AAAS Annual Report 2007

Home , Breakthrough of the Year, Judith Klinman, Michael Rosbash, Po Bronson, Usha Lee McFarling

Science, Technology, and Sustainable Well-Being The American Association for the Advancement of Science

(AAAS) is the world’s largest general scientific society and publisher of the journal, Science (www.sciencemag.org).

AAAS was founded in 1848, and serves 262 affiliated societies and academies of science, reaching 10 million individuals.

Science has the largest paid circulation of any peer-reviewed general science journal in the world, with an estimated total readership of 1 million. The non-profit AAAS (www.aaas.org) is open to all and fulfills its mission to “advance science and serve society” through initiatives in science policy; international programs; science education; and more. For the latest research news, log onto EurekAlert!, www.eurekalert.org, the premier science-news Web site, a service of AAAS. Table of Contents

Welcome Letter 3

Public Statements 4

Science Policy and Society 6

Science Careers and Education 8

AAAS Worldwide 10

Science Breakthroughs 12

Science, Technology, and Security 14

Media and Public Engagement 16

AAAS Awards 18

Golden Fund Update 20

AAAS Fellows 22

Acknowledgment of Contributors and Patron Members 24

AAAS Board of Directors, Officers, and Information 33 2 Welcome from the AAAS Chair, John P. Holdren, and the CEO, Alan I. Leshner

AAAS continues to work intensively on a wide range of issues to both advance science and to help address global societal problems that have science and technology components at their core. Ongoing initiatives focus on securing adequate funding and infrastructure support to further the scientific enterprise, and providing policy guidance on topics ranging from global climate change and energy requirements, to john p. holdren alan i. leshner embryonic stem cell research, to ensuring science literacy for children everywhere. and with another expert, he described emerging technologies In April 2007, for example, the AAAS Board of Directors for on-the-ground detection of uranium-enrichment plants. The called for increased support of Earth observation satellites Association’s growing alumni of Science and Technology Policy when U.S. federal funding cutbacks threatened research Fellows, meanwhile, increasingly made their mark, especially in related to weather forecasting, hurricane warning, and global December when three of the program’s 35th class participated climate change. Belt-tightening within the National Aeronautics in the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali. AAAS and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic worked to increase support for the Stem Cell Research En- and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) could cause “major hancement Act, too, by issuing a statement decrying the Presi- gaps in the continuity and quality of data gathered about the dent’s second veto of the initiative, which had twice passed Earth from space,” the AAAS Board warned. We were pleased in the House and Senate, with votes from Republicans and when the House of Representatives subsequently outlined Democrats alike. Association staff later teamed up with stem- an initial plan to restore funding for a satellite network, and cell pioneer James Thomson to publish an op-ed that appeared although most of the additional support had been red-lined in the Washington Post and at least nine other newspapers. by the year’s end, AAAS is continuing to push for a balanced Additional 2007 activities focused on sustaining and diver- federal R&D portfolio. sifying the science and technology workforce. A conference Another AAAS Board statement generated significant vis- organized by AAAS and related to the National Science Founda- ibility for the issue of global climate change in February, as tion’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities Undergradu- part of a town hall-style event for some 1,200 participants in ate Program (HBCU-UP) drew some 700 attendees, as de- San Francisco, California. Global climate change is sure to take scribed on page 8. An equally successful event on K-12 science an increasing toll on vulnerable ecosystems and societies if curricula, hosted by Project 2061 at AAAS, prompted laudatory greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation go unchecked, comments from U.S. Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers (R-Mich.), a member the Board cautioned. The AAAS statement — released shortly of the House Committee on Science and Technology (page 9). after the Intergovernmental Panel on Global Climate Change The most urgent challenges of our age — improving the confirmed the connection between global climate change, lives of the world’s poor; competition for natural resources; fossil-fuel burning, and deforestation — was communicated imperiled oceans; the energy crisis; and alleviating the threat through media outlets including the Associated Press, the San of nuclear weapons — all hinge upon science and technology. Francisco Chronicle, the Kansas City Star, and New Jersey’s Star- Through its many programs and communications efforts, AAAS Ledger. The goal of all such efforts was to strengthen the case is seizing opportunities to mobilize the power of science to and political momentum for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. help ensure sustainable human well-being. AAAS also contributed to public discourse as well as science-based policy through testimony, op-ed articles in John P. Holdren Alan I. Leshner regional newspapers, and nearly two-dozen Capitol Hill techni- AAAS Chair (2007–2008) AAAS CEO and cal briefings by U.S. and international experts who shared Director, The Woods Hole Executive Publisher, objective, non-partisan expertise. James Acton of the Centre Research Center, and Teresa and John Science for Science and Security Studies at King’s College London, for Heinz Professor of Environmental example, assessed Iran’s potential to build a nuclear weapon, Policy, Harvard University

3 Public Statements

Stimulating public dialogue and raising awareness of issues affecting the scientific enterprise are key goals for AAAS. Board

statements, opinion essays in newspapers, letters to policy-makers, and major events all helped in 2007 to promote public

engagement with science and technology.

Global Climate Change Human Embryonic Stem Science Education • 18 February. In a consensus state- Cell Research • 15 August. “National Standards: The ment approved 9 December 2006 • 20 June. AAAS again decried the U.S. Time Is Now for Washington to Heed and released at a town hall event 18 President’s veto of the Stem Cell the Call,” op-ed, The Washington February 2007, the AAAS Board of Research Enhancement Act, which Times, by the AAAS CEO. Directors noted that “global climate would expand federal support for hu- • 11 December. “Don’t Mess with Sci- change caused by human activities is man embryonic research. ence Standards,” op-ed, The Star- occurring now,” and called for “stron- • 3 December. “Standing in the Way of Telegram of Texas, by the AAAS CEO. ger leadership at all levels” to curb Stem Cell Research,” op-ed, Wash- This op-ed also appeared in The Waco greenhouse gas emissions. ington Post, by Leshner and stem-cell Tribune Herald on 13 December. • 28 April. The AAAS Board issued a researcher James Thomson. This statement calling for adequate fund- piece, republished in at least nine Science and Public Engagement ing of Earth observation satellites newspapers, cautioned that “further • 26 October. “Celebremos las Histo- when budget cuts threatened the delays in pursuing the clearly viable rias de la Ciencia,” op-ed, El Pais of network critical to weather forecast- option of embryonic stem cells will Spain, by Science Executive Editor ing, hurricane warning, global climate result in an irretrievable loss of time.” Monica Bradford. This op-ed on change studies, and more. AAAS science communications helped to senior staff also testified on Science Beyond Borders celebrate an honor bestowed upon Capitol Hill. • 8 January. “Building Science, Build- the journal Science by the Prince of ing Trust,” op-ed, The Kuwait Times, Asturias Foundation. Evolution in the News by the AAAS CEO and Farkhonda • 19 September. “Beyond the Teach- • 26 May. “Museum of Confusion,”op- Hassan, a professor of geology at able Moment,”op-ed, Journal of the ed, Lexington Herald-Leader. Exhib- the American University in Cairo, a American Medical Association, by the its depicting dinosaurs co-existing member of the Egyptian Parliament, AAAS CEO. with humans could confuse people, and then-secretary-general for the especially children, about the nature National Council for Women in Egypt. Support for the Scientific Enterprise of science, wrote AAAS CEO Alan I. • 6 June. AAAS issued a statement • 20 December. “While we recognize Leshner, executive publisher of declaring its opposition to a U.K. Uni- that both the Congress and the White Science. versity and College Union motion to House face many competing priori- • 1 June. “Faith, Reason and a G.O.P. boycott research collaborations with ties … we see a missed opportunity to Hopeful,” letter to the editors, New Israeli academic institutions. honor the commitment made by both York Times. “Religion should not • 16 July. “Use Science for Diplomacy, branches of government to support be substituted for science, nore the Not Division,” op-ed, The Baltimore basic research,” AAAS announced reverse,” the AAAS CEO wrote, in Sun, by the AAAS CEO. at the end of 2007, following up on response to an op-ed by Sen. Sam many previous efforts throughout the Brownback (R-Kansas). year to speak up for adequate R&D funding across all disciplines.

4 “Every scientist and technologist should tithe 10 percent of his or her professional time and effort to working to increase benefits of science and technology for the human condition and to decrease the liabilities. The challenges demand no less.” john P. Holdren, AAAS chair (2007-2008), The Woods Hole Research Center and Harvard University

• 28 February. In an ever-more technology-based economy, the AAAS CEO testified before a House appropria- tions subcommittee, “the federal government needs a sustained commitment to a robust research portfolio.” • 7 March. Maintaining U.S. competitiveness “relies on a strong foundation of federal investment in research and education across a broad spectrum of disciplines,” the AAAS CEO testified before a Senate commission.

Animal Rights Extremism • 28 November. The AAAS Board issued a statement decrying extremist attacks against researchers involved in animal studies. While recognizing the right of all citizens to protest and dissent from policies with which they disagree, the Board emphasized that “unlawful and dangerous actions should not be tolerated,” and noted that intimidation tactics can derail biomedical advances.

5 AAAS in 2007 continued its 30-year Science Policy and Society tradition of providing objective, non-partisan analysis to guide • rallying for R&D Funding Analysis by the AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program, a leading non-partisan federal investments in basic and authority on U.S. research and development (R&D) funding trends, again in applied research. The Association 2007 warned of mixed prospects for government support of science and technology. Program Director Kei Koizumi said that proposed increases to the federal also expanded efforts to inform R&D portfolio for FY 2008 would be consumed by the development of weapons policy-makers on science and systems and space vehicles. Further, he predicted in February that overall federal investment in basic and applied research would fall, although research funding technology issues — from stem linked to the American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI) would increase at the cell research to climate change — National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratories in the U.S. through Capitol Hill briefings and Department of Commerce. other events. Since 1973, mean- AAAS continued all year to push for a balanced R&D portfolio, through letters to lawmakers, testimony, and events. But by the year’s end, Koizumi noted, the ad- while, more than 2,000 alumni of justed proposal for 2008 federal R&D funding called for just $57.5 billion in sup- the AAAS Science and Technology port — an increase of only 1.1 percent — less than inflation, and substantially less than earlier congressional proposals. Federal research investment has declined, Policy Fellowships program have in real terms, since 2005, he said. AAAS responded by ramping up efforts to raise played increasingly significant roles awareness of the need for robust R&D funding. Log onto www.aaas.org/spp/rd. in shaping science policy. • increasing Efforts on Capitol Hill The AAAS CEO testified twice on U.S. R&D funding needs in 2007, and AAAS sent dozens of letters to policy-makers — from calling for increased federal funding for embryonic stem cell research, to supporting national standards for science and mathematics education. The Association’s Board of Directors also issued statements of caution related to global climate change as well as the need for Earth observation satellites. Two AAAS advisory units — the Center for Science, Technology, and Congress (CSTC), directed by Joanne Padrón Carney, and the Center for Science, Technol- ogy, and Security Policy (CSTSP), headed by Public Welfare Medalist Norman P. Neureiter — conducted nearly two-dozen technical briefings on Capitol Hill, on topics ranging from climate change and academic diversity, to food safety and nuclear disarmament. Carney and staff meanwhile also launched an online leg- islative tracker, and unveiled a comprehensive chart of eight different proposed climate-change bills. “Throughout much of its nearly 160-year history, AAAS has worked with Congress,” said Albert H. Teich, director of AAAS Science and Policy Programs, “but it’s never before had the kind of influence it does today.” See www.aaas.org/spp.cstc.

