History and Philosophy of Medicine 1

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as antiulcer in Emirate, , Nigeria Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja, Ibrahim Sani, Lesley Sahber Kindzeka, Grace Joseph Gudu

Abstract—Background: Peptic ulcer is a common disease of knowledge as an invaluable, underutilized and under the gastrointestinal tract often self-treated in Nigeria, par- documented knowledge pool[3]. The documentation of ticularly among the rural population with various forms of medicinal uses of African plants and traditional systems is herbal remedies. Aim: The ethno-botanical survey conducted becoming a pressing need because of the rapid loss of the was aimed at collecting and identifying medicinal plants used natural habitats of some of these plants due to anthropogenic and sold for the treatment of peptic ulcer in Gwandu emirate, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Methods: Administration of structured activities and also due to an erosion of valuable traditional questionnaire/interview was employed. Herb sellers around some knowledge [4]. major towns in Gwandu emirate (, Aliero, , Ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disorder which is seen and Jega Local Government Areas) were the respondents. among many people. It is basically an inflamed break in the Plant species were photographed and identified from December 2017 to February, 2018. Local names, botanical names and skin or the mucus membrane lining the alimentary tract [5]. families of antiulcer plant as well as the mode of preparation and Ulceration occurs when there is a disturbance of the normal administration of these plants were also documented. Results: equilibrium caused by either enhanced aggression or diminis- A total of 27 respondents mentioned 16 medicinal plants used, shed mucosal resistance [6]. Ulcer may be caused by Helicob- plant parts, mode of preparation and administration. Medicinal acter pylori infection, long term use of non-steroidal anti-infl- plants with high frequently index include Mangifera indica (37.04%), Moringa oliefera (37.04%), Acacia nilotica (33.30%), ammatory agent such as aspirin, ibuprofen etc., stomach canc- and Azadirachta indica (29.63%). The plant parts mostly used in ers or lifestyles such as excess fasting, stress, too much spicy antiulcer herbal preparations are the roots, leaves and seeds and foods and alcohol. There are many types of ulcers; such as are usually administered orally. Conclusion: This documentation mouth ulcer, esophagus ulcer, peptic ulcer, and genital ulcer showcases the indigenous knowledge and inventory of traditional [5]. Peptic ulcer is the most common and it includes ulcers of antiulcer medicinal plants used locally for ulcer treatment in Gwandu emirate, Kebbi State, Nigeria. digestive tract; in the stomach or the duodenum. The commo- nly available synthetic antiulcer drugs are associated with Keywords—Plants, Peptic ulcer, Ethno-botany, Gwandu many adverse effects including relapse of the disease and are emirate, Kebbi State often expensive for the poor populations [7]. Therefore, the search for safe antiulcer from nature is an area of intense I. INTRODUCTION research. Nigeria is blessed with large number medicinal plants and it The scientific study of relationship that exists between peo- is patronized by both local masses as well as elite. In Nigeria, ple and plants is known as ethnobotany [1]. It is a preliminary many people strongly rely on traditional healing practices method of research, suitable for gathering information on the therapy particularly the use of medicinal plants for their daily use of plants [2]. The study of ethnobotany is very ancient and healthcare needs despite the advancement in modernmedicine. of great importance as it gives a proper understanding of the This is due to the notion or believes that herbal remedies are interrelations of all several traits and of the whole material and of natural origin and as such have no toxic effect, are readily intellectual culture of a people in its entirety. In recent time, available, affordable and less complicated compared to it has become an important and crucial area of research and conventional drug treatment. Indigenous knowledge of using development in resource management, sustainable utilization medicinal plants for healing human ailments is, however, in and conservation of biodiversity, and socioeconomic develop- danger of gradually becoming extinct, because this knowledge ment. At a global scale, available evidence points toward a is passed on orally from generation to generation without direction of increasing relevance of traditional ethnobotanical the aid of a writing system and because many traditional healers do not keep written records [8].There is an abundant Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja, Ibrahim Sani and Lesley Sahber Kindzeka are with Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, undocumented traditional knowledge of herbal remedies used Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, to treat diseases and this research was aimed at focusing on Nigeria. e-mail: [email protected] (Corresponding author: Angela herbal remedies used traditionally for the treatment of Peptic Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja) Grace Joseph Gudu is with Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, ulcer in Gwandu emirate, Kebbi Sate, Nigeria. Faculty of Life Sciences, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS History and Philosophy of Medicine 2

