A LINK BETWEEN STYLE-7 ROCK ART AND THE MARTIS COMPLEX IN THE NORTHERN SIERRA NEVADA

Daniel G. Foster California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Sacramento, CA 94244 [email protected]

John Betts California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Sacramento, CA 94244

Linda C. Sandelin California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Fresno, CA 93710 [email protected]

A distinctive body ofprehistoric rock art sites is distributed throughout the higher elevations ofthe northern Sierra Nevada ofCalifornia. These sites have been classified as Style 7, High Sierra Abstract­ Representationalpetroglyphs (Payen 1966). Investigations by Willis Gortner indicated a possible YUBA association between abstract petroglyphs on the North Fork ofthe American River and the Martis Archaeological Complex. This association was based on the types ofprojectile points most.frequently encountered in the vicinity ofthe petroglyph sites. Continuing archaeological investigations in the northern Sierra Nevada have now identified 92 Style 7 rock art sites. Detailed recording activities at these sites have provided additional evidence in support ofthe association with the Martis Complex.

This paper was presented at the 33'd Annual This paper discusses a group of prehistoric PLACEI' SCA Meeting held in Sacramento during rock art sites found in the northern Sierra April 1999. Since that paper given, Nevada. This group of remarkably similar extensive additional findings on Sierra sites is one of seven rock art styles defined Nevada Rock Art have been made but these . for this region. Designated as Style 7. High new discoveries have not been incorporated Sierra Abstract-Representational (Payen "...···-~·--1­ herein. A more extensive version of this 1966;64). this type of rock art has been ·· .. paper entitled The Association ofStyle 7 tentatively linked to the Martis Rock Art and the Martis Complex in the Archaeological Complex (Elsasser and f Northern Sierra Nevada ofCalifornia which Gortner 1991; Gartner 1984; 1986b). The will be published in: Archaeology Without senior authors have extensively surveyed and recorded Style-7 rock art sites, and this Limits: Papers in Honor ofClement W. Figure 1. Distributior research has confirmed Payen's Meighan, Labyrinthos Press. in 2002. In the Marris Archaeoloai the course of editing this abbreviated paper identification of a distinct petroglyph style. for the SC4 Proceedings, we removed the Ninety-two such sites have now been archaeological attrib site descriptions for the ninety-two Style 7 identified. more than a sixfold increase in information that car sites, which provided the background data, the number of sites used initially to define the original style del including types of artifacts, used to suppOrt the style. A detailed analysis of art research in the st our conclusions. environmental and associated a current inventory1 reviewed and evalua

66 ILEX

~va tions ofthe gil Sierra Abstract­ ted apossible YUBA d the Martis most ji-eque/ltly gations in the rding activities at artis Complex.

up of prehistoric PLACER northern Sierra 'markably similar an styles defined ,I 'cd as Style 7, High Laudo n.r 1 or INN"I -~I • "J, ational (Payen ••drn.d St ..... 7 ~ litH c.'::", ~.~~ieal~""'" k an has been :; ..,...' ...... ,...... arm L_____ ...... I1f R...,-voi1 . ... - Ca ....n", ...... l'dotrY (Elsasser and -.-. Rivotl . "-m Kw.. Ct.., 'b .... :=.~...~ 984; 198Gb) . The - a...ik..... 4.,., IIMM t :t.or:u lsivcly surveyed and sites, and this Figure I. Disrribution of known Sryle 7 petroglyph sites within rhe nonhern Sierra Nevada and location of ayen's rhe Marris Archaeological Complex Area, ![ petroglyph style. we now been archaeological amibutes provides additional si tes is presented, including a discussion of ixfold increase in information that can help refine and clarify associated archaeological materials and a initially to define the original style definition. Previous rock summary of recording hisrory. The evidence lysis of art research in [he study area is reviewed and associating Style-7 rock art with the Martis iated a current inventory of all known Style-7 Archaeological Complex is reviewed and evaluated.

67 The sires included in the current study are Sierra Petroglyph distributed across four California counties, The most comprehensive research on S petroglyph sites in' Nevada, Placer, Plumas, and Sierra. These northern Sierra Nevada rock art so far is by Sierra Nevada regicc sites range in elevation from 4,620 feet Louis A. Payen (I 966). presented as his disregarding the (1,408 m) at Bear Valley to 7,640 feet Master's thesis. This excellent study stj defined by Payen,1 (2,329 m) on Snow Mountain. All but two contains information on 133 rock art sites dissimilar rock art!! are located on the western slope of the Sierra distributed over a region extending from 0973:25-29). Nevada crest. The two sites on the east Plumas and Butte counties in the north to Om Well mann (1979:61 slope, Donner Pass and Lacey Valley, are Mariposa County in the south, and from the on the rock art of~ very close to the divide. The sites are California-Nevada border west to the Payen's stylistic distributed within the Feather, Yuba, Bear, Central Valley. Payen personally visited grUi Sierran region. American, and Truckee River drainages 110 of these sites and provided site (Figure 1). descriptions, detailed analysis, and an Michael Claytor (1li extensive series of illustrations of the rock archaeological sum HISTORY OF RESEARCH art. He also developed a classification the northern Sierra! system that identified two major rock art The fim published description of rock art in traditions, subdivided into seven distincr Valley and the up'" Yuba River. ThisSIJ the northern Sierra Nevada is included in styles. These stylistic divisions were based Mallery's (1893) massive compendium of on the recognition ofsimilar site attributes and record all prehli information on Indian picture-writing. including subject matter, method of in the area and dete Two sites included in the current study, execution, rock selection, archaeological aboriginal occupatict prehistoric archaeoll Meadow Lake and Soda Springs, are associations, environmental setting, and five previously unri!! mentioned in an account provided to distribution. Each of these rock art styles Using Payen's style Mallery by R.L. Fulton of Reno, Nevada. was named, numbered, and defined through additional Style-7 sii Curiously, these descriptions are presented specific groups of attributes and associations. Payen's observatiorU in the chapter on sites from the state of One of these styles, High Sierra Abstract­ selection were also a: Nevada, not California (Mallery 1893:93­ Representational, or Style 7, is the focus of 1973:56). 94). A lengthy and colorful description of the current paper. Payen included 15 sites the Soda Springs site is presented in an under his Style-7 designation (1966:66). Payen and Scott (1$ earlier nineteenth-century article (Avery archaeological surve': 1873:489-493), but unfortunately no In their overview ofCalifornia rock art, mention of the rock art is included. Heizer and Clewlow (1973) published site area for the U. S. Pc descriptions and illustrations for eight rock 39 prehistoric sites: In his pioneering study of rock art in art sites that are included in the current petroglyphs, seasonll California and adjoining states, Julian study. Recent research (Betts 1998) in the and quarry areas. 'f' Steward lists and describes five petroglyph Donner Pass area has demonstrated that evidence ofhunting! sites that are relevant to the current study. three ofthese sites, NEV-4, NEV-5, and manufacturing. Inl These sites are designated as 26 Pt. NJ;.V-6, are actually parts of one large site. Hawley Lake petrog Blairsden, 28 Pc. Hawley Lake, 29 Pt. Heizer and Clewlow also presented Scott identified six ~ Meadow Lake, 30 Pc. Donner Pass, and 31 information on a petroglyph site designated Pt. Near Donner Lake (Steward 1929:65­ NEV-85, with two illustrations that appear Research conducted has made a substani 69). Only three separate sites are actually to have been traced from photographs study of prehistoric described. The illustration for 26 Pt. (1973:108, Figure 186a-b). They are now Blairsden is clearly recognizable as being known to have been traced from early Archaeological Com from 28 Pc. Hawley Lake (Payen and Scott stereographs taken by Alfred Hart during Sierra Nevada. A pi 1982:36-38). Recent research (Betts 1998) the 1860s at the Cisco Grove No.1 site well known in the ~ has also shown that the two separate (IGbbey 1996:25). This site was largely nutritional research; than 20 consecutive designations in the Donner Pass area refer to destroyed by the construction ofInterstate one and the same site. Payen (1966:23) 80, but has now received the designation Cedars," a resort COl suggested this probably was the situation, as NEV-506. Heizer and Clewlow's (1973) reaches of the Nord well. classification system designates a Central River. He occupied searching for petrog 68 trcsearch on Sierra Petroglyph Style, under which all than 50 previously unreported rock art sites ~ art so far is by petroglyph sites in the northern and central in the North and Middle Fork drainages. ted as his Sierra Nevada region are lumped together, Although he did not use the term "Style 7" t study disregarding the stylistic divisions previously in his writings. choosing instead to follow 33 rock art sites defined by Payen, and merging many Heizer and Clewlow's designation of a tending from dissimilar rock art sites into a single style "Central Sierra Petroglyph Style." Gortner (1973:25-29). On the other hand, Klaus (1984; 1986b) recognized the remarkable its in the north to $outh, and from the Wellmann (1979:68), in his massive tome similarity of these petroglyph sites, and that on the rock art of North America, accepted they were associated with the Martis ii. west to the ~nally visited Payen's stylistic groupings for the northern Archaeological Complex. With the ~idedsite Sierran region. encouragement and assistance of the senior dysis, and an author and the California Department of pons of the rock Michael Claytor (I 973) conducted an Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF), ,ttassification archaeological survey over a large section of Gortner (1986a. 1988) prepared records for omajor rock art the northern Sierra Nevada, including Bear 56 petroglyph sites. ~ seven distinct Valley and the upper watershed of the South 'isions were based Yuba River. This study attempted to locate Peak and Associates have carried out War site attributes and record all prehistoric archaeological sites intensive archaeological investigations at the ,method of in the area and determine the patterns of Lakes Basin site (PLU-88) for the U. S. ;archaeological aboriginal occupation. Claytor located 43 Forest Service. This study included ital setting, and prehistoric archaeological sites, including intensive recording of rock art panels and ~ rock art styles five previously unreported petroglyph sites. test excavations of the cultural deposits f,ld defined through Using Payen's style designations, three throughout the site area (Neuenschwander IJ:S and associations. additional Style-7 sites were identified. 1994; Peak and Associates 1993). Although ~ Sierra Abstract­ Payen's observations concerning rock the occurrence of Style-7 rock art at the ,,], is the focus of selection were also confirmed (Claytor Lakes Basin site had been previously 4ncluded 15 sites 1973:56). reported (Payen 1966:21), this study used iRon (1966:66). the night-lighting technique to reveal a great Payen and Scott (1982) conducted an many petroglyph elements that had not been !Drnia rock art, archaeological survey of the Hawley Lake previously observed; 578 elements were 73) published site area for the U. S. Forest Service, identifying recorded on four panels (Peak and ions for eight rock 39 prehistoric sites. Site types included Associates 1993:75). ~in the current petroglyphs, seasonal camps, hunting blinds, ~ts 1998) in the and quarry areas. These sites provided The senior author has been conducting ~anstrated that evidence of hunting, gathering, and tool research on Style-7 rock art since 1982. In ~, NEV-5, and manufacturing. In addition to the major 1988, Foster and Betts began their Jafone large site. Hawley Lake petroglyph site, Payen and collaboracive effort co relocate and record all ~resented Scott identified six new'Style-7 sites. known Style-7 sites. CDF and the Forest iPh site designated Service have supported this work, with CDF :ations that appear Research conducted by Willis A. Gortner sponsoring surveys and site recording on l>hotographs has made a substantial contribution to the privately owned forestlands, and the Forest ~). They are now study of prehistoric rock art and the Martis Service supporting recording efforts within fa from early Archaeological Complex in the northern the Tahoe National Forest. Thirty-three ~d Hart during Sierra Nevada. A professional biochemist, sites have been recorded or re-recorded as a ~ve No.1 site well known in the field of human result of this project. The most recent fite was largely nutritional research, Gortner spent more recording efforts have produced complete ~on ofImerstate than 20 consecutive summers at "The archaeological site records prepared in :the designation Cedars," a resort community in the upper accordance with the California Office of ~ewlow's (1973) reaches of the North Fork of the American Hiscoric Preservation guidelines (1995), and ~ates a Central River. He occupied much of this time include scale drawings of all petroglyph searching for petroglyphs, discovering more panels, photographs, detailed site maps