• Science, Satellites, and Human Rights AAAS analysis of high-resolution satellite images pinpointed evidence consis- tent with village destruction, forced relocations, and a growing military presence across Burma, also known as Myanmar, where eyewitnesses reported human rights violations. AAAS had previously used the same technology to assess destruction in Darfur and Zimbabwe. The 2007 Burma project was supported by

6 “If intimidation drives scientists from their valuable efforts and discourages young scientists from pursuing The Open Society Institute and the John D. and Catherine fields of inquiry that require the use of animals, medical T. MacArthur Foundation. Working with three human rights progress will be seriously impeded. AAAS encourages sci- groups in Burma, researcher Lars Bromley mapped the entists and the public to join in defending our colleagues location of 25 reported human rights violations. Increased whose freedom to conduct research is under attack.” engagement of scientists “is essential to securing human AAAS Board of Directors statement, 28 November 2007 rights,” said Mona Younis, director of the AAAS Science and Human Rights Program, which dates to 1976. “We can’t allow another century to pass without seeing that promise realized.” Go to http://shr.aaas.org/. S&T Fellows program has placed thousands of scientists and engineers in key fields, from agriculture and atomic • Science Support for School Boards physics, to science education and defense technology, and AAAS and the National School Boards Association (NSBA), many participants are now helping to drive science policy, a federation of state associations of school boards repre- academic research, and public discourse. Mark D. Drapeau, senting 95,000 U.S. school board members, are working to for instance, a Fellow at the National Defense University, help close the “urgency gap” — the disconnection between published an op-ed in the New York Times in 2007, not- education and business leaders who see a critical need for ing that “war and sickness are inextricably intertwined,” improved science, mathematics, and technology education, and calling for efforts to stop the flow of cholera and other and students and parents who may be unaware of the con- microbial threats in regions such as Iraq. Other Fellows have cerns. A three-year initiative, supported by a $739,000 grant assumed scientific leadership roles in the United States and from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, the program abroad, Program Director Cynthia Robinson reported. See debuted in April 2007 during the NSBA annual conference www.fellowships.aaas.org. in San Francisco. Some 200 participants in a joint workshop discussed educators’ day-to-day needs for science-educa- • bioethics and Gene Doping tion support. In response, AAAS and the NSBA agreed to Athletes might someday try to alter their genes to increase develop new training resources that can be tailored to reflect muscle mass, rapidly recover from a sprint, or more efficient- the specific needs of educators in different regions, said Pey- ly use oxygen, speakers warned during a Capitol Hill briefing ton West, senior program associate with AAAS’s Dialogue on co-sponsored by AAAS and the Hastings Center. Such “gene Science, Ethics, and Religion (DoSER) program. doping” currently remains in the realm of science fiction. AAAS “brings real clarity and a scientific approach to But “there will soon be companies peddling products for how science should be taught in public schools — and genetic doping, and people will buy them,” said Hastings it’s not based on politics or ideology,” said Robin Krause, Center President Tom Murray. Scientists, policy-makers, and president of the Missouri School Boards Association. See the public thus need to openly discuss gene doping now — www.smartschoolboards.org. including its risks, and its implications for sports and society. Mark S. Frankel, director of the AAAS Program on Scientific • the Impact of Policy Fellows Freedom, Responsibility, and Law, established in 1975, de- Climate change, energy, and the environment were key con- scribed the 22 October briefing as the first in a series of joint cerns among the 161 AAAS Science and Technology Policy efforts to reach out to legislators, the media, and the public Fellows selected to work in U.S. executive branch agencies on an array of science and bioethics issues. and congressional offices as part of the program’s 35th class in 2007 and 2008. Three Fellows — Jeremy Richardson, Holmes Hummel, and Alexander Barron — even headed to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali, 3-14 December. Their participation in the historic climate-change summit reflected the growing influence of AAAS S&T Policy Fellows on science policy. Established in 1973, the AAAS

7 Strengthening and expanding the Science Careers and Education science and technology workforce is emphasized by an array of AAAS • Success for African-American Undergraduates Among the 700 participants at a 2007 National Science Foundation (NSF) event, initiatives — the Education and organized by AAAS, African-American undergraduate students took part in rigor- Human Resources program; two ous grilling regarding their research methods, networking exercises, and other activities intended to help them think outside the box. “[Research] is not about career-focused centers; the Associa- staying within your own comfort zone, but rather stepping outside,” said Camille tion’s respected science-education McKayle, who directs the NSF’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities Under- graduate Program (HBCU-UP). Traditionally underrepresented students often find reform initiative, Project 2061; and a nurturing environment at HBCUs, but they need to make other connections to comprehensive resources online succeed as researchers and educators, McKayle noted. The AAAS-NSF event, supported by a three-year, $975,000 NSF grant, recog- at Science Careers (www.science- nized the role of HBCUs in allowing students of color to gain skills and confidence, careers.org). From kindergarten said Yolanda George, deputy director of Education and Human Resources at AAAS. In 2000, HBCUs graduated 40 percent or more of all African-Americans who to high-school classes, and from received degrees in physics, chemistry, astronomy, environmental science, math- academic to corporate laboratories, ematics, and biology, noted Shirley M. Malcom, director of Education and Human Resources at AAAS, a Public Welfare Medal winner. AAAS promotes diversity and the best possible science education for • new “Roadmap” to Science Literacy As legislators and policy-makers put forward proposals for voluntary national all students. The Association works science learning standards, Project 2061 at AAAS released a new collection of to provide networking opportuni- “roadmaps” to help teachers guide K-12 students toward science literacy. Maps in the new Atlas of Science Literacy 2, together with Atlas 1, connect the science- ties, practical career advice, and learning goals recommended in two previous Project 2061 resources, Science for insights to guide curriculum and All Americans and Benchmarks for Science Literacy. Now, Atlas 2 maps 44 new science-literacy topics, including weather and climate, computation and estima- textbook development. tion, and health and technology. The Atlas is “an enormously powerful tool to help teachers choose the most important science concepts at each stage,” said Elizabeth Petersen, a middle-school teacher in Ladue, Missouri, past president of the Science Teachers of Missouri. Log onto www.project2061.org.

• bringing Universities and K-12 Together How can graduate students leverage science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) research methods to spark interest in science and engineering among K-12 students and teachers? Colby Kearns, a conservation and environmental science graduate student at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, helped to develop lessons focusing on Hawaii’s sandy shoreline habitats. “You don’t teach about squirrels if there aren’t any around,” Kearns joked during a poster session at a joint AAAS-NSF event that focused on bringing universities and K-12 schools together. “You need to make sure your lesson is relevant, interesting, and accessible.” Kearns was among more than 500 participants in the conference, based on the NSF’s Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education Program (GK-12). By 2007, the NSF program, assisted by AAAS, had funded 6,335 fellows, worked with 8,845 teachers, and engaged 550,533 K-12 students.

8 “Whether they’re rich, poor, white, black, Hispanic, male, female, or in any other category, all children de- serve our very best efforts to teach them science and mathematics … [but] U.S. standards and learning goals vary from place to place, whereas most other industrialized countries do have nationwide educational standards.” Op-ed, Washington Times, 15 August 2007, by the AAAS CEO

• improving Science Curricula cent of the ENTRY POINT! alumni are now working in science U.S. Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers (R-Mich.), a member of the House and technology jobs, or pursuing related graduate degrees. Committee on Science and Technology, commended Project Log onto www.entrypoint.org. 2061’s efforts to seed the next-generation of science teachers and curriculum developers, through the AAAS Center • alcohol, Middle-School, and Science for Curriculum Materials in Science (CCMS), a collaboration Efforts to halt underage drinking often focus on peer led by Project 2061 and involving several partner universi- pressure and the prevention of risky behaviors, but AAAS ties. Ehlers spoke at a 2007 Capitol Hill reception, part of a in 2007 launched a new federally funded project to give Knowledge Sharing Institute at AAAS for more than 100 re- middle-school children a science-based understanding of searchers and educators who compared notes on how best what can happen to them if they use alcohol. The three-year to help U.S. students achieve science literacy. The mission project, called “The Science Inside Alcohol,” incorporates of the CCMS “is to improve the design, selection, and use recent advances in neuroscience that have been shedding of science curriculum materials through research, through new light on how alcohol affects the body. The National leadership development, and through the education of Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism funds the effort. teachers,” explained Project 2061 Director Jo Ellen Rose- man. See www.aaas.org/programs/centers/curriculum. • Obesity Book Earns Accolades AAAS’s new plain-language book, Obesity: The Science • an ENTRY POINT! for Interns Inside,” earned a bronze award in the patient-education in- Texas A&M University student Jeremy Northum developed formation category of the 2007 National Health Information procedures for removing radioactive materials from a Awards — a competition among some 1,000 entries. The laboratory at the National Institute of Science and Technol- Obesity volume is part of a seven-book series organized by ogy (NIST), as part of his 10-week placement through the the Healthy People Library Project at AAAS, funded by the Association’s ENTRY POINT! program. Each summer, ENTRY National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Research POINT! provides highly competitive internships for sci- Resources. Other titles in the series focus on HIV and AIDS, ence and engineering students with disabilities, thanks to asthma and allergies, and having healthy babies. Go to collaborations with a long list of corporations and federal www.healthlit.org. agencies. Northum toured the Library of Congress and the Supreme Court during a special Capitol Hill Day in 2007, along with other Washington, D.C.-area ENTRY POINT! interns. By the year’s end, ENTRY POINT! had made more than 600 internship placements since the program’s inception in 1996. Program Director Virginia Stern estimates that 92 per-

9 The AAAS International Office AAAS Worldwide serves as a catalyst for global cooperation. Chief International Officer • landmark Agreements with China Capping a six-day visit to Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou, AAAS inked agree- Vaughan Turekian and his staff help ments with two of China’s leading research organizations, outlining plans for to coordinate Association-wide collaboration related to publishing, science education, sustainability, and opportunities for women scientists and engineers. AAAS, the Chinese Association efforts to promote multi-national for Science and Technology (CAST), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) research and sustainable solutions agreed to work together to translate and disseminate educational materials and high-impact Science papers. AAAS also is providing CAST with translated science- to social, economic, and environ- literacy materials from Project 2061, and Science’s News Department has opened mental problems. International a Beijing office. Also in 2007, the AAAS Web site called EurekAlert! launched a Chinese-language version of its popular science-news service for reporters. As activities help to advance the global a first step toward increased collaboration, a conference organized by CAST and science and technology workforce, AAAS brought together dozens of scholars from both nations to discuss scientific integrity and social responsibility. and focus on applying science in service of human rights, while • arab, U.S. Women Build Bridges Too often, Saudi Arabian pharmacologist Samira Islam said, the West sees the building bridges among scientific Arab world — and Arab women — in simplistic terms. With 321 million people in communities. See www.aaas.org/ 22 countries, she told U.S. and Arab scholars at the International Conference on Women Leaders in Science, Technology, and Engineering, the region is diverse. programs/international. Women make up surprisingly large percentages of all science graduates in many Arab regions, she said, although jobs in science and technology still go dispro- portionately to men. The conference at the Arab Organizations building drew more than 200 scientists and engineers from 18 nations in the Middle East and Northern Africa. It was held under the patronage of the Kuwaiti Prime Minister and organized by AAAS in cooperation with the Kuwaiti Institute for Scientific Research; the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science; the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development; and the U.S. State Department.

• rwandan Science Supports Growth With Rwanda working to address chronic poverty and the legacy of its 1994 geno- cide, AAAS President and Nobel laureate David Baltimore (2007-2008) met with Rwanda President Paul Kagame to discuss how science-related development and education could contribute to peace and prosperity. Baltimore visited Rwanda in October, joined by Tom Wang, AAAS director for international cooperation, to better understand the nation’s science and technology capacity and needs. Lack- ing natural resources such as oil or minerals, the African nation has an ambitious development plan that aims instead to build a knowledge-based economy, in part by doubling research spending.