Study Site Respondent details The herb sellers reported that they majorly collect plant The ethnobotanical study was carried out in major towns samples from the wilds around their respective Local Gov- of Gwandu emirate. Gwandu emirate is one of the four (4) ernment Area. Medicinal plant parts when collected, may be emirates that make up Kebbi State in north-western Nigeria. used fresh but preferably used when dried. All respondents It is comprised of ten (10) Local Government Areas (Aliero, affirmed that the medicinal plants were efficacious and had no Jega, Bunza, Kalgo, Koko, , Suru, Gwandu, Birnin- side effect. Kebbi and ). The emirate is a sub group of Hausa Herbal preparation and administration speaking people and Islam is the predominant religion. The The methods of preparation as well as administration of the occupations of the people is majorly farming and trading. It medicinal plants used in Gwandu emirate for the treatments has 1,400 mm per annum rainfall. of peptic ulcer is presented in Table 2. It was observed that Collection of Ethnobotanical Information methods of preparation were either by decoction or maceration Data were collected from December, 2017 to February, and is taken daily until one feels relieved of ulcer symptoms. 2018. Herb sellers in market places, motor parks and pop- The plant parts mostly used in antiulcer herbal preparations ular bus stops of the major towns of Gwandu emirate were are the roots, leaves, seeds and stem bark. (Figure 1). individually interviewed. Use of structured questionnaire and The etiology of peptic ulcer is unknown in most of the cases, oral interview were adopted to gather the ethno-medicinal data. yet it is generally accepted that it results from an imbalance Questionnaire was administered directly to those who could between aggressive factors and the maintenance of mucosal read and write, while others were filled after being interview integrity through the endogenous defense mechanisms [34]. To orally using an interpreter. Information collected included regain the balance, different therapeutic agents are used to in- knowledge on the use of the medicinal plant species, the local hibit the gastric acid secretion or to boost the mucosal defense names of the plant species, parts of plant used, dosage, mechanisms by increasing mucosal production, stabilizing the methods of herbal preparation, mode of administration, surface epithelial cells or interfering with the prostaglandin duration of treatment and other traditional uses. A total of 27 synthesis. The causes of gastric ulcer are believed to be due herb sellers were interviewed while field surveys were done to stress induced increase in gastric hydrochloric acid secretion on farm lands and forest reserves to identify the plants. and/or stasis of acid and the volume of secretion is also an Plant Identification important factor in the formation of ulcer due to exposure of On field, plant identification was carried out using some the unprotected lumen of the stomach to the accumulating acid texts useful for plant identification. Samples and Photographs [35]. of the surveyed plants were further identified at the Herbarium The goals of treating peptic ulcer disease are to relieve pain, of Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, heal the ulcer and prevent ulcer recurrence. Currently there is Kebbi State, Nigeria by Professor Dhramendra Singh. no cost-effective treatment that meets all these goals. Hence, efforts are on to find a suitable treatment from natural product III. DATA ANALYSIS sources. In recent years, there has been growing interest in Information gathered from the structured questionnaires was alternative therapies especially from plant sources due to tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics with the aid their perceived lower side effects, ease of accessibility and of Microsoft excel computer software package. The frequency affordability [36]. For instance, Onyeka et al. [37] reported that index for each plant was calculated using the following for- methanolic extract of E. hirta combined with honey protect mula; the gastric mucosa against damage by HCl and also has ulcer Frequency index = n/N x 100 healing effect. Similarly, hydromethanolic crude extract and Where ‘n’ is total number of respondent who listed a solvent fractions of R. nepalensis root and Ficus thonningii particular plant species and ‘N’ is total number of respondents stem bark showed promising anti-ulcer activity [38,39]. In [9]. another study, plants belonging to the Leguminosae family were reported to inhibit ulcer [40]. Gastroprotective effects IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-3-o-β–glucopyranoside from bridelia ferruginea stem bark has also been reported [41]. Pre- Plant information and taxonomic diversity vious studies in our Laboratory demonstrated the antiulcer of The information gathered from all respondents showed that Piliostigma thonningii Leaf and Citrullus Lanatus seed while about 16 plant species are used in Gwandu emirate for the the studies is in progress for the antiulcer activity of Ficus treatment of peptic ulcer. These plants are from 15 different plathyphylla leaf [42,43]. Eremomastax speciosa leaf families. Botanical names, local names, common names, protected rats against chemical-induced gastric ulcer through number of citation and frequency index are presented in Table anti-cholinergic and antihistaminic mechanisms [44]. 1. Frequently index of commonly mentioned plants are Abubakar et al. reported the gastroprotective effects of Mangifera indica (37.04%), Moringa oliefera (37.04%), Hannoa klaineana methanol leaves extract in ethanol and Acacia nilotica (33.30%), and Azadirachta indica (29.63%). indomethacin-induced ulcers [45]. On the other hand, Sida The result also showed that most (92.6%) of the medicinal acuta Leaf Extracts plants mentioned by the respondents have been duly validated scientifically from literature search. This implies that despite the encroaching of the desert, Gwandu emirate is endowed with these afore mentioned plants. History and Philosophy of Medicine 3