69 showing the full extcnr of each site area. and panels vulnerable [0 damage from foot Payen (1966:47). site location maps ploned on USGS 7.5' traffic. Vandalism has also been are as follows (196 quadrangles. These records have been encountered at these sites with alarming submitted [0 the North Cenrral Information regularity. Damage from graffiti scraped Style 1 (Pitted Bo Cenrer for trinomial assignmenr. onto rock art panels. spray paint. chalking of petroglyphs. campfires. illicit removal of This style consists Q CURRENT INVENTORY AND artifacts. and the complete removal of rock pits on rounded b RECORDING STATUS sections containing petroglyphs are just randomly placed 0 some of the forms of defacemenr that have most examples fou~ Our inven[Ory of all known Style-7 rock art been encounrered. Many of these si tes are la rge occupation sio sites has resulted in the idenrification of 92 in remote areas and are completely areas. Pitted boulcl confirmed site locations (see Figure 1). unprotected. We believe that site location much of the north One resul t of our project has been [0 secure information should be kept confidenrial . notable concentrat" trinomial assignmenrs for 68 sites which and unsupervised casual visits by the public and along the weste were formerly unrecorded or completely should be discouraged . Our inrenr is [0 unknown within the srudy region. Only 10 disseminate the resul tS of our research Style 2 (Pit-a7ld-G~ of the currendy known sites are in need of without incurring additional visitations. additional recording work in order [0 receive which could lead to detrimenral impacts at This style is characi their trinomial designations. Site locations these highly sensitive and significant sites. excl usive use of pits were ploned inro a GIS database from their and grooves are fOil Universal Transverse Merca[Or (UTM) NORTHERN SIERRA NEVADA ROCK panerns. and linear coordinates. Specific locations for these sites ART STYLES rows of dots or groe are nor included. due [0 their exposed groove combinatio narure. Payen's (1966) two major rock art groups or panels are found on traditions in the northern Sierra Nevada. or occasionally on ~ Pit-Groove and Abstract-Represenrational. us u all yin associati were further subdivided into seven separate sites. and always ne categories. with three under the Pit-Groove With one exceptio tradition and four undcr the Abstract­ found in the lower Repw;entational tradition. Each of these the Cosumnes Rivi seven categories was designated as a style and defined by a group of arrribures and Style 3 (Complex p j associations. T hese stylistic divisions were based on the recogn ition of sim il ar T hese sites also con Figure 2. Natural Exfoliation ofrock art surface characteristics. including for m. method of in more complex a~ has removed a portion ofthe Styu 1 petroglyph manufacture. rock selection. archaeological paneLat the Long Lake site. CA-PLU-4. Photo by pits inside circles. A Craig Carter 1985. associations. and distribution (1966:56-57). and a variety of del and grooves which The harsh environmenral conditions of the Heizer and Clewlow (1973:25-29) representations of ~ High Sierra have often left the rock surfaces designated a Central Sierra Petroglyph Style are often conical in containing the petroglyphs in an extremely that included all of the currenr srudy area. the su rface. The pa fragile condition. Surface deterioratio n in This designation lumped [Ogether all of the walls of caves. usua the form of exfoliation and block fracruring petroglyph si tcs in the northern and cenrral deposits and bedro, has seve rely damaged many of the panels. Sierra Nevada region. disregarding the located in the Sierr. Exfoliation is a narural process where the variations in these sites and the previously Cosumnes River. \\ rock surface detaches from the underlying designated styles. Clewlow reiterates this Mokelumne and SI bedrock and spalls away. completely designation. with no additional discussion desrroying the rock art (Figure 2). The (I 978:62 1-622); likewise. Heizer and Style 4 (Simple Ab~ location of the petroglyphs on horizonral. Nissen (1977: 152) held to this same norion ground-level ourcrops leaves these fragile of a single style area. The concept of style as These are pictogral used in the current paper is that discussed by single color. Black

70 ~fromfoot Payen (I 966:47). His seven rock art styles color employed, although red and white ~been are as follows (I 966:57 -66): pigments are also used independently of one S with alarming another. Design elements are almost ~,raffiti scraped Style 1 (Pitted Boultkrs) exclusively linear, consisting of simple grids, !U' paint. chalking of hatches, line series, or random lines. They ~it removal of This style consists of the use of cup-shaped are found on the walls and ceilings of caves, itt removal of rock pits on rounded boulders. The pits are usually in close proximity to evidence of ~yphs are just randomly placed on boulder surfaces, with occupation, in the foothills south of the ~ment that have most examples found in association with Cosumnes River. r ofthese sites are large occupation sites andlor bedrock mortar :ompletely areas. Pitted boulders have been found over Style 5 (Abstract Polychrome) ethat site location much of the northern Sierra Nevada, with :ept confidential, notable concentrations in the Truckee Basin These are pictograph panels painted in ,Visits by the public and along the western foothills. multiple colors. Red is the dominant color, pur intent is to although black and white pigments are also rpur research Style 2 (Pit-ant/-Groove) used. Common design elements include pnal visitations, wavy lines, wavy lines terminated with a dot, fptental impacts at This style is characterized by the nearly simple circles, line series, line designs, and ~significant sites. exclusive use of pits and grooves. The pits dots. Style-5 elements are found on cave and grooves are found in clusters, random walls and protected rock faces, usually ~VADAROCK patterns, and linear arrangements such as adjacent to village sites or with evidence of rows of dots or grooves in series, or pit-and­ occupation in the cave. These sites are )1 groove combinations. Pit-and-groove art distributed in two concentrations: one in ,rock art groups or panels are found on boulders in open areas, the Sierran foothills along the Mokelumne, ~Sierra Nevada, or occasionally on boulders inside caves, the other in the Yosemite region. ~Representational, usually in association with sizable village into seven separate sites, and always near bedrock mortars. Style 6 (Valley-Sierran Abstract) der the Pit-Groove With one exception, pit-and-groove sites are lJhe Abstract- found in the lower Sierran foothills north of These are abstract petroglyphs on boulders in. Each of these the Cosumnes River. or rock outcroppings, with many design ~ated as a style elements containing a variety oHorms based i attributes and Style 3 (Complex Pit-and-Groove) on the circle. Elements are often large and liDe divisions were outstanding, with the entire rock surface 'PI'simiiar These sites also contain pits and grooves, but decorated, and occasionally carved in bas ~torm. method of in more complex arrangements including relief. Some Style-6 sites are located on ~n, archaeological pits inside circles, pits connected by grooves, hilltops with a commanding view of ~on 0966:56-57). and a variety ofelements composed of pits surrounding terrain. These are isolated

~.u and grooves which are thought to be locations with no apparent cultural features 73:25-29) representations of female genitalia. The pits nearby. Other sites occur in close proximity ira Petroglyph Style are often conical in shape as if drilled into or in direct association with occupation ~rent study area. the surface. The panels are positioned on the areas. Ltogether all of the walls ofcaves, usually adjacent to midden :nthern and central deposits and bedrock mortars. All sites are Style 7 (High Sierra Abstract­ ~egarding the located in the Sierran foothills south of the Representational) !'d the previously Cosumnes River, with most in the I)W reiterates this Mokelumne and Stanislaus River drainages. These are distinctive petroglyph panels on ~tional discussion bedrock surfaces in the higher elevations of ;, Heizer and Style 4 (Simple Abstract Monochrome) the northern Sierra Nevada. Style-7 rock art to this same notion panels are more complex and contain a iC~ncept ofstyle as These are pictograph panels painted in a greater variety ofdesign elements than any ris that discussed by single color. Black is the most common

71 other prehis[Oric rock an sryle in the although not as highly finished as in Sryle-6 nonhern Sierra Nevada region. and peeroglyphs. Designs pecked through alchough considerable variation exists in reddish or dark-colored rock surfaces in[O a design elemencs. there is also an underlying lighter subsurface show an apparent rigidiry (Payen 1966:66). Common designs awareness of color. Natural rock features include conceneric circles. simple circles such as dark inclusions were sometimes elaborated by line elements, wavy lines of embellished, and glacial scratches were varying complexiry. eracks, and sometimes incorporated in[O designs. anthropomorphic-zoomorphic Superimposition of elements was noted at represencacions . only rwo sites. Figure 4. crosus at the :-'O,IUIIJrm. Rock Sekction Photo by Dan Fostrr