• engagement with Iran A delegation of U.S. science and engineering leaders that visited Iran on a mission of science diplomacy included Norman P. Neureiter, director of the AAAS Center for Science, Technology, and Security Policy. The October visit, culminating in a two-day symposium, revealed that the science communities of the two countries

10 share common goals on topics ranging from water resources and earthquake research, to science policy. Sharif University and the Iranian Academy of Sciences hosted the visit, which was organized by the U.S. National Academies, led by William A. Wulf, recently retired president of the Na- tional Academy of Engineering, and also included Princeton Nobelist in physics Joseph Taylor. The visit “confirmed again the value of scientific interactions as a means of useful communication with countries where political relations may be very strained,” Neureiter said. Other AAAS international cooperation efforts in 2007 included a new agreement to provide advice to the Gov- ernment of Kazakhstan, through the International Experts Council, related to their plans for scientific development.

• building Capacity in Latin America A review organized by AAAS and released in 2007 concluded that the Inter-American Institute for Global Change (IAI) could amplify its impacts — which currently include producing high-quality science and building research capacity in Latin America — by improving communication with policy- makers. Founded in 1992, the Inter-American Institute (IAI) focuses on the Americas and the Caribbean, a region of extraordinary biological diversity and climate variations that is beset by growing population and serious environmental “In a world growing ever-smaller, no single nation, no problems. The review, commissioned by the U.S. National region or culture, owns science. While researchers Science Foundation, was delivered in Manaus, Brazil, in may speak many languages, they share a common June to IAI officials representing the 19 member nations. dedication to science … for the advancement of all humanity.” Op-ed, Kuwait Times, 8 January 2007, by the • global Perspectives at AAAS AAAS CEO and Farkhonda Hassan, professor of geology at Wealthy and developing nations should agree to a global the American University in Cairo pact to sharply reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Sir David King, former U.K. chief scientific advisor, said at AAAS in July. Another international visitor to AAAS, Brazilian physi- cist José Goldemberg, said ethanol could replace much of the world’s fossil fuels, but expanding ethanol production poses major challenges. Yet another international speaker, German Minister for Education and Research Annette Schavan, said Germany’s prosperity will be driven by innovation, spurred by collaboration between researchers and industry and a strong investment in education. International perspectives help to enrich public discourse and scholarly exchange on a range of topics.

11 Science Breakthroughs

History-making research on stem cells, genomics, cosmic rays, and other topics appeared on the pages of Science.

These discoveries pushed forward our knowledge about the universe, the human body, and the health of our environment.

See www.sciencemag.org. In 2007, Science highlights included these and other breakthroughs:

Research Highlights

Breakthrough of the year: DAZZLING VARIATIONS In 2007, researchers were dazzled by the degree to which genomes vary from one human to another, leading Science to recognize “Human Genetic Variation” as the Breakthrough of the Year. (21 December)

Human Skin Cells Made to Mimic Embryonic Stem Cells Scientists reprogrammed human skin cells by introducing just four genes, which seemed in preliminary studies to give the cells many of the characteristics of embryonic stem cells. (20 November, Science Express)

Closing in on Cosmic Ray Source Out of Body Experiences Many of the mysterious, high-energy Using virtual reality goggles to mix up cosmic rays that crash into the at- the sensory signals reaching the brain, mosphere seem to come from galaxy scientists induced out-of-body-like ex- centers called Active Galactic Nuclei, an periences in healthy people, suggesting international research team discovered. a scientific explanation for a phenom- Scientists had been trying for decades enon often thought to be a figment of to determine the source of these par- the imagination. (24 August) ticles, some of which have tremendous energy when they first enter the atmo- Perfect Checkers Game sphere; roughly comparable to that of a After nearly two decades of playing, fast-moving baseball. (9 November) computers solved the game of checkers once and for all. (19 July, Science Whitefly Secrets to Success Express) A population of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci has become one of the world’s Step Toward Synthetic Genomes worst invasive pests through mating be- Researchers replaced the whole genome haviors that help it invade the territory of a bacterial cell with one from a closely of native whitefly populations, according related species, a key step toward con- research conducted in China and Austra- structing a simple genome from scratch. lia. (8 November, Science Express) Creating a synthetic genome could allow researchers to develop microorganisms

12 that could be used for producing bio- Damage to Brain Region Eases Urge fuels, cleaning up toxic waste, seques- to Smoke tering carbon, or other applications. A silver-dollar-sized region in the brain (28 June, Science Express) called the insula is intimately involved in smoking addiction, and damage to Disease Risk and the Genome this structure can completely erase A trio of research teams reported three the body’s urge to smoke, researchers new genomic regions that are linked to discovered. (26 January) type 2 diabetes. A week later, a pair of independent teams described a stretch Logging Harms Amazon Birds of DNA in the genome that increases Chopping down the Amazon forest into the risk of coronary heart disease in small, isolated habitat patches has a Caucasian populations. (26 April and consistently strong negative effect on 3 May, Science Express) many native species of forest birds, a 13-year-long study showed. (12 January)

Science News Highlights

Middle Asia Takes Center Stage Long dismissed as a backwater, the vast area between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley is now revealing a tapestry of wealthy urban centers that shaped humanity’s first concerted attempt at city life. This news report by Andrew Lawler described a significant shift in perspective among archaeologists about the importance of this region to the development of urban societies. (3 August)

A World Without Corals? Animal Extremists Get Personal Besieged by pathogens, predators, and Greg Miller took an in-depth look at people, the “rainforests of the sea” may attacks and threats by animal rights soon face their ultimate foe: rising ocean extremists on individual researchers in acidity driven by carbon dioxide emis- the United States. (21 December) sions, Richard Kerr reported. (4 May)

Other Science Developments

Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief program information, grant information, meetings and event The AAAS Board of Directors announced that Bruce Alberts, notices, and a job listings page that is updated daily. See president emeritus of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences www.sciencecareers.org. and chair of the National Research Council (1993-2005), would serve as Science’s next editor-in-chief. Prince of Asturias Award Science received Spain’s Prince of Asturias Foundation 2007 Science Careers Workshops Communications and Humanities Award at a ceremony in London, Cambridge, Manchester, and other U.K. cities pro- Oviedo, Spain on 26 October. The prestigious prize recognizes vided a backdrop for career-development workshops orga- Science’s excellence in science communications and its piv- nized in 2007 by Science Careers. The free, online resource otal role in delivering groundbreaking research to the public. now includes thousands of career-related articles, graduate

13 In 2007, the AAAS Center for Sci- Science, Technology, and Security ence, Technology, and Security

Policy (CSTSP) — supported by the • reliable Replacement Warhead Report Amid debate over a multi-million dollar effort to shore up the aging U.S. nuclear John D. and Catherine T. MacAr- stockpile with alternate weapons such as “bunker buster bombs,” an indepen- thur Foundation and directed by dent study group convened by the CSTSP in 2007 offered a detailed assessment of the proposed U.S. Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) program. The panel Public Welfare Medalist Norman P. concluded that key potential benefits of the program — more easily maintained Neureiter — conducted 17 techni- nuclear weapons with enhanced performance margins, improved safety and security properties, and easier manufacturing — could occur in the long term, cal briefings on Capitol Hill, eight following modernization of the weapons production complex. Further, the next public events, and five sessions for one to two decades would be a very challenging period for the nuclear weapons program as it simultaneously undertakes construction at many sites, in addition the national security media. On sci- to the maintenance and refurbishment of existing weapons, and potentially the ence and technology issues ranging construction of RRWs, said Bruce Tarter, director emeritus of the Lawrence Liv- ermore National Laboratory and head of the study group assigned to assess the from nuclear non-proliferation, to RRW. The study group also noted that there have been no presidential or cabinet- countering biological threats to the level statements from this administration that clearly lay out the role of nuclear weapons in the post-Cold War, post-9/11 world; any plan for the nuclear weapons United States, the Center serves as enterprise must have a clearly articulated rationale and bipartisan basis if it is to a credible, non-partisan source of be sustained over the 25 years required to make these substantial changes. authoritative information, drawn • non-Partisan Policy Briefings from the academic research com- Would the frequency of roadside bombings along two key Iraqi trade routes increase or decrease, given alternate U.S. responses to the problem — clamp- munity. See http://cstsp.aaas.org. ing down on illegal smuggling, or turning enforcement over to Iraqi troops? A computer model developed by Alexander Levis of George Mason University and colleagues suggested that giving Iraq more control over two old silk roads would help reduce improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Levis, V.S. Subrahmanian of the University of Maryland, and other researchers are modeling insurgent behaviors in an effort to help military and political leaders make more informed decisions. “We’re not predicting outcomes,” Levis emphasized. “We do comparisons of the effectiveness of alternatives.” Levis and Subrahmanian took part in one of 17 Capitol Hill seminars organized by the CSTSP in 2007. Another CSTSP policy briefing, featuring Francis F. Busta of the National Center for Food Protection and Defense at the University of Minnesota, warned that the U.S. food supply could be vulnerable to terrorist contamination, and he described the promise of new sensor technologies for detecting poisons like the bacterium C. botulinum. “One of the challenges,” Busta noted, “is to educate consumers without scaring them,” since citizens and experts alike can play a role in reporting unusual events. Yet another speaker, Jeffrey Lewis of the New America Founda- tion cautioned that better on-the-ground monitoring is needed to track potential Iranian efforts to assemble a military nuclear explosive. At another event, Harvard University’s Matthew Bunn outlined specific steps for reducing the risk of crudely built “dirty bombs” based on smuggled nuclear weapons components.

14 • Press and Public Events Biosecurity Center at Kansas State University. “It’s more an AAAS Chair John P. Holdren (2007-2008) and ExxonMobil economic assault on our national security and infrastruc- Manager of Government Relations Lori Ryerkerk broadly ture,” he explained. urged policy-makers and industry to increase efforts to Kavita Berger, project director within the CSTSP, stressed develop affordable, reliable energy while reducing environ- the importance of agricultural products to the U.S. econo- mental impacts. “If you want a different energy system by my, and to its food supply, international trade, and energy. 2050,” Holdren said, “you’d better start to change it now Non-partisan, science-focused briefings and public discus- because the turnover time of energy facilities is typically sions are a vital part of the U.S. policy process, added Benn 30 to 50 years.” Ryerkerk agreed that intensive efforts are Tannenbaum, an associate program director within the needed. The challenge, she said, is to design an energy AAAS center. management system that addresses the climate challenge, without reducing quality-of-life for people in developing regions. This unique public exchange, moderated by Rich- ard Harris of National Public Radio, was part of a four-part “Science and Society: Grand Challenges” series organized by AAAS and Georgetown University’s Program on Science in the Public Interest. During another public event in 2007, Jacqueline Fletcher of Oklahoma State University said 550 exotic pathogens and pests pose a risk to U.S. crops, and she urged the United States to boost border inspections of imported food items. The intent of “agroterrorism” is economic damage, according to David Franz, then at the National Agricultural

