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 49 4.1 FUTURE WORK ...................................................................................................................................... 51 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 52 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A: HYDROGEL SWELLING ENTROPY CALCULATIONS ............................................................... 59 APPENDIX B: UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................ 60 APPENDIX C: DEPLOYED ORIGAMI GEOMETRY CALCULATIONS ............................................................... 62 Trapezoidal Prism Calculations ........................................................................................................... 62 Square Bellows Calculations ................................................................................................................ 63 Semi--Cylindrical Prism Calculations .................................................................................................. 64 APPENDIX D: MATERIAL CREASE TESTS .................................................................................................... 65 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sodium Polyacrylate Swelling Data in Water ................................................................. 30 Table 2: Sodium Polyacrylate Deswelling in Ethanol and in NaCl ............................................... 34 Table 3: Simplified Geometry Comparison ................................................................................... 38 Table 4: Key variables for Swelling and Deswelling Ratio Uncertainty Calculations .................. 60 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Flood Damages during Hurricane Harvey (a) CenterPoint Energy Memorial substation, Houston, TX (b) ............................................................................................................................... 1 Figure 2: Various types of water interactions within a polymer network. ....................................... 5 Figure 3: Swelling Ratio of Ionic hydrogels as a function of the NaCl concentration in the external solution. ............................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 4: Pleat Fold (left) and Crimp Fold (right). ........................................................................ 15 Figure 5: Degree-4 Vertex. ...........................................................................................................
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