Typically. large bedrock expanses were used . ANALYSIS ( and in all but three cases these outcrops have ATT glaciated surfaces. Rock surfaces were Figure 3. Style 7petroglyphs at Wabena, CA-PLU- selected for their smoothness and reddish Our current study i 591, showing complete rock art panel and actual surface oxidation. Granite was the most analysis of selectr~ I element distribution. Illustration by John Betts common material . but metamorphic archaeological assoc 1988. Panel is approximately 5.5 meters in length. outcrops were also used . attributes ofSryle-71 evaluate some of thl DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF STYLE- Association used to define the s 7 ROCK ART attributes include eU A pattern of association is not readily association with poc Payen (1966:64-67) has defined Sryle-7 apparent; the sites have no clear association Archaeological asso~ rock an by the following characteristics: with other archaeological features such as mortars. milling slio bedrock mortars or occupation sites. An Petroglyph attribut(;

Form intencional placemenc in relation [0 the number of dement surrounding landscape is suggested, of bear track and all Sryle 7 is the most complex of the nonhern however. Some sites are located along elements. and the iii Sierra Nevada sryles. with the most variery possible game trails and near passes; most rock features into pi of e1emencs and the greatest complexiry of occur above 5,000 feet (I,525 m) in the information is pres designs. The most abundant e1emencs rugged terrain of the glaciated Sierran crest. discussed below. TI include simple circles. conceneric circles, lines, wavy lines. and tracks. Dots. spirals. Distribution "U" shapes, and naturalistic forms such as anthropomorphs and zooforms were used [0 Sryle-7 sites are distributed from Plumas a lesser exten t. Vulvaforms and the Counry on the nonh to the Stanislaus River incorporation of natural rock features were on the south. but concencrated along the noted at a few sites. The track element has Sierran crest north and west of lake Tahoe been singled out as a possible diagnostic (see Figure 1). trait. appearing at all but rwo sites. Sryle 7 has many complex and unique figures and an overall greater abundance of elements than the other northern Sierra Nevada sryles.

Figure 5. Wavy line Manufacture and bear tracks at the 26. Photo by Dan The petroglyphs were formed by pecking. Fonn and this process was well conerolled,

72 nished as in Style-6 cked through As we have noted, the majority of Style-7 rock surfaces inro a petroglyph elements are abstract, consisting of circles, wavy lines, zigzags, and In apparent Hal rock features arrangements of these elements inro complex designs (figures 4-6). We have ~e re sometimes scratches were chosen two of the more naturalistic and inro designs. readily recognizable petroglyph elements ro enrs was noted at include in our analysis -- the bear track and Figure 4. Multiple zigzag line,' in series and simple the anthropomorph (figures 7-8). Payen crOJSes at the Spaulding Ridge site, 01 NEV_ 426. (I 966:64) mentions the track element as a Photo by Dan Foster 1982. possible diagnostic trait for defining Style-7 rock art; our analysis is focused on a expanses were used, ANALYSIS OF STYLE-7 SITE particularly distinctive track element, the ; these outcrops have ATTRIBUTES bear track (Figure 8). Cortner (I984:40­ surfaces were 41) has presented a discussion of the ness and reddish Our current study includes a detailed considerable variability in this form and the ite was the most analysis of selec(f'o environmental attributes, difficulties of distinguishing some" paws" 1etamorphic archaeological associations, and petroglyph from other similar element types. Many attributes of Style-7 sites, in order ro bear tracks, however, are unmistakable evaluate some of the original characteristics examples of an element type found widely used ro define the style. Environmental throughout North America (Crant 1967:55­ attributes include elevation, watershed, and 57). Cloven-hoof elements, most typically is not readily association with ponds and waterfalls. deer tracks, can also be identified at some 10 clear association Archaeological associations include bedrock Style-7 sites. As a result of our analysis, bear I features such as mortars, milling slicks, and lithic scarrers. tracks have been identified at 51 sites with pation sites. An Petroglyph attributes include the rotal approximately 381 rotal elements; at 41 other sites, no bear-track elements can be relation to the number of elements present, the occurrence ; suggested, of bear track and an thropomorphic identified. While the bear track has proven located along elements, and the incorporation of natural to be a common, distinctive, and widespread near passes; most rock features into petroglyph designs. This element, it can not be considered a 1,525 m) in the information is presented in Table 1 and diagnostic trait for Style 7, because of its absence from so many Style-7 sites. ~iatcd Sierran crest. discussed below. The authors have not had the opportunity ro examine all of the sites included in this analysis; some of the information presented in Table 1 has been :ed from Plumas extracted from existing site records. the Stanislaus River mated along the 'lest of Lake Tahoe

Figure 6. Style 7 petroglyphs at Hawley Lake. 01­ SIE-1 with linked circles, wavy lines, bear tracks, and abstract curvilinear designs. Photo by Mike Hooper 1984.

Figure 5. \Vavy line elements, concentric circles, Payen (I 966:64) also noted the occasional and bear tracks at the Soda Springs site, CA-PLA­ occurrence of the anthropomorphic form. 26. Photo by Dan Foster 1986. Fonn

73 Our analysis has also shown this form to be SITE uncommon, with only 42 examples present DESIGNATIONS I at 23 sites. Eighteen of these 23 si tes Name Trina I contain only a single example. One mial particularly distinctive example occurs a~ Lots-O­ CA­ I the Spaulding Ridge site (Figure 9). This Granite NEY­ small stick figure is associated with a va riety 610 Soda CA­ I of other elements and appea rs to be Springs PLA­ wielding an atlatl. This is the only example 26 Figure 7. Style 7petro~&phs at Lakes Basin, CA­ recognized, so far, of a petroglyph element Bear Valley CA­ PLU-88, with astick jtgure allthropomorph, bear at a Style-7 site with possible temporal PLA­ track, circles, linked circles, and wavy lines. implications. A portion of this interesting S04 Individual deep peck marks are lJisible. Photo by I panel has been removed since it was Skaters CA­ Dan FOiter 1986. originally recorded. Pond PLA­ S17 Lake Valley CA- l TABLE 1. ATTRIBUTES OF STYLE-7 SITES SELECTED FOR ANALYSIS Res. PLA­ SITE ENV1 RONM ENTAl ARCH PETROGLYP H S46 DESIGNATIONS ATTRlBUTES ASSOCIATIONS ATTRJBUTES Walter CA- Name Tri no Elevation Watershed Pond WF BIUv1 MS LS E BT A RF Freeman PLA­ miaJ River/Crest 'i'i0 Meadow CA­ 7280 SY W + - - - - 500 5 ! - Willis CA- Lake NEV­ Gortner PLA­ ~ SS! Donner CA­ 6860 T E + -- - + 205 I 0 + Creek View CA­ Pass NEV­ PLA­ I 4 'i'i2 Grouse CA­ 6180 SY W - + - - + 228 8 I + Cedar CA­ Ridge NEV­ Cam PLA­ 84 Overl()()k1 'i'i~ Spaulding CA­ 5140 SY W + - + - + 45 7 I - Big Pine CA­ Ridge NEV­ PLA­ 426 'i'i4 Ra ttlesnake CA­ 6280 SY W --- - - 3 2 0 - Log Cabin CA­ #1 NEV­ Creek PLA­ I S04 'i'iS Rattlesnake CA­ 6220 SY W - -- + - 50 9 0 - Balancing CA­ #2 NEV­ Rock PLA­ I SOS S'i6 Cisco CA­ 5560 SY W - + - - - 175 35 I ! Swimming CA- Grove #1 NEV­ Hole PLA­ S06 'iS7 Cisco CA­ 5560 SY W - + - + - 45 7 1 - Steel Bridge CA­ Grove #2 NEV­ PLA­ S07 558 Canyon CA­ 5440 SY W -- -- - 60 0 0 + Rocky Hill CA­ Creek NEV­ PLA­ 582 559 Gregory CA­ 6560 M W - + - - - 20 0 0 - Rocky CA- Pex NEV - Y Ridge S PLA­ S8) %0

74 ". this form to be SITE ENVIRONMENTAL ARCH PETROGLYPH ".GaD1ples present DESIGNATIONS ATTRIBUTES ASSOCIATIC NS ATTRIBUTES . 23 sites .Name Trino Elevation Watershed Pond WF BRM MS LS E BT A RF !.'PIe.~ One mial River/Crest r.nple occurs at Lots-O­ CA- 6820 SY W + --- + 14 5 0 - ifigure 9). This Granite NEV­ lated with a variety 610 " be Soda CA- 6060 N W - + - - + 750 0 + Springs PLA­ A ~ ::Iy example 26 Fb'oglyph element Bear Valley CA­ 4620 B W - - + 0 - sible temporal PLA­ of this interesting SM since it was - Skaters CA- 5760 N W + - - + 1 0 - Pond PLA­ A 517 ifS Lake Valley CA- 5840 N W - - --- 10 1 1 - Res. PLA­ A PETROGLYPH 546 ATTRIBUTES Walter CA- 6260 M W - - - - - 43 10 0 - E BT A IRF Freeman PLA­ A SSO , 500 5 , Willis CA- 6140 M W - + -- + 260 0 0 + Gortner PLA­ A 'lSI : 205 1 0 + Creek View CA­ 6080 N W - -- -- 10 0 0 - PLA­ A 552 228 8 1 + Cedar CA- 6000 N W - ---- 5 3 1 - PLA­ A g:Yook 553 , 45 7 1 - Big Pine CA­ 5840 N W - - - + - 30 3 1 - PLA­ A SS4 3 2 0 - Log Cabin CA- 5840 N W - - + - + 187 24 Creek PLA­ A SSS - - 50 9 0 - Balancing CA- 5840 N W - - - -- 15 0 Rock PLA­ A 556 175 35 1 , • - - Swimming CA- 5820 N W - -- - + 104 4 1 + .' Hole PLA­ A " 557 '45 7 1 - Steel Bridge CA­ 5840 N W - -- - + 7 1 - PLA­ A SS8 '60 0 0 + " Rocky Hill CA­ 5920 N W - - -- + 15 - PLA­ A SS9 20 0 0 - Rocky CA- 6080 N W ------RidgeS PLA­ A 560