15 At the intersection of personal Media and Public Engagement values, science, and society, the

AAAS Center for Public Engage- • confronting Climate Change High-school freshman Frieda Grierson was among a group of Shishmaref, Alaska, ment with Science and Technol- residents who explained how global climate change is already affecting their fish- ogy promotes dialogue on global ing village, during a town hall-style event for some 1,200 attendees at the 2007 AAAS Annual Meeting. The experiences of Grierson and her neighbors — living climate change, human embryonic witnesses to climate change — were confirmed at the AAAS event by leading stem cell research, evolution, and a scientists such as climate expert Lonnie G. Thompson of Ohio State University. During a creative exercise developed by Robert Socolow and Stephen Pacala of host of other issues. AAAS informs Princeton University, audience members also were invited to vote on how best to public discourse through service reduce greenhouse gases. Climate change represents “an immense teaching opportunity,” said AAAS to science journalists worldwide, Chair John P. Holdren (2007-2008) — a chance to explore physics, geometry, and as part of long-standing public chemistry, biochemistry, meteorology, geography, and more. An estimated 250 K-12 teachers at the AAAS event received a new Abbreviated Guide for Teaching understanding initiatives. Outreach Climate Change, prepared by Project 2061, the science-education reform initiative in 2007 included activities and of AAAS. The event was organized by AAAS in collaboration with the California Science Teachers Association, the National Science Teachers Association, and the resources for teachers, reporters, United Educators of San Francisco (representing the National Education Associa- families, and others. See www.aaas. tion and the American Federation of Teachers). See www.aaas.org/climate. org/programs/centers/pe. • Polar Horizons at Abelson Seminar Strange whales with long, sword-like tusks, dwindling Adélie penguin populations, microorganisms entombed in ice, and the cosmic origins of the universe were among the mysteries explored by speakers at the annual Philip Hauge Abelson Advancing Science Seminar at AAAS. Native people and their cultures are increasingly vulnerable, as global climate change affects Earth’s poles the hard- est, leading researchers warned during the daylong symposium, moderated by James J. McCarthy of Harvard University, then AAAS president-elect. “It has been said that polar regions are like the canary in the coal mine, and when the canary drops, it’s time to leave the mine,” said McCarthy, who co-chaired the Intergovern- mental Panel on Global Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group II (2001). “But we have no exit path.” The 30 October symposium, “New Horizons in Polar Science,” was planned in recognition of the International Polar Year and in honor of Philip Abelson, who served as editor of the journal Science for 22 years, and then as senior adviser to AAAS until shortly before his death at the age of 91. Abelson “had almost no interest in the past,” the AAAS CEO remarked. “He was a man who was only interested in where science was going.”

• communicating Health and Science News “Think of what we’ll need in terms of presenting the story to the reader, viewer, and listener,” veteran newsman Ed Tobias of Associated Press Broadcast said during a professional-development seminar for public information officers (PIOs). The event, organized by EurekAlert!, the AAAS science-news service, and Spectrum Science Communications, underscored the importance of photos, video, graphics, and animation for communicating with reporters and the public. The multimedia

16 tips from Tobias were echoed by other EurekAlert! panelists, including Glenn O’Neal of USA Today; Sally Squires of the Washington Post’s Lean Plate Club; Michael Waldholz of Bloomberg News; and Adam Voiland of U.S. News & World Report. Journalists said that they usually prefer to receive story ideas via e-mail. Voiland also urged attendees to avoid hype when communicating science, technology, and health news. The National Press Club event was EurekAlert!’s third professional-development seminar for PIOs. Go to www.eurekalert.org/seminar.

• eurekAlert! in Chinese and Spanish Developed by AAAS in 1996, the popular English-language Web service for reporters, EurekAlert! (www.eurekalert.org) now serves some 6,000 registered reporters in 60 countries, plus about 1 million public visitors per month. Nearly 1,000 research organizations have so far posted more than 100,000 news releases to EurekAlert!. In 2007, AAAS took steps to better serve journalists worldwide, by launching EurekAlert! Chinese (http://chinese.eurekalert.org), and by in 2007. Through regional conferences, awards, educational providing embargoed news for Spanish-speaking reporters, initiatives, and more, the AAAS divisions are playing an too. EurekAlert! Chinese — commended in an article in the increasing role in advancing science and technology at the China-based World Journal of Gastroenterology as a way to grass-roots level. Log onto www.aaas.org/go/divisions. “bridge the communication among researchers, the public and media, and publishers” — was made possible by a • Supporting African Journalists startup grant from the William T. Golden Endowment Fund Nigerian health journalists contend with taboo topics, for Program Innovation. EurekAlert!’s multi-language portal equipment shortages, “brown envelopes” of bribe money, also offers news in Japanese, French, and German. and treacherous travel conditions. Yet, they seem “fearless, feisty, and brave,” said Bob Hirshon, a senior project direc- • aaaS Divisions Engage the Grass-roots tor within the Education and Human Resources unit of AAAS. Hundreds of scientists from Alaska, Canada, and other polar Hirshon took part in health-reporting workshops in Lagos regions took part in the 58th AAAS Arctic Division Science and Abuja, Nigeria. Sponsored by the U.S. Embassy and Ruyi Conference in Anchorage. Three other regional AAAS divi- Communications, the events attracted nearly 200 reporters sions — the Pacific, Caribbean, and the Southwestern and who discussed challenges with U.S. colleagues, including Rocky Mountain (SWARM) divisions — also engaged scien- how best to stay current on scholarly literature, cover mul- tists, policy-makers, and the public regarding climate, sus- tiple news beats, and convince editors to run stories. tainability, and other scientific priorities. During the Pacific division’s annual conference, for example, attendees heard presentations on “green cities” and wilderness protec- 2007 Annual Meeting news from San Francisco is tion. The SWARM meeting encompassed energy research, online at www.aaas.org/go/news2007. evolution, and stem cell research, and environmental education was a key focus of Caribbean division activities

17 AAAS Awards

The AAAS Awards celebrate the achievements of extraordinary scientists, engineers, and journalists. We congratulate each

of our distinguished award winners.

AAAS Award Highlights

Burton Richter James Hansen Philip Hauge Abelson Prize Award for Scientific Freedom and The coveted Abelson Prize honors a public Responsibility servant for exceptional contributions to ad- The award honors scientists, engineers, and vancing science, or a scientist or engineer for their organizations whose exemplary actions, a distinguished career of scientific achieve- sometimes taken at significant personal cost, ment and service to the community. have served to foster scientific freedom and responsibility. Burton Richter was recognized for his world-class contribu- James Hansen is honored for his courageous and steadfast tions to research, successful management of a leading scien- advocacy in support of scientists’ responsibilities to communi- tific laboratory, and unrelenting efforts to advance science and cate their scientific opinions and findings openly and honestly to promote its responsible use in shaping public policy. on matters of public importance.

Neil deGrasse Tyson Award for Public Understanding Carlos Castillo-Chavez of Science and Technology Mentor Award The award recognizes working scientists and The award honors early- or mid-career engineers who make outstanding contribu- members who have mentored and guided tions to the “popularization of science.” significant numbers of underrepresented stu- Neil deGrasse Tyson was honored for his passionate commit- dents toward a Ph.D. degree in the sciences, ment, sustained excellence, and dynamic leadership in engag- as well as scholarship, activism, and community-building for ing the public in the frontiers of science. underrepresented groups. Carlos Castillo-Chavez is recognized for demonstrating Robert Watson extraordinary leadership in mentoring and securing funding to Award for International foster Ph.D. careers for underrepresented students in math- Scientific Cooperation ematics and biological sciences. The award recognizes extraordinary contributions to furthering international cooperation in science and engineering. Co-Sponsored AAAS Prizes Robert Watson was honored for his extraordinary contributions to promoting international scientific cooperation in scien- Newcomb Cleveland Prize tific research, communication, and training, and for working to Supported by Affymetrix increase the understanding of climate change and sustainable The prize acknowledges an outstanding paper published in development. the Research Articles or Reports sections of Science. Hani M. El-Kaderi, Joseph R. Hunt, José L. Mendoza-Cortés, Adrien P. Côté, Robert E. Taylor, Michael O’Keeffe, and Omar M. Yaghi were honored for the report “Designed Synthesis of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks,” published in Science on 13 April 2007, pp. 268-272.

18 Science Journalism Awards

The awards recognize outstanding reporting for a general audience and honor individual reporters for their coverage of the sciences, engineering, and mathematics. The independently judged competition is sponsored by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C. large newspapers – Kenneth Weiss and Usha Lee McFarling, Los Angeles Times

Small Newspapers – Jennifer Frazer, Wyoming Tribune-Eagle

Magazine – Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, New York

Television – Llewellyn Smith and Stephen Lyons, WGBH/NOVA

Radio – Keith Seinfeld, KPLU-FM, Seattle/Tacoma

Online – Katie Alvord, KeweenawNow.com

Children’s Science News – Mona Chiang, Scholastic Science World

Certificate of Merit – Sina Löschke, GEOlino

AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prize for Excellence in Science Books

The prizes, sponsored by Subaru of America Inc., celebrate outstanding science writing and illustration for children and young adults.

Children’s Science Picture Book David Schwartz and Yael Schy, Authors; Dwight Kuhn, Illustrator Where in the Wild? Camouflaged Creatures Concealed and Revealed (Tricycle Press)

Middle Grades Science Book Lowell Dingus, Luis M. Chaippe, and Rodolfo Coria, Authors Dinosaur Eggs Discovered: Unscrambling the Clues! (Twenty-First Century Books)

Young Adult Science Book Richard Preston, Author The Wild Trees: A Story of Passion and Daring (Random House)

Hands-on Science/Activity Book Pat Murphy, Author Exploratopia (Little Brown & Company)

19 Golden Fund Update

An extremely generous, historic gift from the late William T. Golden, AAAS’s treasurer emeritus, stimulates programmatic

innovation by funding activities not normally supported by the general budget. AAAS has continued to celebrate Mr. Golden’s

extraordinary legacy, following his death on 7 October 2007, at the age of 97, through initiatives made possible by the

William T. Golden Endowment Fund for Program Innovation. The following summaries offer highlights of the Association’s

2007 Golden Fund activities.

AAAS Book Talks and how-to tips on developing mes- The world of science books is the focus sages, handling media interviews, giving of a recurring podcast and accompanying public presentations, and finding public blog supported by the 2007 Golden Fund. outreach opportunities, plus sample AAAS The series will include four podcasts focus- questions and answers on key topics. As ing on science books for children’s and a follow-up to the Web site launch, the young adult books, plus another four pod- Golden Fund and the National Science casts commenting on science books for Foundation plan a series of regional adults. A collaboration between the staff professional-development workshops for with the journal, Science Books & Films scientists and engineers, too. See www. (SB&F), and review editors for the journal aaas.org/communicatingscience. Science, the new AAAS Book Talks podcast and blog will provide an entertaining and up-to-date look at the world of science Science, Policy, and Law for Undergrads book publishing. The series is intended to Two AAAS units — the Center for Science, help improve science literacy by encourag- Technology, and Congress (CSTC) and ing young people and adults to read more the Center for Science, Technology, and science books. Programs also will bring Security Policy (CSTSP) — used their 2007 science directly into homes, classrooms, Golden Fund award to organize an Under- and libraries, providing a virtual connec- graduate Science, Policy, and Law Poster tion between authors, illustrators, and Session for the AAAS Annual Meeting. The readers. See www.sbfonline.com. session was organized in partnership with Triple Helix, a campus-based international student group that gives undergraduates Communicating Science and Technology a forum for presenting research on the A new Web site, launched by the AAAS relationship between science, society, Center for Public Engagement with Sci- business, ethics, and law. The purpose of ence and Technology, provides interactive this Golden Fund project is to educate and resources and training to help scien- engage undergraduates, while exposing tists and engineers communicate more them to a broad spectrum of scientific effectively. The multimedia Web site disciplines and policy activities, and creat- addresses how to communicate science ing a cohort of science and policy leaders broadly through media outreach, public for the future. interaction, and multimedia tools. Online resources include Web-based seminars