Table 1: Medicinal plants used in Gwandu emirate for the treatment of peptic ulcer

Numbe Frequency S/ Commo Local name r of Index Published Research Botanical name Family N n name (Hausa) citation ( ) Reports s

1 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Pawpaw Gwándà 6 22.22 10,11

2 Balanitesa Zygophyllacea Desert Ádúúwàà 3 11.11 12 egyptiaca (L) Del e date

3 Azadirachta indica Miliaceae Neem Darbejiya / 8 29.63 13, 14 A. Juss Tree Dogon yaro

4 Anogeissus Combretaceae Chewin Gàngàmáu 2 7.41 Nil leiocarpa D.C Guill g stick perr tree

5 Acacia nilotica L. Fabaceae Thorn Námíjìnbàg 9 33.33 15 mimosa àrùwàà

6 Hibiscus sabdariffa Malvaceae Roselle Sóóɓàróódò 4 14.81 16, 17 L.

7 Piliostigma Fabaceae Kálgóó 5 18.52 18 reticulatum (DC.) Hochet

8 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Guava Góóbàà 5 18.52 19, 20

9 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Ginger Cìttáá/ 1 3.70 21, 22, 23 L. Sakanzabur 25 10 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Catch Mágáryáá 2 7.40 Lam. thorn

11 Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Guttape Gámjì 1 3.70 Nil Vahl. rcha tree

12 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiacea Mango Màngwàrò 10 37.04 25 e

13 Cochlospermum Cochlosperma The red Rààwáyà 3 11.11 26, 27 tinctorium A.Rich ceae fruits /Balge

14 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Horsera Ríímínnásár 10 37.04 28, 29, 30 Lam dish tree à / Zoogale

15 Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Water Gúnà 2 7.41 31, 32, 33 Thumb. melon /Kankanaa

16 Oryza barthii Poaceae wild Lállàkíí 1 3.70 Nil A.Chev. rice

KEY: n= total number of respondent, Nil = Not found in literature History and Philosophy of Medicine 4

Table 2: Mode of preparation and administration of anti-ulcer medicinal plants used/sold in Gwandu emirate

S/N Botanical name Parts Used Mode of preparation Administration

Cut unripe fruit into pieces including Take half a glass three (3) times a 1 Carica papaya Fruit the seeds and put it in a pot with boiling day water. Filter the after for two days

Chew the seed or extract the oil from 2 Balanitesa egyptiaca Seeds Take daily until relief the seed. Also, squeezed the pulp Dry either the bark or leaves and then A small quantity at the tip of a 3 Azadirachta indica Bark or Leaves pound to powder. teaspoon twice daily

For the bark, take the powder Dry the bark and pound to powder. For with water. Drink the squeezed 4 Anogeissus leiocarpus Bark or Roots the roots, make a pulp out of it. liquid out of the pulp and take twice daily

The young seedless pods are dried and Have a teaspoon daily with warm 5 Acacia nilotica Pods grounded to powder water Put the calyx in boiling water for 5 6 Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx Take a glass three (3) times daily minutes, allow to cool and then drink Boil the stem-bark or the roots and 7 Piliostigma reticulatum Stem-bark, root Take two (2) glasses daily leave it to stay overnight. Drink twice a day. Warm it 8 Psidium guajava Leaves Boil the leaves in water before drinking. Use either dry or fresh roots. Boil in 9 Zingiber officinale Root Take two (2) glasses daily water. 10 Ziziphus mauritiana Root Boil with water Take a glass twice daily 11 Ficus platyphylla Leaves, Bark Boil each individually or together Take a glass twice daily 12 Mangifera indica Leaves, Roots Boil each individually or together Take a glass twice daily Warm before taking two glasses 13 Cochlospermum tinctorium Root Boil the roots. daily Drink a glass twice daily. Eat the 14 Moringa oleifera Leaves, Seeds Boil the leaves. Eat the seeds raw seeds morning and evening.