75 SITE ENVIRONMENTAL ARCH PETROGLYPH DESIGNATIONS ATTRIBUTES ASSOCIATIONS ATTRIBU'ES Name Trino Elevation Watershed Pond WF BRM MS LS E BT A RF mial River/Crest Boundary CA­ 6160 N W · - - - - 4 I 0 - Painted Mark PLA­ A Rock 561 Rocky CA­ 6080 N W - . · - . 25 0 I + Ridge A PLA· A 162 Rocky CA­ 6160 N W - - - - - 26 0 0 . Ridge B PLA­ A '\61 CM Trail CA­ 6520 N W - - - - - 2 1 0 -

PLA­ A ! '\64 Inspiration CA­ 6400 N W - - - - 25 0 0 - Point PLA­ A ')6'\ Foulks CA­ 6120 N W - - - - + 8 2 0 - Water Tank PLA­ A ')66 AG-N CA­ 5900 N W - - - - + 5 0 0 - PLA­ A '\67 Lkon Creek CA­ 5960 N W - - - - + 5 2 0 - LCCO­ F t PLA­ A HIN 568 AG-S CA­ 5980 N W - - · - + 2 0 0 - PLA­ A 569 Lyon Valley CA­ 6080 N W - - - - + 3 0 0 - Wickert Overlook PLA­ A Cabin 570 Pinehurst CA­ 6040 N W - - - + - 125 I 0 - Wabena PLA­ A 571 Foulks-E CA· 6100 N W - - - - - 24 0 0 - PLA­ A 572 Cedar CA· 7280 N W + . - . + 2 0 0 - MF-A Meadow PLA­ A ')71 Valley View CA­ 6600 N W - - · - . 2 0 0 . MF-G PLA­ A ')74 Foulks CA­ 6220 N W · - - - - 4 0 1 - MF-H Pipeline PLA­ A 575 Chickering CA· 6080 N W · - · . + 3 0 0 + MF-J PLA­ A 576

76 ~~TROGLYPH SITE ITRIBln ES '1F.(ar.I\JA'~ONMENTAL TIRIBUTES ASSOCIATIC N E BT A RF Name 'on Wat~ Pond WF AACHBRM MS S IPl\f!A RF Rivert ~ 4 1 0 - Painted CA­ 6150 N W -- - - - 1 0 + Rock PLA­ A 177 25 0 1 + Chickering CA­ 6180 N W -- - - - 17 0 0 - E PLA­ A 178 ~ 26 0 0 - Coyotes CA­ 6280 N W - ---- 1 0 0 - looking PLA­ A Glass S79 ~ 2 1 0 - Sheep CA­ 6920 N W -- - - + 2 0 0 + Valley PLA­ A S80 , 25 0 0 - Mt. CA­ 7320 N W - - - -- 24 0 0 - PLA­ A ~~w 181 8 2 0 - IP Dome CA­ 6560 N W -- - - + 3 0 0 - PLA­ A 182 5 0 0 - Indian Trail CA­ 5920 N W - - -- - 5 0 0 + PLA­ A 18'\ 5 2 0 - LCCO­ CA­ 6160 N W ---- + 2 0 0 - HtN PLA­ A S84 2 0 0 - Court View CA­ 5920 N W --- - - 3 1 0 - PLA­ A 186 3 0 0 - Wickert CA­ 6000 N W ---- + 13 0 1 - Cabin PLA­ A 187 125 1 0 - Wabena CA­ 6560 N W - + - - + 40 11 0 - PLA­ A 591 24 0 0 - MF-B,P,Q CA­ 5880 M W --- + + 43 0 + t, PLA­ A r 790 2 0 0 - MF-A CA­ 5920 M W + - - - - 8 1 0 - PLA­ A 791 2 0 0 - MF-G CA­ 5860 M W --- - - 3 0 0 - PLA­ A 7C)2 .4 0 1 - MF-H CA­ 6080 M W -- - -- 24 4 0 - PLA­ A 7c)'\ 3 0 0 + MF-J CA­ 6260 M W -- -- + 17 3 - PLA­ A 794

77 SITE ENVIRONMENTAL ARCH PETROGLYPH SITE ) 1<.\I,f:NAT ONS ATIRIB! rrES ASSOCIATIONS ATIIUBUl'ES Name Trino Elevation Watershed Pond WF BRM MS 15 E BT A RF mial River/Crest MF·K CA- 5960 M W - · -- . 39 9 0 · Big Bend PLA- A 795 MF-L CA- 6220 M W - - -- - 10 1 0 - Pexodox PLA· A 796 MF-M CA- 6000 M W - - · - - 5 1 0 - PLA- A 797 MF-N,O CA- 5980 M W . - - - - 14 0 0 · Long Lake PLA- A 798 Lakes Basin Patrick CA- 6180 M W - - -- - 4 0 0 - Boles PLA- A 799 Jamison LCCO-FG CA- 6060 N W - - · - + 1 1 0 - Creek PLA- A I 819 Bear Paw CA· Pearl Creek CA- 6440 N W - + - - + 1 1 0 - Falls PLU· PLA- A * 820 CA- Old Baldy CA- 6220 N W - - - - + 8 0 1 - Crest PtA- A 821 Devils Peak CA- 6480 N W . - -- + 50 8 0 + PtA· A Spencer 822 Lakes Palisade CA- 6520 N W - - + + + 130 16 1 + Creek PtA- A 823 LCCO· CA· 5920 N W - - - . + 8 1 1 · BCDE PtA- A 824 Snow CA- 7640 N W + · - + + 50 4 1 - Mountain PtA· A 825 Miller CA- 6920 R W + · ./ -- + 3 0 0 Meadows PLA- 826 Tennis CA- 5840 N W - · - - - 3 0 0 - Coon PtA· A Prehistoric 827 Empire Rhoades CA- 5920 N W + - + + + 31 12 0 · Holler PtA· A 828 French CA· 5920 M W - - · . . 2 0 0 · Meadows PtA· A 926

78 "PETROGLYPH SITE ENVIRONMENTAL ARCH PETROGLYPH AIT [IRlnES ATTRIBUTES ASSQrIATIONS ATTRIBUTES E BT A RF Elevation Watershed Pond I BRM MS LS E BT A RF River/Crest ~ ,39 9 0 - ~Big Bend CA­ 5840 SY W - - - - ) ) ) ? ? PIA­ 9S4 10 1 0 - Pexodox CA­ 5800 SY W --- - - 1+ 0 0 - PIA­ 9SS 5 1 0 - Bear Track CA­ 6080 N W - --- - 7 2 0 - Gap PIA­ A 956 14 0 0 - Long Lake CA­ 5960 N W - -- -- 200 14 1+ + : PLlJ-4 F + Lakes Basin CA­ 6300 SF W + - -- + 578 4 3 - 4 0 0 - PLU­ + RR Jamison CA­ 5640 SF W - - -- - I 0 0 - I 1 0 - Creek PLU­ * : Bear Paw CA­ 5940 N W - + - + 30 5 2 - ."] 1 ~ - Falls PLU­ F * Hawley CA­ 6460 W - + + I - I + 547 56 15 i 8 0 1 - Lake SIE-l + Lacey CA­ 6840 T E + - + · + 25 0 0 - Valley SIE· "50 8 0 + 166 Spencer CA­ 6320 N W - . -- - 30 2 2 - Lakes SIE­ Y :130 16 1 + S24 Hawley CA· 6400 N W . - - · · 35 1 0 - Lake No. SIE· Y ';s 1 1 - 29 S41 t Hawley CA· 6400 N W -- · · · + 0 0 - Lake No. SIE· Y :i5O 4 1 I - 30 544 ; Hawley CA· 6640 -- · · + 3 2? 0 - : Meadow SIE· t\' 0 0 - 548 Gold Valley CA· 5840 - - · - · 25 1 0 - : SIE· ~ ,'3 0 0 - SS8 t Prehistoric CA­ 5840 N W - - · - + 6 0 0 - Empire SIE· Y ~1 12 0 - S60 Frazier CA· 6200 SF W - + -- + 22 0 1 - Creek SIE- * 2 0 0 - CA­ 6280 N W -- + + • + 6 0 0 - MeS:d';~de w STE-* Y Salmon CA­ 6600 N W + ) ) ) ? 4 0 0 ) lake 51E- * Y

79 KEY; • No trinomial assigned Environmental Amibutes B Bear River NY North Yuba River E East Side of Sierra Nevada Crest M M iddle Fork R Rubicon River W West Side of Sierra A American River Nevada Crest M Middle Yuba River SF South Fork Feather River WF Associated with Y Waterfall orth Fork SY South Yuba River Unknown, Information A American River Unavailable N North Fork T Truckee River F Feather River Archaeological Associations BRM Associated with Bedrock + Attribute Present Mortars MS Associated with Milling Slicks Attribute Absent LS Associated with Lithic Scatter Unknown, Information Unavailable Petroglyph Attributes E Number of A Anthropomorphs + Attribute Unknown, Information Elements Present Unavailable BT Bear Tracks RF Rock Features' Attribute Absent Figure 10. been tabulated as a result of this analysis , into design eummt at but this does not represent a co mplete The dark inell/sion accounting of Sryle-7 petroglyphs, for several of the most extensive sites have not been full y documented.