20 Plain Language Toolkit mentor, teach, and advise them. The site Helping scientists develop the skills and also will provide potential employers and resources to communicate science more sponsors with an effective way to recruit understandably is the goal of the Plain Lan- scientists and aspiring scientists from guage Toolkit project. Based on a model underrepresented communities. See www. for written communications that emerged sciencecareers.org/miscinet. from previous AAAS projects, staff are now developing a brief online tutorial focusing on “science in plain language.” The tutorial Maximizing Communication and Discovery uses a Wikipedia-style technology that Enhancements to Science Signaling, will allow participating scientists to create Science’s online journal of signal trans- a body of accessible science writing on a duction, or how cells talk to each other, wide range of topics. are the focus of two new Golden Fund projects. One project made it possible to create a funding sources section of Sci- Promoting Diversity on Science Careers ence Signaling. The editors create an RSS A Web-based networking platform on feed at least once a month with funding the comprehensive AAAS site, Science information from GrantsNet, so that the Careers, will help to further promote information can be retrieved by HighWire information-sharing among individuals Press and made available online (see and underrepresented communities of http://stke.sciencemag.org/resources/ scientists and engineers. Building on funding ). Now, this process is being the existing Minority Scientists Network, automated and integrated with search and the new AAAS-Science Careers Diversity personalization features on the Science Portal will facilitate new personal and Signaling site. A second effort involved organizational connections, by letting par- improving the communication of signal- ticipants develop and sustain professional transduction research using the JMOL networks as they navigate the many path- graphics tool to create user-interactive ways to a successful career in science. 3-D molecular structures. The enhanced Diversity Portal is being developed to promote new communities of underrepresented students who aspire to become scientists as well as those who

21 AAAS Fellows AAAS Fellows are elected annually by the AAAS Council for meritorious efforts to advance science or its applications. Fellows have made significant contributions in areas such as research, teaching, technology, services to professional societies, and the communication of science to the public. The following members were elected Fellows in 2007. AAAS congratulates them and thanks them for their service to science and technology.

Agriculture, Food, Russell R. Dickerson Anindya Dutta Marit Nilsen-Hamilton Hendrik Bluhm and Renewable Seyed M. Hassanizadeh William C. Earnshaw Kevin Padian Christopher E. D. Chidsey Resources Philip K. Hopke Walter Eckhart David C. Page Steven G. Clarke Lajpat R. Ahuja Conway B. Leovy Howard J. Edenberg Ken N. Paige Wilfredo Colón J. Ole Becker Dennis P. Lettenmaier David R. Engelke Leslie V. Parise Vicki L. Colvin Henry Daniell W. Timothy Liu Ellen H. Fanning William R. Pearson Robert M. Corn Mark B. David Paul A. Mayewski Robert L. Fischer John R. Perfect Benjamin F. Cravatt III Peter J. Hansen Donald J. Wuebbles Errol C. Friedberg Naomi E. Pierce Hugh C. De Long Andrew Hiatt Elaine Fuchs Helen M. Piwnica-Worms Ulrike Diebold Zhanjiang Liu Biological Sciences Philip Furmanski Stephen Polasky D. Jamie Donaldson Steven A. Lommel Farid E. Ahmed George M. Garrity Thomas M. Powell Galen B. Fisher Joyce Loper John F. Alderete Sankar Ghosh Jack Preiss Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay John M. Norman J. David Archibald Stephen P. Goff Daniel Promislow John A. Gerlt Jeffrey F. Pedersen Steven E. Artandi Yale E. Goldman Thomas C. Quinn Gregory S. Girolami Robert E. Sharp Karen Artzt J. Eric Gouaux, Jr. Tom A. Ranker Gary D. Glick David R. Shaw Laura D. Attardi Barbara J. Graves Guritno Roesijadi J. Devens Gust, Jr. Richard Stouthamer Aimée H. Bakken Nigel D. F. Grindley Peter P. Rogers Linda C. Hsieh-Wilson Jeremy F. Taylor Bonnie Bartel Mary Lou Guerinot Michael Rosbash Klavs F. Jensen Barbara Valent Mark A. Batzer Thomas J. Guilfoyle Amy C. Rosenzweig Zakya H. Kafafi Robert Zeigler Philip W. Becraft James F. Gusella Jack A. Roth Sabre Kais Marlene Belfort Gerald L. Hazelbauer James E. Rothman T. Ross Kelly Anthropology Judith Berman Michael O. Hengartner Leona D. Samson Robert T. Kennedy Alan H. Bittles Stephen M. Beverley Robert K. Herman Suzanne B. Sandmeyer Judith Klinman Peter T. Ellison Debashish Bhattacharya Craig S. Hood Gottfried Schatz David W. Koppenaal Yohannes Haile-Selassie Morris J. Birnbaum Steven C. Huber Randy W. Schekman John D. Lipscomb Richard F. Kay Pamela J. Bjorkman Dan E. Hultmark Gertrud M. Schüpbach Gang-yu Liu Timothy Kohler Jef D. Boeke Laurinda A. Jaffe Thomas W. Scott Jun Liu Carl A. Maida Kathleen Boris-Lawrie Anthony C. Janetos Ganes C. Sen John A. Lowe III Sally McBrearty Toby Bradshaw, Jr. Lee F. Johnson John Shanklin Yi Lu Stephen T. McGarvey Steven P. Briggs Samuel Kaplan Janet L. Smith David W. Lynch Dennis H. O’Rourke Douglas G. Capone Thomas C. Kaufman George F. Sprague, Jr. Richard L. Martin Peter J. Richerson Martin Chalfie Ann P. Kinzig Peter J. Stambrook Joe V. Michael Robert V. Riordan Perng-Kuang Chang Ivor T. Knight Thomas A. Steitz Gordon J. Miller Lawrence M. Schell Robert W. Chapman Mimi A. R. Koehl Ursula B. Storb Andrew D. Miranker Sara Stinson Ambrose L. Cheung Leonid Kruglyak F. William Studier Shahriar Mobashery Linda D. Wolfe Sarah F. Covert Robb Krumlauf Jay A. Tischfield Tom W. Muir Elizabeth A. Craig Ira Michael Leffak Paula Traktman Fred R. Naider Astronomy Larry B. Crowder Greg E. Lemke Michael J. Wade Daniel G. Nocera Paul D. Feldman Michael R. Culbertson Maxine L. Linial Kirk O. Winemiller Albert Padwa John T. Gosling Jim E. Cutler Carol D. Litchfield Jianguo Wu Jacob W. Petrich Ronald Greeley Salil K. Das Stephen P. Long Ying Xu Anna M. Pyle Carle M. Pieters R. Kelly Dawe Michael Mallin Kenneth S. Zaret Jeffrey T. Roberts S. Alan Stern Titia de Lange Douglas A. Marchuk Barbara A. Zilinskas Scott D. Rychnovsky John H. Thomas Raymond J. Deshaies Robert P. Mecham Miriam E. Zolan Lanny D. Schmidt Joel E. Tohline Ann E. Desjardins John M. Melack Steven D. Schwartz Claude Desplan Jan A. Miernyk Chemistry Athan J. Shaka Atmospheric and John F. X. Diffley Nancy A. Moran Paul T. Anastas Scott K. Silverman Hydrospheric Machi F. Dilworth Subbaratnam Anthony J. Arduengo III Howard S. Taylor Sciences Walter H. Doerfler Muthukrishnan Guillermo C. Bazan Lai-Sheng Wang Donald R. Blake William L. Duax William C. Nierman Jeremy M. Berg Ronald W. Woodard Judith A. Curry

22 Xiao Cheng Zeng General Interest David A. Patterson John Y.-J. Shyy Paul D. Lett Jin Z. Zhang in Science and David M. Rocke Roy L. Silverstein Adrian L. Melott Engineering John R. Rumble Mark F. Stinski Herbert A. Mook Dentistry and Peggy Connolly David E. Shaw Bruce D. Trapp Franco Nori Oral Health Sciences Terry Devitt James J. Thomas George C. Tsokos Jeffrey D. Richman Susan R. Mallery Robert J. Griffin Fei-Yue Wang Kenneth L. Tyler Donald C. Shapero Laurie K. McCauley Nigel Hey Jeannette Wing Mark C. Udey Gregory Timp Peter J. Polverini Paul Kearns David Valle Akira Tonomura Paulette Spencer Robert C. Marlay Linguistics and Walter C. Willett Rick P. Trebino S. Holly Stocking Language Science David A. Williams Education Mark C. Baker Jason X.-J. Yuan Psychology Norman J. Chonacky Geology and Ursula Bellugi Nalini Ambady Geography Linda K. Froschauer Mark Liberman Neuroscience Shimon Amir Richard B. Alley Warren W. Hein Joan Maling Susan G. Amara Mary A. Carskadon Michael A. Arthur David A. Micklos David Poeppel Carol A. Barnes Randall W. Engle Donald E. Canfield Sheldon M. Schuster Vincent F. Castellucci Mary Gauvain Michael A. Church Sherry A. Southerland Mathematics Moses V. Chao Paul W. Glimcher Bruce H. Corliss Marilyn Suiter Carlos Castillo-Chavez Howard Eichenbaum Stephen P. Hinshaw Ruth S. DeFries Sandra West Moody Tony F. Chan Christine M. Gall Arthur S. Reber Larissa F. Dobrzhinetskaya Bruno Nachtergaele John E. Heuser Kenneth J. Sher Jerome E. Dobson Engineering Lawrence Sirovich Gordon M. Shepherd Helen Tager-Flusberg Edward S. Grew Pulickel M. Ajayan Robert J. Zimmer Jean C. Shih Ellen A. Wartella Michael F. Hochella Nadine N. Aubry Ken C. Macdonald Alexander A. Balandin Medical Sciences Pharmaceutical Social, Economic, Edward J. Malecki Sanjay Banerjee Wendy C. Brown Sciences and Political John C. Mutter Robert F. Cleveland, Jr. Joan S. Brugge Kenneth K. Chan Sciences Fred M. Phillips Thomas A. Cruse John C. Byrd Ann-Lii Cheng Lawrence D. Bobo Maureen E. Raymo Peter T. Cummings Larry J. Copeland William J. Greenlee William P. Butz Jeffrey J. Saunders Paul E. Dimotakis Madeleine W. Cunningham René H. Levy Burton Clark Maria T. Zuber Brig Elliott Terence S. Dermody John Mauger William C. Clark Jeffrey P. Freidberg Matthew J. During Dennis B. McKay Karen S. Cook History and Somnath Ghosh Felton Earls Palmer Taylor Anil B. Deolalikar Philosophy of Isaiah J. Fidler Kenneth D. Tew James A. Edmonds Steven M. Girvin Science Ruth L. Fischbach Guillermina Jasso Chennupati Jagadish Roger D. Launius Jeffrey A. Gelfand Physics Linda M. Lobao George E. Klinzing Naomi Oreskes Jonathan D. Gitlin Abhay Ashtekar Richard H. Moss Julia A. Kornfield Robert C. Richardson Raphael C. Lee Eduardo A. Groisman Arden L. Bement, Jr. Richard B. Norgaard Jerome E. Groopman Ilan Ben-Zvi Ching-Chung Li Industrial Science Societal Impacts Bindu N. Lohani and Technology Stanley L. Hazen Herbert Berk of Science and Toh-Ming Lu Stephen L. Hoffman Gregory S. Boebinger Jennie C. Hunter-Cevera Engineering Pinaki Mazumder Tomas Kirchhausen Thomas J. Bowles Roger J. Narayan Samuel F. Baldwin James L. Merz Richard J. Kuhn Richard J. Briggs Steven J. Schwartz Margaret R. Goud Collins Chrysostomos L. Nikias Nirbhay Kumar James R. Chelikowsky Lisbeth Gronlund Patrick G. O’Shea Stanley M. Lemon William B. Colson Information, Barbara Herr Harthorn Yannis A. Phillis Computing, and David D. Lo Tómas Díaz de la Rubia Kerri-Ann Jones Fritz B. Prinz Communication David M. Murray Alexander J. Dragt Gretchen B. Jordan Govind Rao Werner Braun Donald W. Nicholson Sandra M. Faber Cheryl B. Leggon Robert J. Schoelkopf C. Sidney Burrus John E. Niederhuber Benedict Feinberg Edmund G. Seebauer Jin-Yi Cai David J. Prieur Michael E. Flatté Statistics Marion J. Soileau, Jr. Andrew A. Chien Stephen J. Qualman Richard J. Furnstahl Paul P. Biemer Joseph M. Sussman Tom Dietterich Derek Raghavan Charles Gale Emery N. Brown Krishnaiyan Thulasiraman Stuart I. Feldman Richard M. Ransohoff Wilhelm B. Gauster Rebecca W. Doerge Nai-Chang Yeh Jean-Luc Gaudiot Thomas A. Rapoport Richard J. Hawryluk Mary A. Foulkes Peter W. Zandstra Michael T. Goodrich Harriet Robinson Julia W. Hsu Nicholas P. Jewell Jean W. Zu David Harel Steven D. Rosen Peter D. Johnson Melvin L. Moeschberger John L. King David G. Russell Jorge V. José David J. Lilja H. Steven Seifert Henry C. Kapteyn Maja J. Matariç Theresa A. B. Shapiro Richard T. Kouzes