Eat the fresh fruit pulp to Eat the fresh fruit pulp or seeds. Dry the 15 Citrullus lanatus fruit pulp, seeds satisfaction. Take the dry seeds seeds and grind with water

16 Oryza barthii Seed Grind the dry seed Take it with honey daily History and Philosophy of Medicine 5

Fig. 1. Percentage of the plant parts used for antiulcer herbal preparation exhibited antiulcer effects against Helicobacter pylori- a starting point and baseline data for future phytochemical and induced ulcerated Mice [46]. Also, research has shown the pharmacological studies. ameliorative roles of Spondias mombin and Ficus exasperata leaves in indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats[47]. In another study, Pentaclethra macrophylla stem-bark Competing interests: possessed antiulcer activity, which was improved via The authors declare no conflict of interest. phytosomal formulation [48]. Author contributions: Plants are some of the most attractive sources of new drugs, ANUK conceived the research idea, supervised the project and some have been shown to have promise for the treatment and organized the manuscript. IS interviewed the respondents, of gastro-duodenal ulcer with minimum side effects [49]. interpreted during documentation of the questionnaires as Plants with ethnomedicinal uses in peptic ulcer management well as conducting text/ field identification of the mentioned thus need to be identified for potential sources of antiulcer medicinal plants. LSK and GBG interviewed the respondents lead compounds. Various plants have been used as folk med- and assisted with the organization of the data. icine by the people of rural areas,which show significant effect Citation: against peptic ulcer. Hence, this article documents some of the Ukwuani-Kwaja AN, Sani I, Kindzeka LS, Gudu GJ. plants reported to possess antiulcer and ulcer healing properties Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as antiulcer within Gwandu Emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Preliminary in Gwandu Emirate, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Hist Philos Med phytochemical screening of some of these medicinal plants 2021;3(3):15.. doi: 10.53388/HPM20210713005. identified the presence of important secondary metabolites like Executive editor: Na Liu. flavonoids and tannins which are the active principles of Submitted: 23 February 2021, Accepted: 05 July 2021, antiulcer activity [50]. Online: 13 July 2021. The limitation of the present search for herbal alternative © 2021 By Authors. Published by TMR Publishing Group ulcer treatment in this study, was the non-disclosure of the Limited. This is an open access article under the CC-BY license source, ingredients that make up the herbal remedy and mode (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/). of preparation by the herb sellers. Most herbal sellers are hesitant when contacted because they feel that divulging these information (family secrets passed from one generation to another) would affect their daily source of income and there are no economic benefits gained when cooperating with REFERENCES researchers. As evident from the number of respondents, just [1] G. G. Mowobi, S. Abubakar, C. Osuji, V.N. Etim, N. Ogechi, and a few amongst many herb sellers contacted were willing and J. J. Egya, “Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Skin Disease in Keffi,” Nigeria. American Journal of responded. Phytomedicine Clinical Therms, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 73–90, 2013. [2] M. Idu, G. O. Obaruyi, and J. O. Erhabor, “Ethnobotanical Uses of Plants Among the Binis in the Treatment of Ophthalmic and ENT ( Ear V. CONCLUSION , Nose and Throat ),” Ailments. Ethnobotany Leafl, vol. 13, pp. 480–96, Most of the medicinal plants identified in this study have 2009. [3] R. Cámara-Leret, N. Paniagua-Zambrana, H. Balslev, and M. J. Macía, been scientifically validated to possess antiulcer potentials ac- “Ethnobotanical Knowledge Is Vastly Under-Documented in cording to literature. This shows that the information provided Northwestern South America,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. e85 794– by the herb sellers in Gwandu emirate can be trusted. However, e85794, 2014. [4] M. F. Mahomoodally, “Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of there is a need to scientifically validate the medicinal plants Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants,” pp. 1–14, 2013. documented for the first time for their antiulcer potentials. [5] G. Vimala and F. G. Shoba, “A Review on Antiulcer Activity of Few Indian Medicinal Plants,” International Journal of Microbiology, vol. Significance statement 2014, pp. 1–14, 2014. This study explored and recorded medicinal plant and plant [6] R. S. Pawar, U. K. Patil, R. Gadekar, P. K. Singour, and parts used for treatment of peptic ulcer by traditional sellers P. K. Chaurasiya, “A potential of some medicinal plants as an antiulcer of Gwandu emirate, Kebbi state, Nigeria.The study provides agents,” Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 136–136, 2010. History and Philosophy of Medicine 6

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