Manufacture One petroglyph analY-le is the ' fea tll res into the Figure 8. Paired bear track elemems at the All of the petroglyphs observed during this been observed at Spaulding Ridge site, CA-NEV-426. probably research project appear to have been depicting bear's hind paw print. Right track is 24 includes several em in kngth. Photo by Dall Foster 1982. sites such as Soda S dark, natural, mall The quantiry of petroglyph elements at each matrix have been si te is variable, but three major categories incorporated into 10-11). At other s CHI be recognized. The four largest sites, Mcadow Lake, Soda Springs, Lakes Basin, Creek and Devils and Hawley Lake, each have more than 500 inclusions have H elements. A second group of six sites, background on wi Donner Pass, Crouse Ridge, Cisco Grove have been placed. No. I, Willis Gortner, Log Cabin Creek, rock features such and Long Lake, each have approximately 200 elements. Most of the remaining sites Figure 9. Styk 7 petroglyphs at the Spaulding designs on some 0 have fewer than 100 elements each, with Ridge site, CA-NEV-426. with a stick figure Payen (1966:65) some sites containing only one. The anthropomorph, possibly using and atlar!. Photo by ofglacial striae i Dan Foster 1982. significance of these groupings has yet to be This practice has determined. A total of 5,253 elements has often difficult to

80 manufactured by pecking. with both direct the deliberate intent of the artist. A and indirect percussion methods utilized in particularly distinctive pracrice has been different instances. Peck marks are clearly recorded at sites along rhe Middle Fork of visible on some rock surfaces. particularly the American River. such as Willis Gortner meramorphic and metasedimentary and MF-B.P.Q. The merasedimenrary rock ourcrops. On outcrops of granire. the formations in rhis region display coarse-grained structure of rhe rock makes pronounced geologic strarification. and these individual peck marks more difficult to natural rock layers have been used as borders !,oUSOCI atc~d wi rh recognize. No clear indicarion of scrarching. for elaborate series of parallel lines and abrading. or other manufacturing techniques enclosures for other complex designs. has been observed so far. Nor have additional examples of the superimposition Rock Selection of petroglyph elements been found as a resulr of the current research. All of the petroglyphs included in the current study are situated on horizontal or sloping glaciated bedrock (Figure 13). No Stylc-7 petroglyphs have been located on cliff faces or boulders. even though these L'na\'ailable types of rock surfaces are common in the study area. A variety of rock types were Informarion utilized. including granite. granodiorite. magncrire. rrondhjemite. and graywacke. as well as other forms of metamorphic. Figu r~ 10. Incorporation oflIatural dark inclusion metasedimentary. and metavolcanic rock. into design elemmt at Soda Springs. CA-PLA -26 Payen (I 966:65) nored the selection of The dark inclusion has been mcircl~d and bisected reddish or other dark-colored rock surfaces with s~vtrallines to form an abstract rUsign for the placcment of elements (Figure 14). element. probably a stylized bear track. Photo by Gortner observed that many elements were Dan Foster 1986 on a pinkish-colored rock surface (I984 :32). While this remains a typical selection One petroglyph attribute we have chosen to pattern. it was not employed exclusively; analyze is the incorporation of natural rock light-colored rock surfaces were occasionally features into the designs. This practice has used . as well. In some cases. been observed at 17 separate sites and includes several different phenomena. At sites such as Soda Springs and Donner Pass. dark, natural. mafic inclusions in the granite matrix have been decorated. encircled. or incorporated into design elements (figutes 10- 11). At other sites such as Canyon Creek and Devils Peak. similar dark inclusions have been selected as the background on which groups of elements Figure 11. Incorporation ofnatural inclusion into have been placed. Other forms of natural design elemmt at Donner Pass sile, CA -NEV-4. rock features such as white siliceous veins Photo by Dan Foster 1987. have also been incorporated into petroglyph the Spaulding designs on some occasions (Figure 12). the color differentiation between the rock a stick figu re Payen (1966:65) describes the incorporation surface and rhe pecked areas is completely and allat! Photo by of glacial striae into petroglyph designs. negligible. making the rock art particularly

This practice has been observed. but it is difficult [Q recognize. This may have often difficult to determine if this was resulted from the repatination of the rock

81 surface in some instances. The overall petroglyphs, erasing the petroglyph elements Another amibute tit common denominaro r in rock-surface in the course of its manufacrure. implications is an selecuon appears ro be the u s~ of glacially Eleven sites (I 2%) polished bedrock outcrops. No clear pattcrn of archaeological some locational rela association has emerged from our study. water. In several AJ though roughly one-half of the sites di rect and unarnbi contain associated archaeological (;videncl' , Soda Springs, Cisco this is typi cally in the form of sparse lithic Willis Gortner, wat scatters. Archaeological surfacc evidence proximity to the ro indicative of substantial occupation , su ch as si tuations th is relati midden or housepits . is not typically found te nuous and difficul at the level of elevation for the sitcs in this of Gregory Pex for study. Only the Lakes Basin site contains a waterfall is located :J recognizable midden deposit. Of the 92 quarters of a mile fr Figure 12. Linked diamonds. circles. and other sites included in this study. 43 sites (47%) art is placed on the abstract euments at tht Donna Pass site. CA-NEV­ have associated lithic materials. glaciated bedrock t 4. Note how a white siliceous vein has been proceeding upstrea incorporated into design elements. Photo by Dan Payen noted an apparently intentional T he Frazier Creek s Foster 1988. placement of sites in relation to the general upstream fro m a ca terrain . The topographic settings for sites watercourse. From Association the current study arc variable, with sites be see n on the Nor located along streams; in canyons; on River. but it is near Payen was unable ro recognize any clear midslope benches, ridge tops, domes and more than 2.500 fe pattern of archaeological association from rocky promontories; and occasionally near site. his original group of Stylc-7 sites . Of the mountain passes and at the bases of peaks. sites included in the current analysis, 47 An environmental attribute observed during Our analysis also dG (51 %) are associated with archaeological the current research ro have potential twO characteristics features or arritacrs (refer [0 Table I). implications for the placement of Style-7 with no site in proll: Forty-five sites (49%) have no associated sites is the association with small gl acial and ponds. When archaeological cvidence. Of the sites ponds. Thirteen sites were found to be in attributes account comaining archaeological associations. eight close proximity to one or more slllall lakes . total number of S comain bedrock mortars and ten comain ponds, or glacial tarns. T his represems only bedrock milling slicks. Three sites comain 14% of the total number of sites, and many Another environm both mortars and slicks. Of the eight sites small bodies of water are scattered by Gortner (1984 :: with bedrock mortars. four have only a throughout this region. Cenain considerablt: impo single, shallow mortar pit. Only two sitcs, characteristics of individual sitcs, however, petroglyph sites wi Bear Valley and Sunnyside Meadow, suggest that this association may have more surrounding moun contain exam pies of multiple, deep mortar importance than can be demonstrated attribute was not s~ holes. Bear Valley comains 40 mortars statistically. At the Spaulding Ridge site, for of analysis as other clustered in an area several meters away example, glaciated outcrops eminently general observatio from the petroglyph p:mels. These monars suitable for petroglyphs extend for a pattern was first re may represcm a Late Prehistoric considerable distance along a promincm Fork of the Ameri · reoccupation of this site. At Sunnyside ridge. Yet the petroglyphs occur at only one in fact, many of tH Meadow, 12 bedrock mortars arc located on Spot, directly adjacent ro twO small ponds. views of the surro the same outcrop as the petroglyphs. Other sites with similar provocative settings Wabena, perhaps include Meadow Lake, Lots-O-Granite, these locations, th An imeresting example of an association Skaters Pond, Snow Mountain, Miller region are visible i with bedrock milling slicks was observed at Meadows, Rhoades Holler, and Lacey pattern of major R the Snow Mountain site. Two separate Valley. sites appears (0 ho milling surfaces were identified; one appears Middle Fork of tH to have been formed over preexisting

82 demems Another atrribute that may have similar the South Yuba River drainages. The im plications is an association with waterfalls. relationship is less cl ea r for the sites in the Eleven sites (12%) were observed to have North Yuba River and South Fork of the some locational relationship with falling Feather River drainages, although Mt. water. In several cases this association is Elwell is quite prominent from the Lakes direct and unambiguous. At sites such as Basin site. As for the two Style-7 si tes in the ... ical evidenc • Soda Springs, Cisco Grove No.1, and North Fork of the Feather River area, these ofsparse lithic Willis Gortner, waterfalls are in close sites are very near the crest of the range at urface evidence proximity to [he rock art panels. In other this point, and no prominent peaks are cupation, such as situations this relationship may be more located in the vicinity. 01 typically fou nd tenuous and difficult to identify. In the case r me siles in Ihis of Gregory Pex for example, a 100-foot-high asin site contains a waterfall is located approximately three­ it. Of the 92 quarters of a mile from the site, but the rock y. 43 sites (4 %) art is placed on the fir t exposure of erials. gl aciated bedrock that is encountered proceeding upstream from the waterfall. Iy intentional The Frazier Creek site is also located Ion [0 the general upstream from a cataract on that [[ings for sites watercourse. From Wabena, a waterfall can ble, with sites be seen on the North Fork of the Ametican Figure 13. Typical setting ofStyle 1 petroglyph ca nyons; on River, but it is nearly one mile away and sites. PalleLs areplaced on glaciated bedrock ops, dom s and more than 2,500 feet below the petroglyph outcrops. Spaulding Ridge site. CA-NEV-426 ccasionall y near site. Photo by Dan Foster 1982. e bases of peaks. e observed during Our analysis also demonstrates that these Dis trib ution 'e potential two characteristics are muntally exclusive, ment ofStyle-7 with no site in proximity to both waterfalls We have elected to exclude three of Payen's h small glacial and ponds. When taken together, these t\vo original 15 Style-7 sites. These three sites, 'e fou nd to be in attributes account for 24 sites, or 26% of the Horseshoe Bend (CAL-5), Volcano (AMA­ are small lakes, toral number ofStyle-7 sites. 14), and Bidwell (BUT-543), all are loeared is represe nts only in the lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada. f sites, and many Another environmental attribute, thought They constitute the only exceptions to two cattered by Gortner (1984:32-33) ro have of the most characteristic traits used to enain considerable importance, is the situation of define Style 7: placement on glaciated II sites, however, petroglyph sites with prominent views of bedrock. and location at high elevation nca r may have more surrollnding mountain peaks. \'qhile this the Sierran crest. Additional rock an sites monstratcd attribute was not subjected ro the same level have come to light in the lower foothill ing Ridge site, for of analysis as othets in our study, some regions of the Sierra Nevada that have s cminenrly general observations can be made. This similarities to Style 7. Examples include en d for a pa((ern was first recognized in the North Foreman Creek, Table Mountain, and a prominent Fork of the American River drainage where, Mountain Springs School (Ritter and occur at only one in fact, many of the sites do have spectacular Parkman 1992:90-95), and Church Rock a small ponds. views of the surrounding peaks. At near Redding (Van Tilburg et al. 1987). ~ vocative settings Wabena, perhaps the most dramatic of all of We believe, howevet, that when these sites -O-Granite, these locations, the major peaks of the are subjected to a detailed analys is, a rain , Miller 0 regio n are visible in a 360 pa .lOrama. This separate styl istic desi gna tion will be pos,iblc. and Lacey pattern of major peaks in view from Style-7 There is a pronounced discontinuity in the sites appears to hold true for sites on the distribution of abstract-style rock art from Middle Fork of the American River and on the Siena Nevada foo thills to the higher