23 Acknowledgment of Contributors and Patron Members

The AAAS Board of Directors gratefully acknowledges the following individuals,

foundations, corporations, and government agencies whose generous support

has enabled AAAS to undertake new initiatives, supplement program funding, and

address the issues and concerns of the scientific community.

founder’s society Donald P. Gaver, Jr. Franklin Society Bayard H. Morrison ($50,000 & above ) Joseph G. Gavin, Jr. ($500 – $999) Richard M. Morrow David E. Shaw & Joseph L. Giegel Edward M. Acton Stanford R. Ovshinsky Beth Kobliner Shaw Sarah B. Glickenhaus J. Frances Allen Philip Y. Paterson William T. Golden* Merton R. Barry John F. Pelton Chair’s Circle Gary K. Beauchamp ($10,000 – $49,999) Mary L. Good Steven Popok Floyd E. Bloom Michael C. Lewis Jeffrey C. Gore Buddy D. Ratner H. Kent Bowen Jean E. Taylor William A. Hagins Ellen C. Revelle Tom D. Y. Chin Warren B. Weisberg Tico Hakobian Hugo H. Rogers Dale B. Harris Mary E. Clutter Robert Rosenthal Jack H. & Rita R. Colwell President’s Club Elizabeth S. Harris P. Jackson Schad ($5,000 – $9,999) Pembroke J. Hart Edward E. David, Jr. Andrew M. Sessler Anonymous (2) John E. Irsak Jean E. de Valpine John Shigeoka David Baltimore & Masayoshi Itoh Kevin Dreyer Jean’ne M. Shreeve Alice Huang James L. Johnson William K. Estes Roy W. Simonson Paul & Evelyn Baran Joseph E. Kist David A. Evans George Sonnichsen Chet Britten Frederick K. Martin Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. Allan Spradling John W. Butler Fred Massarik Alison & Craig Fields D. C. Spriestersbach Randal Kirk Richard A. Meserve William L. Friend Albert T. Steegmann, Jr. Jeffrey L. Kodosky David H. Miller Robert F. Furchgott Frank M. Stewart Alan I. & Agnes Leshner Ronald D. Miller Eli Glatstein Mark F. Stinski Charlotte M. Zitrin Gordon E. Moore Reginald G. Golledge Albert H. Teich & Peter B. Myers Edmund W. Gordon Jill H. Pace Director’s Guild Norman P. Neureiter Russell Hardin William A. Thomas ($2,500 – $4,999) Peter O’Donnell, Jr. Fernand Hayot P. Tillier Phillip L. Blair Gilbert S. Omenn & Arthur F. Hebard John Urquhart Nirupa Chaudhari & Martha A. Darling Holliday C. Heine Donald J. Waters Stephen Roper William J. Osher John E. Hiatt Barbara H. Wayne Irving & Alwyn Johnson Robert E. Palmer Melvin J. Hill Roger L. Williams Nancy G. Kling Vivian Pan Jacquelyn Hoke Merryl S. Zegar Simon Ramo William F. Holmes Edison’s Alliance ($1,000 –$2,499) Charles E. Reed* Michael M. Kaback Galileo Sphere ($250 – $499) Anonymous (5) Beth A. Rosner Elaine Kant Jon Abel Robert E. Anspaugh Joseph R. Simpson Paul H. Klingbiel Ernest Z. Adelman George E. Arnstein Herbert E. Sloan Kathleen Kraemer Mihran S. Agbabian Frank M. Berger Bailus Walker, Jr. Victor W. Laurie David R. Anderson Jean B. Burnett Charles M. Weiss Matthew Lekson Anonymous (5) Nathaniel Chafee Thomas E. Wellems Paul Lovoi Jean Beard Lucio Chiaraviglio Clayton A. Wiley Suzanne M. Mahoney Karen A. Becker Roy Curtiss III Charles M. Zegar Shirley & Horace Malcom Margaret B. Binette William H. Danforth Roger O. McClellan Herman Birch Strachan Donnelley William D. McCormick Edward A. Birge Robert C. Forney Steven L. Miller

24 * Deceased C. John Blankley Michael Maitland John W. Townsend, Jr. Anjuli S. Bamzai Ronald E. Cape Thomas H. & David W. Bolen John J. Majnarich Philip Trackman Joseph C. Barbaccia Paul A. Catacosinos Sylvia A. M. Dunning John Brademas Hans M. Mark Yi Fu Tuan Harry G. Barnes James J. Cavanaugh Richard W. Dutton Joan E. Brooks Brockway McMillan Laura Tuhela Franklin H. Barnwell Joseph Cerny Ira Dyer Dennis E. Buetow Peter H. McMurry Thomas E. Twitchell Jeremiah A. Barondess Lloyd F. Chase Peter S. Eagleson William T. Burke Marcia K. McNutt Ana Cristina Villegas Thomas R. & James F. Cherry Douglas P. Easton Kenneth A. Burkholder Forman S. Meachem Thomas M. Walter Johanna K. Baruch Pritindra Chowdhuri Wayne F. Echelberger, Jr. John E. Burris John T. Melson Jui H. Wang Moungi Bawendi Robert W. Christy Clifford O. Eddy Jean L. Cadet David Middleton Alexander Weintraub Kyle D. Bayes Daryl Chubin Frances B. Edens George F. Cahill, Jr. Conrad T. Moore Milton W. Weller Peter Beak George A. Clark, Jr. Gunther L. Eichhorn Luther J. Carter Duncan T. Moore Judith B. White Leslie Z. Benet Kelly H. Clifton Carol S. Eisenberg Jon C. Clardy Gregory T. Mrachko James R. Whitley Donald R. Bennett Edward H. Coe, Jr. Peter Elsbach William W. Cooley Stephen E. Myers John Williams Carl S. Benson Jules Cohen Richard L. Endres Stephen H. Crandall Paul Neiman Norma P. Williams Leo L. Beranek Michael P. Cohen Charles W. Eriksen Robin L. Dennis Priscilla P. Nelson Charles Yanofsky Gerald S. Berenson Morrel H. Cohen Edward W. Ernst Charles A. Desoer Owen J. Newlin Clive Zent Stanley A. Berger Joseph M. Colacino W. Gary Ernst Darryl C. DeVivo Kevin E. Noonan Ernest L. Bergman Roger D. Coleman Phyllis H. Faber Walter E. Ditmars, Jr. Patricia J. Noyes Copernicus Club Gerald Berkelhammer Heather L. Collins Emmanuel Farber Paul Doty Stephen M. Olin ($100 – $249) Jerome R. Berman James W. Conine Curtis Farrar Terence Dulin Walter A. Orenstein James Aagaard Lee A. Bertram & Eugene E. Covert Alexander Farrell Mary Beth Acuff Frank K. Edmondson Claire Parkinson Walter H. Abelmann Jack D. Cowan Yoseph Feit Kevin P. Bertrand Seyhan N. Ege* Philip Person William R. Abrams James K. Coward Gillian M. Fenton William Bevan Elizabeth E. Ehrenfeld David B. Pisoni Ernest C. Adams Robert C. Cowen Alfred P. Fishman Charles E. Bidwell Henry L. Ehrlich Ray Pollock Irving Adler Richard H. Cox Frank W. Fitch John G. Bieri David E. Elder John Ware Poston, Sr. Jill P. Adler-Moore John M. Crawford J. D. Fleming, Jr. Mary Lynne Bird Harry E. Emlet Stephen C. Ragatz Philip D. Aines Stephen J. Cuchel T. Lloyd Fletcher Charles W. Bishop Warren T. Ford William E. Ramsden Gillian M. Air Bruce H. Dana J. T. Flynn Robert J. Blendon S. Raymond Gambino Charles M. Rice III Gordon Aitken George Darrow John F. Foley Martha W. Bond A. K. Ganguly William L. Richey Ingrid Akerblom Herbert A. David Margaret L. Fonda D. Randolph Booken James I. Garrels & Barbara K. Rimer Robert S. Alexander William C. Davis Robert H. Foote John G. Bordie Joan E. Brooks Juan G. Roederer Claudia P. Alfonso & P. J. De Jong Richard M. Forester F. Brian Dilley Terry F. Bower R. H. Garstang David A. Ross Catherine D. DeAngelis Daniel S. Forrest Charles Alpers G. Eric Bradford Robert J. Glaser Lucia B. Rothman-Denes Jack N. Deeter John B. Forrest, Jr. Gordon W. Anderson Roscoe R. Braham, Jr. Edward J. Goetzl John M. Rowe Kenneth A. DeGhetto Bruce A. Fowler John W. Anderson Aviva Brecher Alfred L. Goldberg Philip & Myriam P. William P. Deiss Charles A. Fowler Linda M. Anderson Jack W. Brehm Vicki H. Grassian Sarachik Albert & Mary Dekker Thomas R. Fowler Richard Anderson Felix Bronner Helen K. Groves Murray Senkus Armand H. Delsemme L. Russell Franklin Scott R. Anderson Martha H. Brookes Marye Priscilla Hele Emma Shelton Victor H. Denenberg Joseph G. Gall Wyatt W. Anderson Thomas W. Brooks Thomas L. Henson Bruce A. Sherwood Paul M. Densen Rajesh R. Gandhi David L. Andrews James A. Brown John R. Hess Nobumichi Shimizu Charles Dickinson III William G. Gardner Anonymous (21) Kathleen O. Brown James H. Heym Ricardo A. Sierra Paul W. Dickson, Jr. Lucille B. Garmon Jonathan P. Arm Theodore L. Brown Evelyn V. H. Howett Jack W. Sites, Jr. Paula Diehr Clifford F. Gastineau Kenneth B. Armitage William C. Brown Erik D. Johnson Linda C. Smith Dirck Dimock David M. Gates Edward M. Arnett Hal E. Broxmeyer Miles V. Klein Patricia G. Spear Joseph R. DiPalma Myron Genel Robert G. Arnold Robert W. Bryant Matthew J. Kluger Edward S. Spoerl Winifred W. Doane Mark L. Gilberstadt William Aron Alex Bullock Roger E. Koeppe Thomas W. Stern Andrea Dobson David Gilbert Samuel Aronson Stanley C. Bunce John M. Kopper James Stolzenbach Hellmut H. Doelling Elmer G. Gilbert William C. Ashby Harold E. Burkhart Rodney M. Krich Edward C. Stone Timothy Dore Neal C. Gillespie Howard B. Atkin Donald L. Burkholder Lynn T. Landmesser Shepard B. Stone Rodger E. Doxsey Walter L. Gillespie Ann E. Aulabaugh Roger Burruss Bruce L. Larson Kathryn D. Sullivan Richard D. Drake Charles C. Gillispie Robert Austrian* Donald G. Buth James U. Lemke Donald A. Swanson Abraham I. Dranetz Forrest R. Gilmore Stanley Bailis Ralph Calder Howard Leventhal Marian E. Swendseid Harold M. Draper III Andrew M. Gleason N. Addison Ball Michael J. Calderwood Jane Lubchenco Franklin H. Top, Jr. Arthur K. Dunlop Robert P. Goddard