83 Elsasser 1960; Cleo.\ elevations of the range, and a nearly as exhibiting an economic orientation diagnostic trait is th complete absence of sites in the middle­ towards hunting and seed gathering, the petroglyphs (E1sasse slope elevation range, from 2,500 to 4,500 Martis Complex was initially characterized which we believe to feet (760-1 370 m) . Payen suggests that this as having a basalt chipped-stone industry of petroglyphs. lack may be a result of environmental and large, heavy, and roughly chipped projectile cultural factors, or of the absence of surveys points, expanded-base drills, and flake The M artis Compl in the area. After more than 30 years of scrapers with pressure-retouched edges. about 10,000 squar archaeological investigations, this Other elements of the assemblage included elevations of the Tr2 discontinuiry remains, which indicates that manos and metates as grinding implements, sides of the norther the survey coverage is not the explanation. atlatl weights, and a general lack ofobsidian (see Figure 1). Its b. Rock outcrops are plentiful throughout this and chert as raw materials. I t is not clear r.he present et h n o~ zone, leaving cultural factors as the most whether the Martis Complex included the Maidu and Washo. likely possibiliry. The environmental use of bedrock mortars. Elsasser and are always in optim­ attributes that have been discussed in the Gortner (1991 :368) state that bedrock resources available. current analysis -- elevation range, mortars likely were used, because several encampments such associations with glacial ponds and campsites containing bedrock mortars have 689 are usually fou waterfalls, and views of mountain peaks -­ been found within M artis territory with an elevation. These p suggest that Sryle-7 rock art was created apparent association with Martis tool kits. been discovered ne with relationship to cultural activities that In describing the Martis Complex ;llong the providing for their were specific to these restricted, high­ east slope of the Sierra Nevada, Elston near groves of oak elevation environments. (1986: 143) discusses sced processing but pine trees supplyin does not specifically include bedrock open areas suitable mortars. Of the 47 Style-7 petroglyphs sites identified at winter with associated archaeological features and notched, and leaf-s artifacts, only eight contain bedrock knives, scrapers, dr­ mortars. waste flakes. Bed m milling slicks for fo Due to variabili ty in artifact manufacture, differences noted betwee n artifacts on Martis summer cnc opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada, and more numerous, W similarities with Great Basin cultures, the validity of a "Martis Complex" has bee n sites found at high" the Martis Comple questioned by numerous researchers (Farber 1982:80; Rondeau 1982: 180; Clewlow incorporate surface 1984:219). Much of this criticism was located near stream focused on the use of basalt as the primary flat or moderately I Figure 14. Sty~ 1 pmoglyphs pecked through dark near the margins 0 patina at the Hawley Lake site, CA -SIE-l. The criterion in identifYing the Martis Complex Bedrock outcroppi two large defacement scars on the ~ft are remnants (e.g. Rondeau 1982:15, Payen 1989:36-37), camps occasionally ofprevious vandalism, an attempt to cut out and without reference to the other known attesting (0 food-p remove pmoglyphs. Photo by Mike Hooper 1984. archeological elements. Recent work has reaffirmed the validity of the Martis however, many of consist only ofsur THE MARTIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL Complex as a legitimate archaeological artifacts dominate l COMPLEX concept (Elsasser and G ortner 1991). Archaeological evidence has reinforced seven including slate, ob The Marris Complex has been defined as an of the original nine traits proposed for materials. These; archaeological culture in the northern Sierra definition of the Complex. Additional quantities of basal Nevada dating from about 4000 to 1500 diagnostic traits have been identified: completed project B.P. (Elston 1986:141; Morano 1984:295). Spokeshave-notched scrapers and an Another attribute First defined by Heizer and Elsasser abundance of large biface blades and cores high-elevation, se (1953: 19) and expanded by Elsasser (1960) have been consistently recovered during sometimes found excavations (Heizer and Elsasser 1953;

84 -..uc orienration Elsasser 1960; Clewlow 1984). A third abstract-style petroglyphs (Elsasser and _ICed gathering, the diagnostic trait is the presence of abstract Gortner 1991:370). aiaitially characterized petroglyphs (Elsasser and Gortner 1991), ~-stone industry of which we believe to represent Style-7 EVIDENCE SUGGESTING AN itply chipped projectile petroglyphs. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STYLE-7 lie drills, and flake ROCK ART AND THE MARTIS -.mouched edges. The Martis Complex occupied an area of ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX lie assemblage included about 10,000 square miles in mid-to-high "grinding implements. elevations of the Transition Zone on both Three principal lines ofevidence indicate an IJellerallack ofobsidian sides of the northern Sierra Nevada crest association between Style-7 rock art and the IaiaIs. It is not clear (see Figure I). Its boundaries incorporate Martis Complex. These include Martis liempIex included the the present ethnographic areas of both the artifact assemblages at or near the Style-7 1iIs. Elsasser and Maidu and Washo. Martis Complex sites petroglyph sites, a near-complete absence of iIWe that bedrock are always in optimal locations with several Late Prehistoric artifacts at or near these IRd, because several resources available. Permanent winter rock art sites, and the overall distribution of :bedrock mocrars have encampments such as NEV-15 and PLA­ the Style-7 sites themselves. lartis territory with an 689 are usually found below 4,000 feet in with Martis tool kits. elevation. These permanent campsites have Previous Evidence nis Complex along the been discovered near streams or lakes • Nevada. Elston providing for their water supply and fishing, Payen first noted the possible association of .feed processing but near groves ofoak for acorn gathering or Style-7 rock art and Martis Complex lIdude bedrock pine trees supplying pine nuts, and near artifacts. Martis artifacts were found at or fle-7 petroglyphs sites open areas suitable for hunting. Artifacts near four ofhis Style-7 sites: Lakes Basin, ~gical features and identified at winter camps include stemmed, Hawley Lake, Meadow Lake, and Cisco mrain bedrock notched, and leaf-shaped projectile points, Grove. Both Martis and Kings Beach knives, scrapers, drills, boiling stones, and materials were found associated with the waste flakes. Bedrock outcrops provided Soda Springs site 0966:71). irtifact manufacture, milling slicks for food processing. Ieen artifacts on In a survey of Bear Valley and the upper ierra Nevada, and Martis summer encampments are much watershed of the South Yuba River, Claytor "Basin cultures, the more numerous, with many hundreds of reported on three Style-7 rock art sites; at omplex" has been sites found at higher elevations throughout least 14 such sites are now known to exist as researchers (Farber the Martis Complex Area. These usually within his survey area. An overall emphasis 12:180; Clewlow incorporate sllrface or shallow deposits on Martis-period occupation of this region IUs ctiticism was located near streams or springs, usually on can be detected in Claytor's findings. Of IISaIt as the primary flat or moderately level benches, and often 201 typeable projectile points, only 16 could Ithe Martis Complex near the margins of natural forest openings. be assigned to late prehistoric types such as ~ Payen 1989:36-37), Bedrock outcroppings at Martis summer Rose Springs, Desert Side-notched, and e other known camps occasionally contain milling slicks Cottonwood Triangular. The remaining Recent work has attesting to food-processing activities; artifacts were classified as types more closely • the Martis however, many of these seasonal camps related to the Martis and Elko series. ~ archaeological consist only ofsurface scatters of lithic Claytor also collected a variety ofartifacts ;onner 1991). artifacts dominated by basalt but also from the Skaters Pond Site, including 35 ~h.as reinforced seven including slate, obsidian, and other projectile points, at least four ofwhich were II proposed for materials. These assemblages contain high large, basalt, Martis-series points (Claytor ia:. Additional quantities of basalt debitage as well as 1973:40, Table 3). en identified: completed projectile points and bifaces. apersand an Another attribute recently reported is that An archaeological survey of the Hawley Lake :e blades and cores high-elevation, seasonal Martis campsites are region resulted in the documentation ofsix =covered during sometimes found in close proximity to Style-7 sites, in addition to the major Elsasser 1953; Hawley Lake site itself. An overall

85 r

preponderance of basalt debitage and from this deposit suggested that human complete contraCtiail artifacts observed during this survey activiry may have occurred at this site for diagnostic point mill suggested a Martis Complex affiliation for nearly 10,000 years. The most intensive A large basalt flake 'l1li the sites in the area. Only a hint of later period of utilization, however, is was also observed. If Kings Beach materials was encountered concentrated from 4000 to 1500 years B.P., been collected from (Payen and Scott 1982:74). during the Middle Archaic time period, (PLA-823). includilll which is equated with the Martis Complex. tool fragments. and~. As pan of his investigations in the North Of the 38 classifiable projectile points stem projectile pointl Fork area, Gormer (l984:16-26) presented recovered, 35 have been assigned to the base of a basalt side­ the hypothesis of a direct correlation Marris and Elko series, which are considered found at the Millet , between abstract-sryle petroglyphs and the diagnostic of the Middle Archaic period see Figure 15e). and! Martis Archaeological Complex. The (Neuenschwander 1994). projectile point wasi collections from several families summering 591; see Figure ISb. in the North Fork of the American River AdditionaL Evidence area were examined, and seven different As noted earlier. 43i point types were identified. Gortner Several sites have been discovered in recent sites included in rbi analyzed three large private collections years with artifact assemblages that provide lithic materials. At containing 234 projectile points. He found additional evidence of potential (23% of all sites or' very similar percentages of the seven archaeological affiliations. At Lots-O­ associated lithic mat different types between the three collections. Granite (PLA-61O), 20 basalt projectile large basalt projectii Nearly all of the points were manufactured points have been found, including several information availabJ from basalt, with only a few made from Martis-series rypes. One obsidian projectile always adequate to., chert or obsidian. Although six projectile point, a basalt spokeshave, and a quartzite determination of t'fl points in one collection appeared to belong scraper have also been found at this site. An are generally charaIX to the late period, Gortner concluded that assemblage of artifacts recently documented rypes. Only three II many of the projectile points examined from the Snow Mountain site includes eight 7% of sites with 3.SII closely resemble points of the Martis basalt projectile point fragments, a basalt incl uded in this stu! Complex (1984:20). drill, and a basalt scraper (Figure 15a-d, 1­ late-prehistoric oa:: q). Three basalt projectile point fragments MF-B.P,Q, and So! A recent review ofreports on 19 were mentioned on the site record for of Bear Valley (Pl.U archaeological sites in the Lakes Basin and Rhoades Holler (PLA-828), with one consists of a single Mohawk Valley area revealed that of 119 corner-notched specimen documented. notched projectiltl projectile points, only one Desert Side­ Artifacts found at the Lacey Valley site bedrock mortarS cq notched point could be attributed to the included four basalt projectile points, two of late-period ocaJI Kings Beach or late prehistoric period basalt bifaces, a basalt scraper, and a basalt 1960:13). Thisi&;. (Neuenschwander 1994: 185). This seems drill. of bedrock mortan to be an indication ofa much less intensive Bear Valley has od utilization of this region during the late During the course of recent, detailed is the lowest site ill prehistoric period. reC'ording at Sryle-7 sites, artifacts have been study, it is the 001] documented that contribute additional drainage, and it is Recent investigations at PLU-88, Lakes evidence ofarchaeological affiliations. adjacent to a large Basin Campground, also provide dramatic Twenry-six projectile points or point an unusual sertinc evidence in support of the association of fragments have been reported from MF­ Sryle-7 rock art and the Martis Complex. B,P,Q (PLA-790) including two small Several other sites This is the first major excavation reported chalcedony points, one obsidian point, 13 evidence of late--pl l MF-B,P,Q, [Wo $I for a Sryle-7 rock art site. The extensive points of basalt or slate, three basalt point /­ excavations consisted of 54 units and the fragments, and seven point fragments of I points, one obsic:\i processing of 54.25 cubic meters of soil. unspecified material. Three basalt projectile r the variery oflitbi The cultural deposit appeared to have point fragments were recently documented late-prehistoric te sustained minimal disturbance and to have from Old Baldy Crest (PLA-821), including in one portion of retained stratigraphic integriry. Evidence a corner-notched base fragment, a nearly The lithic matm 86 iIIIId that human complete contracting-stem point, and a non­ site. however. are more characteristic ofa fAd at this site for diagnostic point midsection (Figure 15i-k). Martis affiliation. including numerous basalt he most imensive A large basalt flake with possible edge-wear projectile points and biface fragments. As lIftw:r,is was also observed. A variety ofartifacts have for the Soda Springs site. a detailed I) to 1500 years B.P., been collected from the Palisade Creek site description of lithic artifacts and material IIic time period. (PLA-823), including basalt flakes, formed types observed at this site during the lie Marris Complex. tool fragments, and two basalt contracting nineteenth century gives a strong impression iu;eaile points stem projectile points (Figure 15f-g). The ofabundant late-period artifacts (Avery 'assigned to the base ofa basalt side-notched point was also 1873). Payen singled OUt this site as the i.bich are considered found at the Miller Meadows site (PLA-826; only Style-7 site with both Martis and Kings rArchaic period see Figure 15e). and a complete Martis Beach materials (1966:71). Gortner ~. projectile point was found at Wabena (PLA­ describes a private collection from the Soda 591; see Figure I5h). Springs vicinity with 40 Desert Side­ notched projectile points. and discusses the As noted earlier. 43 (47%) of the 92 Style-7 possible late-prehistoric or Kings Beach Iircovered in recent sites included in this smdy have associated occupation at this site (1984 :20). Our data blages that provide lithic materials. At least 21 of these sites continues to support the observation that dtentia! (23% ofall sites or 49% ofsites with Soda Springs is the primary Style-7 site with I. At Lots-O- associated lithic material) have produced abundant evidence ofa late-period IIaaIt projectile large basalt projectile points. The occupation. iaeluding several information available on these points is not :i1Ibsidian projectile always adequate to make a definite The final line ofevidence that suggests an i, and a quartzite determination of typology. but these points association between Style-7 rock art and the IImd at this site. An are generally characteristic of Martis-series Martis Complex is the overall distribution emtly documented types. Only three sites (3.26% of all sites or pattern of the rock art sites throughout the "site includes eight 7% ofsites with associated lithic material) region (refer to Figure I). All of the Style-7 ..ems. a basalt included in this study provided evidence of a sites included in the current study are :.(Figure 15a-d. l- late-prehistoric occupation; Bear Valley. located within the nuclear territory of the Ie point fragments MF-B.P.Q, and Soda Springs. In the case Martis Complex area as defined by Elsasser Ie record for of Bear Valiey (PLA-504), this evidence (1960). The rock art sites are concentrated '). with one consists ofa single obsidian Desert Side­ in the upper watersheds of the Yuba and ,:tfocumented. notched projectile point. The group of40 American River drainages, wi(h five sites lily Valley site bedrock mortars could also be an indication extending north into the Feather River aile points. two of late-period occupation (Elsasser drainage. The absence ofknown Style-7 rper. and a basalt 1960:13). This is the most extensive group rock art sites beyond the area containing of bedrock mortars found at any Style-7 site. Martis sites suggests an association berween Bear Valley has other unique attributes: it the rwo. The northern and southern Itt. detailed is the lowest site in e1eyation included in this boundaries of both Martis and Style 7 are Irtifilcts have been study. it is the only site on the Bear River remarkably consistent. The Style-7 sites lie additional drainage. and it is located on a valley floor included in the current study extend only as ,affiJiations. adjacent to a large grassy. meadow which is far south as the Rubicon River. Moving Its or point an unusual setting for a Style-7 site. south from this area. archaeological :ted from MF­ assemblages are known to change. exhibiting -g two small Several other sites in Bear Valley contain fewer of the characteristics typically Iidian point, 13 evidence of late-prehistoric occupation. At associated with the Martis Complex. A - basalt point MF-B,P,Q, twO small, chalcedony projectile similar change occurs at the North Fork of tfragments of points. one obsidian projectile point. and the Feather River. Glaciated rock :e basalt projectile the variety of lithic debitage suggest that a outcroppings are abundant along the Sierran ady documented late-prehistoric temporary camp was located crest south of the proposed 5tyle-7 "-821), including in one portion of this extensive site area. boundary depicted on Figure 1. which memo a nearly The lithic materials in other portions of the suggests the absence of Style-7 sites is

87 influenced by cultural, not environmental, allowed access to Will Gortner's original support and enc:oaal factors. The east-west boundaries ofStyle 7 field notes, which helped to resolve certain the late Oem Mcid and Martis exhibit less ofa correspondence. questions regarding his research. Ted this study. He ...." Martis sites are found in lower elevations to Beedy, Jim Jensen, and the residents of "The project, and we are II the west and extending into Nevada on the Cedars" have been most gracious in granting paper to b.is meD1Ol! east, with no Style-7 petroglyphs in permission to revisit and record sites on association. This site distribution pattern North Fork Association property. Jerry suggestS that the petroglyphs were associated Johnson provided access to the Gortner ! with activities conducted in the higher collections now at California State Avery, B. P. elevations of the range. University, Sacramento. Marianne Russo at I 1873 Chips fromI the North Central Information Center has I Overland Mal CONCLUSIONS been extremely cooperative and supportive (Reprinted l.Ji in reviewing our records and providing Betts, John The growing body of data on northern trinomial assignments. Donna Gillette ! 1998 The Donna Sierra Nevada rock art supportS Payen's helped to obtain negatives of the Hart NEV-4. Rep designation of a unique style of rock art in photos from the Library ofCongress. Dick National Foal this region. Evidence found during the Markley, Donna Day, Carmel Meisenbach, Claytor, Mich2et P:, \ recording ofthese sites continues to support Carrie Smith, Nolan Smith, Bill Slater, 1973 An Arcbeoil the hypothesis of an association between Jennifer Padgett, and Mark Rhoades of the Valley I..oc:aIdI these sites and the Martis Archaeological Tahoe National Forest provided i Counties, Call Complex. This evidence is fairly pervasive information and facilitated the recording of Master's thesi1 and argues for the placement of this style of rock art sites on the Forest. Several University, ~ rock art firmly within the Middle Archaic archaeologists and foresters on staff at the Clewlow, C. W.m. period, from 4000 to 1500 B.P. (Elston California Department of Forestry and Fire 1978 Prehistoric:: 1986: 141), which has been equated with the Protection assisted in recording sites on edited by R.P. Martis Complex. This paper is not intended privately owned timberlands, including Rich HNAl, Vol..1l as a complete discussion of all aspects of Jenkins, Mark Gary, Dan Scatena, Eric Institution, 11 Style-7 rock art research, for many Carr, Ken Nielson, Dick Schoenheide, 1984 Archaeo1oa additional avenues of investigation remain to Kelley Keenan, Jim Mower, and Craig Program, Am be explored. In the future, we hope to Carter. Consulting foresters Bob Ingram, submitted tOl expand our analysis to include additional Paul Maben, Lucky Gillett. Walt Saunders, California. environmental artributes and a more George Felix, Tim Feller. Dan Tomascheski, Elsasser, Albert B. detailed petroglyph-element inventory. A Dave Early, and Doug Ferrier helped locate 1960 The Archal region once thought ro be sparsely endowed sites on privately owned timberlands and Nevada inC with rock art (Kroeber 1925:937), even a secured permission from landowners for UCAS-R, N. "barrier to the westward spread of subsequent archaeological survey and Elsasser, Albert B. petroglyphs" (Steward 1929:219), has detailed recording. Craig Carter and Mike 1991 The Marti instead proven to be remarkably rich in this H90per provided some of the photographs NonhAmeri4 form of cultural expression. Additional used in this paper. Lisa Ohara and Robin 12(4):361-31 discoveries are undoubtedly waiting to be Marose at the CDF GIS laboratory in Elston, Robert G. made, and as our research continues, we Sacramento produced the site location map. 1986 Prehistory hope to be able to contribute more findings Tom Spittler of the Division ofMines and Great Basin, on this extraordinary corpus of prehistoric Geology provided correct terminology for d'A.zevedop art. geological formations that were incorporated 11, Smithso into petroglyph designs. Brian Dillon and Washington ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Louis Payen carefully reviewed and edited Farher, Alfred the manuscript and made numerous 1982 Archaeok The authors are grateful to everyone who constructive suggestions. David Whitley Chalk Bluff offered their assistance and support during and Michael Rondeau also read the California. ' the course ofour fieldwork and in the manuscript and submirred helpful of the Man: preparation of this paper. Susan Gortner comments. Finally, we are grateful for the Anthropolo