* Deceased 25 Anish Goel Gayle Olano Hurt Robert L. Letsinger Robert L. Munroe Priscilla Reining James L. Smith Edward D. Gomperts Roy Hutchinson Mark W. Levi Lawrence S. Myers, Jr. Minocher C. Reporter John T. Smith Albert E. & Mary E. W. Antonino Incardona C. Sandford Levings III Roger J. Neill Mary E. Reuder M. Brewster Smith Goss James F. Jackson Richard M. LeVitt Samuel J. Nelson, Jr. Mary E. Rice Virginia F. Smith Kim L. Graham Andre T. Jagendorf David A. Liberman Walter L. Nelson Miles Richardson Susan H. Socher Maurice Green John Jagger Philip Lichtenberg Nancy J. Nersessian Dr. & Mrs. George Charles M. Sommerfield William L. Green Bernard W. Janicki Olga F. Linares Robert A. Nilan Rieveschl, Jr. Stephanie S. Spangler Robert G. Greenler Leon Jaroff David R. Lincicome Harold M. Nitowsky Frederick H. Rindge Gordon R. Spencer John & Deborah Stephen N. Jasperson John P. Linderman Charles Noback Rosette M. Roat-Malone David G. Stahl Greenspan Ernest G. Jaworski David R. Lineback Ronald P. Nordgren Lillian C. Robbins Robert B. Stanfield Irene Greif John H. Jewell John T. Lis Christer E. Nordman Julian L. Roberts, Jr. Kelly P. Steele Dale M. Grimes Erling Johansen John H. Litchfield William T. Norton Connie Robinson Richard H. Steele Richard Grindeland George John Joseph A. Little Richard P. Novick Randy R. Robinson Donald Steiner Donald Guthrie Hollis R. Johnson Lars Ljungdahl Marie U. Nylen Theodore Rockwell Daniel H. Stern Gerhard J. Haas Peter D. Johnson Norman W. Lord Jeffrey F. Oda Charles H. Rolston Peter F. Stevens Joanna F. Haas Henry H. Jones Derek Lowenstein Robert A. O’Dell Dennis A. Roscetti Rosemary A. Stevens Duane E. Haines Lawrence W. Jones David A. Lupfer Donald O’Dowd Kenneth L. Rose Nancy R. Stevenson Albert L. Hale Patricia M. Jones Arthur Lupia Richard K. Olsson Mike C. Rose Pamela E. Stewart Peter T. Halpin Elke Jordan Richard H. Lyon Judith A. Osborn Norman Rosenberg Ursula B. Storb Daniel A. Hamlin G. D. Kaiser Mark P. Mack Allison R. Palmer Mary L. Rothschild John Stringer James E. Hamos Samuel L. Katz Albert T. Macrander Joseph C. Parker, Jr. Laurens N. Ruben F. William Studier Edward S. Hanrahan Carl Kaysen Clifford K. Madsen James F. Patterson Herman Rubin Joan C. Suit Fred T. Hansen Hans Keithley Paul W. Maraist Ara G. Paul James S. Ruhoff Glenn W. Suter II George F. Hanson Robert L. & Judith Ann Thomas J. Marlowe Stanton J. Peale Joyce E. Rundhaug Raymond W. Sweet Wesley H. Harker Kellogg Paul R. Marques Charles R. Peebles Louise Russert-Kraemer Norman Tepley Franklin M. Harold Kenneth A. R. Kennedy Fred Massarik Robert W. Peelle B. Salafsky Kenneth R. Teter Charles Harris Lawrence A. Kennedy Walter & Shirley Massey Heather P. Peirce-Stern James S. Sandberg Arthur R. Thomas David M. Hart Charles F. Kennel James F. Mathis John Peoples, Jr. Rosemary Sargent J. William Thomas Harold Hart Kern E. Kenyon Linda A. Mauck Frank A. Pepe William J. Saucier Christopher Tobias Fred Haruda Roger Ketcham Chris L. McAuliffe Philip R. Perry Stanley G. Schade Ruben Tommasi Alfred C. Haven, Jr. Toichiro Kinoshita Roger O. McClellan Donald G. Peterson David Schink John G. Topliss Selma Haymann David L. Kirk Candice McCoy Ralph H. Petrucci Rudi Schmid Joanne S. Tornow Jack W. Heberling, Jr. Wiley P. Kirk James M. McDonald Pat Phillips Donald L. & Julia Schmidt Nick C. Toscano Gary Heebner Gordon M. Koizumi C. F. McKee Omer A. Pipkin Roland W. Schmitt Thomas K. Toyama David S. Heeschen Stephen C. Kolakowsky Thomas A. Mehlhorn Paul E. Potter Ean Schuessler Timothy N. Trick John S. Hege Anthony L. Komaroff Neil H. Mendelson Ananda S. Prasad Benjamin Schwartz & A. Forrest Troyer S. Richard Heisey Susan Cullen-Schwartz Edward J. Kormondy Thomas N. Metcalf III Karl H. Pribram Forrest A. Trumbore Leon Heller Donald C. Seeley Igor L. Kosin John S. Meyer Herbert P. Price Gerard M. Turino Mary Henle* Kent Seinfeld Maria Kovacs Alan S. & Suzanne E. Edward Prince Stephen R. Turner David P. Hesson Cecily C. Selby Bernard E. Kreger Miller William M. Protheroe K. T. Valsaraj A. T. Hewitt William Seligman Bernard M. Kulwicki William M. Miller Jules B. Puschett Ari van Tienhoven William E. Himwich Abdulalim Shabazz Fred A. Kummerow Beatrice Mintz Alfred L. Putnam J. Pace Vandevender David C. Hoaglin Roger N. Shepard Anton Edward La Bonte Robert L. Molinari Edward J. Quilligan Moshe Vardi Frank Hole Thomas E. Shipley Gary Lagerloef Angelyn & Kevin Moore Jacob R. Raitt Alvin Volkman Simon Horenstein James Short John W. Layman Thomas G. Moore Edward R. Rang Byron H. Waksman Peter V. Hornbeck Duward F. Shriver Patty H. Laswick J. Clifford Moos Alan I. Rapoport Charles P. Wales Seymour A. Horwitz Marshall Shumsky Albert C. Lee Jose O. Morales George B. Rathmann Chun-Yeh Wang Estil V. Hoversten Charles A. Simenstad Robert N. Leggett, Jr. Cathleen S. Morawetz Lawrence W. Raymond Robert T. Ward Wen H. Huang H. B. Sinclair William L. Lehmann Sidney M. Morris, Jr. Donald G. Rea Frank W. Warner III John P. Huchra Jonathan B. Skinner Cecil E. Leith Robert A. Morse Robert P. Redwine Nancy E. Warner John H. Hughes Eugene B. Skolnikoff S. David Leonard Patricia H. Moyer Jack W. Reed Steven F. Warren Eric Hunter Charles G. Smith William A. Lester, Jr. J. Fraser Muirhead James C. Register III Richard C. Waugh James C. Smith Duane J. LeTourneau A. A. Mullin Leonard Reiffel Alfons Weber