88 !:ortner's original support and encouragement received from Foundation, No.3. California State ~ to resolve certain the late Clem Meighan during the course of University, Chico. 'iaearch. Ted this study. He was very interested in this Foster, Daniel G., and John Betts 'the residents of ftThe project, and we are honored to dedicate our 1990 Rock Art Conservation at Wabena WPOllS in graming paper to his memory. Point. Society for California I RCOrd sires on Archaeology Newsletter 24(2): I, 12­ ~. Jerry REFERENCES CITED 13. I to the Gortner Gortner, Willis A. ilmia State Avery, B. P. 1984 Ancient Rock Carvings ofthe ~: Marianne Russo ar 1873 Chips from an Indian Workshop. Central Sierra: The North Fork Indian imation Center has Overland Monthly 11 (6):489-493. Petroglyphs. Portola Press, Woodside, ~ and supportive (Reprinted UCAS-R. No. 21:33-36) California. rand providing Betts, John 1986a The Willis Gortner Site Records: Donna Gillerre 1998 The Donner Pass Petroglyphs: CA­ Petroglyph Sites Near "The Cedars", ia ofthe Hart NEV-4. Report for the Tahoe Placer County, California. California ~Congress. Dick National forest. in preparation. Department of Forestry and Fire :annel Meisenbach, Claytor. Michael P. Protection Archeology Office. lith. Bill Slarer, 1973 An Archeological Survey of the Bear Sacramento. Irk Rhoades of rhe Valley Locality, Placer and Nevada I986b The Martis Indians: Ancient Tribe hvided Counties. California. Unpublished of the Sierra Nevada. Portola Press, td the recording of Master's thesis, California State Woodside, California. !St. Several University, Sacramento. 1988 The Willis Gortner Site Records. tis on staff ar rhe Clewlow, C. William, Jr. Volume Two: 19 Petroglyph Sires fForesrry and Fire 1978 Prehistoric Rock Art. In California, Along The Middle Fork of the brding sires on edited by R.F. Heizer. pp. 619-625. American River, Placer County, !Dds. including Rich HNAI. VoL8, Smithsonian California. California Department of t Scatena, Eric Institution, Washington, D.C. Forestry and Fire Protection 'Schoenheide, 1984 Archaeological Data Recovery Archeology Office. Sacramento. &,andCraig Program, Ancient Enterprises, Inc., Grant, Campbell ters Bob Ingram. submitted to CAL TRANS, Marysville, 1967 Rock Art of the American Indian. it, Walt Saunders, California. Thomas Y. Crowell, New York. ; Dan Tomascheski, Elsasser. Albert B. Heizer, Robert F., and C.W. Clewlow, Jr. mer helped locate 1960 The Archaeology ofThe Sierra 1973 Prehistoric Rock Art ofCalifornia. ilnberlands and Nevada in California and Nevada. BaHena Press, Ramona, California. Pindowners for UCAS-R, No. 51: 1-93. Berkeley. Heizer. Robert F.. and Albert B. Elsasser Psurveyand Elsasser, Albert B. and Willis A. Gortner 1953 Some Archaeological Sites and rCaner and Mike 1991 The Martis Complex Revisited. Cultures of the Central Sierra Nevada. l1he photographs North American Archaeologist UCAS-R, No. 21:1-47. Berkeley. hra and Robin 12(4):361-376. Heizer. Robert F .• and Karen M. Nissen IIborarory in Elston, Robert G. 1977 Prehistoric Rock Art of Nevada and '$ite location map. 1986 Prehistory of the Western Area. In California. Jahrbuch fur iOn ofMines and Great Basin, edited by Warren L. Prahistorische und Ethnographische terminology for d'Azevedo pp. 135-148. HNAl, Vol. Kust, band 245,1974-1979:148-156. were incorporared II, Smithsonian Institution, Kibbey. Mead B. Irian Dillon and Washington, D.C. 1996 The Railroad Photographs ofAlfred ~andedired Farber, Alfred A. Hart, Artist. The California State numerous 1982 Archaeological Excavations at the Library Foundation, Sacramento. David Whirley Chalk Bluff Ridge, Nevada County, Kroeber, Alfred L. ~read the California, with a New Interpretation 1925 Handbook of the Indians of lhtlpfuJ of the Martis and Mesilla Complexes. California. BAE Bulletin 78, fgrateful for the Anthropological Papers of University Washington D.C.

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t Mallery, Garrick 1993 Report on the Recordation of Four Wilson, Norman 1893 Picture-Writing of the American Rock Art Stations at CA-PLU-88, I 1956 Petroglyph I Indians. Tenth Annual Report of the Lakes Basin Campground, Plumas State of Cal: Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian National Forest. Prepared for U.S. Natural" Institution, Washington, D.C. Forest Service, Plumas National Beaches HIlI Moratto, Michael J. Forest, Quincy, California. 6043. 1994 California Archaeology. Academic Rhode, Pete Press, Orlando, Florida. 1996 The Lakes Basin Field Trip Report. Neuenschwander, Neal Bay Area Rock Art News 14(2):1, 8­ 1994 Archeological Excavation at CA­ 10. PLU-88, Lakes Basin Campground, Ritter, Eric W., and E. Breck Parkman Plumas County, California. Peak & 1992 Rock Art of the Foothills of the Associates. Prepared for U.S. Forest Northern Sierra Nevada-Southern Service, Plumas National Forest, Cascade Range Interface. In Quincy, California. American Indian Rock Art, vol. 18, Office of Historic Preservation edited by Frank G. Bock, pp. 81-104, 1995 Instructions For Recording American Rock Art Research Historical Resources. Office of Association, San Miguel, California. Historic Preservation, Sacramento, Rondeau, Michael F. California. 1982 The Archaeology of the Truckee Payen, Louis A. Site, Nevada County, California. 1966 Prehistoric Rock Art in the Submitted to California Department Northern Sierra Nevada, California. of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. Unpublished Master's thesis, Smith, Clarence E. Sacramento State College, 1946 A Supplement to Petroglyphs and Sacramento. Pictographs of California and 1976 An Archaeological Reconnaissance Adjoining States. UCARF-C, Ms. 61, of Potential Land Exchanges in the Berkeley, California. Sierra Valley, Lacey Valley and 1948 Additional Notes on the Independence Lake Areas. Tahoe Petroglyphs of California. UCARF-C, National Forest Cultural Resources Ms. 27, Berkeley, California. Report No.2. Smith, Jack E. 1986 "Whether Pliocene or Miocene, 1957 Petroglyphs from Site PLA-26, They Unquestionably were Obscene," University of California History ofInvestigations at the Archaeological Survey Manuscript No. Hawley Lake Petroglyph Site. Paper 242, Berkeley. read at the Annual Meeting of the Steward, Julian H. society for California Archaeology, 1,..929 Petroglyphs of California and Santa Rosa. Adjoining States. UCPAAE 24(2). 1986 Archaeological Excavations at Shoot Berkeley, California. Hill, Malakoff Diggins State Historic Van Tilburg, Jo Anne, Frank Bock, and A.J. Park, Nevada County, California. Bock Submitted to California Department 1987 The Church Rock Petroglyph Site: of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Field Documentation and Payen, Louis A., and Lyle R. Scot( Preliminary Analysis. Occasional 1982 An Archaeological Sample Survey of Papers of the Redding Museum (4). the Hawley Lake Area, Sierra County, Wellmann, Klaus F. California. Tahoe National Forest, 1979 A Survey of North American Cultural Resources Report No. 11. Indian Rock Art. Akademische Peak & Associates, Inc. Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. Graz, Austria.

90 tcmrdarion of Four Wilson, Norman ..CA-PLU-88, 1956 Petroglyph Site: Donner Summit...... d.PJumas State ofCalifornia. Department of ltepared for U.S. Natural Resources. Division of IIDiIS National Beaches and Parks. Drawing No. 1IIifomia. 6043.

I Freid Trip Report. ~ News 14(2): 1, 8­

IIIIIdt Parkman Ioothills ofthe er.ada-Southern 1If.aa:. In lack Art, vol. 18, tBodk.pp.81-104, tResearch Ji&ud. California. r_r the Truckee .,. California. nia Departmem he. Sacramento. l Petroglyphs and Inniaand iJCARF-C, Ms. 61, ~ I!lOI1 the boia. UCARF-C, "ifomia.

~Sjte PLA-26, mia .,. Manuscript No. llifomia and U! 24(2). mk Bock, and A.J .

.,Petroglyph Site: imand lis. Occasional ling Museum (4). thAmerican l:ademische Itik. Graz,

91 I em.

a a

l! h f '""

/ k

m 11/ n o p q

Figurt J5. Recmtly (j Figure 15. Recently discovered ba.raLt artifacts from StyLe 7 petroglyph sius, consistent with known Martis-period assemblages. (a-d, l-q) a.rsemblAges. (a-d, L-q) Snow Mountain, (e) MiLkr Meadows, (fg) PaLisade Creek, (h) Wabena, (I-k) Old Baldy Crest. Illustratiom bJ Crest. ILLustrations by John Bms 1900-1977.

92 I em. enl,

h c d

e f h

m n o p q

Martis-ptriod Figure 15. Recently discovered basalt artifacts from Styk 7petroglyph sites, consistent with known Martis-period (l-k) Old Baldy assemblages. (a-d, l.·q) Snow Mountain, (e) Miller Meadows, (fg) Palisade Cmk, (h) Wabena, (I-k) Old Baldy Crest. Illustrations by John Betts 1900-1977

93