26 * Deceased John W. Weil Anonymous (13) Alan F. Button Philip Erlich Mark A. Guerrino Truman P. Kohman Harrison Wein Joseph P. Ardizzi Phyllis H. Cahn Susan G. Ernst Martha Gulner Eldo C. Koenig B. W. Weinstein Beatrice Arnowich Margaret J. Callanan Terry Evans Andrew Gunn Kari Y. Kopach Paul P. Weinstein Jerome P. Ashman Edwin S. Campbell Thomas P. Evans Hyman Guthwin Janaki Kuruppu David A. Weisblat Lloyd Axelrod James M. Carhart Reginald J. Exton George L. Hall Sasha Koulish Elizabeth K. Weisburger Daniel N. Baker Martha S. Carpenter David W. Faris Deborah T. Haimo Ryan Kramb Irwin Welber Bruce Balick David H. Carver Charles S. Faulkner II Jerome & Barbara Peh Sun Ku Conrad G. Welling Stuart S. Bamforth Louis S. Castleman William Feldman Halperin Donna Kuroda Mary C. Wetzel Ronald E. Banks Philip Cerniglia John Fieser James E. Hammerberg Miriam R. Lacher Maynard B. Wheeler Elisa Barbarese Tara Chapman Frank B. Finkelstein Rudolf Hanel Arnold Lapidus Irvin L. White James M. Barnes Arthur Chernoff H. John Fisher William J. Hanna Michel L. Lapidus John A. White Steve Baskin Morris J. Cherrey James E. Fitzgerald Arthur G. Hansen Allan H. Laufer Stanley A. White Barbara D. Batty James D. Cherry Thomas J. Fitzgerald Alfred Harper Thomas H. Laurent James G. Wiener Robert Bau Arthur N. Chester Steve Fitzpatrick Louis C. Haughney Walter R. Lawson Marilyn E. Wilhelm Harold R. Bauer Robert M. Chew Joel G. Flaks Hershel J. Hausman Charles K. Leeper Anna M. Williams Sarah Bazen Robert L. Christiansen Leon Follmer James H. M. Henderson Helen Lees George C. Williams Andrew Bender Norman E. Cima Kent Forrester Chris T. Hendrickson Robert N. Leggett, Jr. George B. Wilmot Charles P. Benedict George G. Cocks Helen L. Foster Robert L. Herrmann Ilse Lehiste Raymond A. Wilson Edward L. Bennett Ernest B. Cohen Paul J. Fox Fred P. Heydrick Richard A. Levinson Maurice W. Windsor Corning Benton Saul G. Cohen Michael L. Frank George Hildenbrandt Arthur Liberman C. Norman Winningstad Steven Berger Edmund U. Cohler Hans Frauenfelder Charles H. Hill William Z. Lidicker, Jr. Helen R. Winter Arthur E. Bergles Robert E. Cone Kenneth Frauwirth Donald E. Hoard Harry W. Linde Jeanette Winter Jay A. Berzofsky Jack M. Cooperman Perry A. Frey Peter M. Hobart John E. Litz Joseph G. Wirth Denise Beshaw Carol Copp Stewart Fried Marcus E. Hobbs Ralph LoCascio Carl P. Wisoff Jacob Bigeleisen Faun L. Cordes Edith Friedman Austin C. Hoggatt Felix J. Lockman Bertram Wolfe Alan R. Bishop Ursula M. Cowgill Harold Friedman David P. Holman Paul M. Loewenstein Leila Ann Wolfe Alfred K. Blackadar Hal Coyle Gabriel P. Frommer Richard K. Hose Joseph C. Logue Joseph A. Yager William A. Blanpied G. Conrad Dalman S. Fukayama Janie Huang Chesley H. Looney Virginia E. Yager Herbert Blumenthal Nirmal K. Das Robert & Harriet Gagne George A. Hudock Michael Lombardi Harry C. Yeatman Mildred Bobrovich Beverly L. Davidson Mitchell H. Gail Robert N. Hull Joyce H. Lowinson Quentin D. Young H. Fred Bomberger Robert Dehaan Marc T. Galeazza Susanne M. Humphrey Javier Lopez Felix E. Zajac Jamie Bonadio Paul F. Deisler Pam Gallego John Hussman Steven Luckstead Jerrold H. Zar JerMonica Boose Thomas F. Delaney Arch Galloway Richard L. Hutchens Daniel S. Lukas Jan A. D. Zeevaart Joy Boudreaux Alvin D. Delman Anna B. Gilg-Young Paul Hutcherson Donald R. Mackenzie Marvin Zelen Ralph F. Boulware Linda Deringer P. Roger Gillette David E. Illig James Maher Arnold Zellner Aesha Bourouba Peter L. Derks Ezra Glaser Robert W. Jackson Herbert Malin Iman R. Zibdeh George N. Bowers Ruthmary K. Deuel Edward W. Glazener Shawn Jackson Thomas F. Malone George J. Zissis Eileen Brennan* John L. Deutsch Albert S. Glickman Israel S. Jacobs H. George Mandel Paul C. Zmola Joseph X. Brennan Mike Dimino Rodney C. P. Go James F. Johnson Mart Mannik Fernando J. Zuniga-Rivero Robert M. Brenner Mary Dohnalek Terry Goad Howard L. Jones George Marcou Leland W. Briggle Lauren Donoghue Ken Godlewski Raymond F. Jurgens Maria Julia Marinissen Other Karl Brooks H. James Dorman Leslie I. Gold Jaacov Katan Samuel P. Maroney, Jr. contributors Charles S. Brown John Dugan Joshua N. Goldberg Gary L. & Ilene Katz Rachel Marr John P. Abbey Eleanor R. Brown Ira Dyer Stanley Goldfarb Albert F. Kelso Danny Marti Mitchel T. Abbott Robert J. Brown Robert Scott Eden Jerry P. Gollub Marvin D. Kemple Randy G. Martin Gerald D. Abrams Charlene Brusso Harry S. Edwards Seymour Goodman Mark A. Kent Douglas S. Massey Robert S. Adelstein Kawal Buddhu Victor H. Edwards Richard H. Goodwin Anthony Kerdock Phillip & Luella Mast E. John Ainsworth William A. Buehring Randolph C. Elble David M. Gordon Jarold Kieffer Elizabeth L. Mather David L. Alexander Karolyn Burkhart-Schultz Denis A. Elliott Nathaniel Grier Susan M. Kifuthu David Mayberry Daniel Alpert Verona D. Burton Neil W. Elliott Samuel O. Grim Elizabeth Kirchner Shirley A. McCormack Robert S. Alwitt Edward G. Buss Bernard T. Engel Christine R. Grontkowski George Kitazawa Layton L. McCoy Lowell L. Anderson Herbert I. Butler Joseph S. Engenito William A. Gross Julius Z. Knapp Harry S. McDonald III Cindy K. Angerhofer Nasir Butt Gregory S. Erianne Jean M. Gudas Mark M. Knuepfer Amelia McGhee

* Deceased 27 Wilbert J. McKeachie Raymond L. Palmer Richard & Margaret Robert E. Tranquada Bentley Systems, Hewlett-Packard Donald P. McNamara A. Michael Parfitt Schwartz Edward O. Treesh Incorporated Company Paul T. Medici Rudolph Pariser Stephen E. Schwartz Samuel B. Treves Berkshire Taconic IBM Community William Meezan Thomas S. Parsons Edward Schwarz Sharon Trilk Institute for OneWorld Foundation, Inc. Health Kenneth Meineke Barbara H. Partee Silvan S. Schweber David C. Trimble Bernard Lewis Charitable Intel Foundation C. Nelson Melampy John C. Payne Richard F. Seegal Alvin W. Trivelpiece Foundation The Irving S. & Alwyn Ethan A. Merritt Kenneth J. Payne Johanna M. H. Levelt Douglas B. Tully Bigeleisen Living Trust Sengers N. Johnson Family Alan M. Mikuni John S. Pearse Paul Vanden Bout Biovectors, Inc. Foundation Richard B. Setlow Deborah Miller John E. Peterson Boris Veytsman Brookes Family Trust The John D. and Michael P. Shakarjian Judith B. Miller Ranard J. Pickering W. James Waldman Burroughs Wellcome Catherine T. MacArthur Alan E. Shapiro Foundation Wilbur H. Miller Betty H. Pickett Henry & Doris Walter Fund Andrey S. Shaw John Templeton John J. Mitchell Ande Pillai Geoffrey K. Walters Canon U.S.A., Inc. Edward I. Shaw Foundation Floyd A. Mittleman J. K. Poggenburg, Jr. Emmerson Ward Carnegie Corporation of Michael F. Sheff New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ichiro Miyagawa Sally P. Poland James H. Ware Victor M. Showalter Carneros Energy, Inc. Johnson & Johnson Arthur C. Moeller Miklos Porkolab Rolland M. Waters Pharmaceutical Research Daniel P. Siewiorek Charles A. Dana Keith G. Moles Barbara J. Potts Tony Waters & Development, L.L.C. Benjamin K. Silverman Foundation Janos Molnar Ellen M. Prager Gordon L. Watts Just Give Charles A. Simenstad Charles E. Kaufman Lloyd J. Money Norman E. Prather Diana K. Weatherby and Virginia Kaufman The Kodosky Foundation Sean Simmons Marcia Montgomery Jay P. Price James R. Weeks Fund of The Pittsburgh Lambert Living Trust Eric J. Simon Foundation David W. Moreland Charles H. Pruett Bianca Weinstock- Leo L. Beranek Jag J. Singh Charlotte & Arthur Zitrin Foundation Gerry H. Morgan Dan E. Purcifull Guttman Anna L. Skalak Foundation Lockheed Martin M. Granger Morgan Safianu Rabiu Armand B. Weiss James W. Skehan The Commonwealth Fund Corporation Bruce H. Morimoto Nancy Rachman John H. Weitz Willis H. Skrdla The Community L’Oreal USA Marvin M. Morris Albert W. Rader Norman Weliky Foundation of Louisville David G. Smith Manta Scientific Ezio A. Moscatelli Thomas A. Rado John C. Wheeler Depository, Inc. Solutions L.L.C. Ernest K. Smith Marvin Moss James W. Raich Thomas J. Wheeler Consolidated Chemical Margaret and Ross Hilda W. Sokol Works, Ltd. Alvin L. Moxon Henry J. Ralston Owen Whitby Macdonald Charitable Richard A. Steeves Crossbow Corporation Fund of Triangle Arthur T. Murphy Richard J. Rapaport Robert Whitcomb George L. Steffens CVS Caremark Community Foundation Carol J. Muster Timothy W. Raykovich R. Stephen White Bernard G. Steinetz The David and Lucile Mary L. and William J. Mary J. Mycek Robert D. Reasenberg Glenn Whiteside Osher Foundation Robertson Stevens Packard Foundation P. P. Nair James R. Redmond Edward Whittaker MCI Foundation Edward C. Stoever EMJAYCO Donald Neidig Ernest B. Reeve Gary R. White Merck & Co., Inc. Stanley S. Stone Eppendorf AG Howard Nekimken David W. Riley Maurice M. Whitten Mertz Gilmore Donald W. Stoutamire Ewing Marion Kauffman Richard S. Nelson Cynthia Roberson Oliver H. Winn Foundation Foundation Alan J. Strauss Gwynne Nettler Ralph Roberts Martha Wolfe Fannie Mae Foundation Microsoft Giving Eugene Streicher Campaign Thomas W. Newton Daniel Robinson William A. Woods Forney Family Foundation Bertram L. Strieb Moore Family Foundation Beverly R. Nodes William M. Roquemore Maylene Wong Frank M. Berger 1997 Arnold F. Strother Nassau Chemical Joseph M. Notterman John E. Ross Robert E. Yager Trust R. Shankar Subramanian Corporation John P. O’Connell Melvin Ross Armon F. Yanders Ganguly Family Mark L. Sundquist Foundation Network for Good John C. Ogden A. D. Rossin Joseph M. Young Claude C. R. Swayze GE Healthcare Neutrogena Corporaton David Olander Katie Roth William Zimmermann, Jr. Morgan C. Sze Genentech Nuclear Threat Initiative Jitka Olander Benjamin Rothberg George J. Zissis Allan D. Tachauer GlaxoSmithKline Open Society Institute John F. O’Leary Klaus Ruedenberg Ruth A. Zittrain Dale R. Talcott The Glickenhaus Organization for Bruce D. Olsen George H. Sack, Jr. Economic Co-Operation Richard E. Tashian Foundation Richard A. Olshen John Sartelle Corporations and and Development James H. Taylor Foundations Golden Family Ryan O’Neill Hillel A. Schiller Foundation Pfizer Foundation Constantine H. Tempelis Affymetrix Inc. Matching Gifts Program Jessica Orr Harold W. Schmitt Google, Inc. Bud Thomas Alfred P. Sloan Pfizer Inc Henry H. Osborn Harold W. Schnaper Foundation Gordon and Betty Moore Evelyn Thompson Pharmacia Retiree Waite R. Osterkamp Norman Schnayer Foundation Dozier W. Thornton Amgen Matching Gifts Joseph L. Ousley Ann I. Schneider Greenwall Foundation David W. Tillay The Andrew W. Mellon Pioneer Hi-Bred Malla Padidam Bill Schneider Foundation Hamlin Capital International, Inc. Nancy S. Timmerman Management, LLC Warren Page John H. Schneider The Annenberg The Pittsburgh Thomas N. Tommet HARO Foundation Cynthia A. Palmer Julian I. Schroeder Foundation Foundation

28 Plaza Medical Center, Inc. American Physical National Aeronautics and Combined Federal New Hampshire/ Patron Members P&G Beauty Society Space Administration Campaign (CFC) Southern Maine CFC Dennis Abbe Professional Lease The American National Center for Athens Area CFC New York City CFC Ashley Aberg Physiological Society Scientific and Technical Management Income Big Sky CFC North Country CFC Edward Aboufadel Fund I, L.L.C. American Psychological Information Central and Northern Okaloosa-Walton R. Paul Aftring Rathmann Family Association National Institute on New Mexico CFC Counties CFC Alcohol Abuse and Tarek Aguizy Foundation American Psychological CFC of Central Maryland Peninsula CFC Society Alcoholism Akhila Aiyer RDI Royalty CFC of Monterey & Santa Philadelphia Area Distributors, Inc. American Society of National Institutes of James W. Altman Health Cruz Counties (Southeastern Research & Development Agronomy, Inc. Pennsylvania Area) CFC Albert F. Anderson National Oceanic CFC of Northern Nevada, Associates, Inc. American Society of 0561 Puerto Rico CFC Cris J. Anderson Anesthesiologists and Atmospheric Richard and Rhoda Administration CFC of South Puget San Antonio Area CFC David Anderson Goldman Fund American Society of Civil Sound Engineers National Science South Hampton Roads James Jay Anderson Richard Lounsbery Foundation CFC of Warren County CFC, 0897 Foundation American Society of Michael F. Angel Heating, Refrigerating New Zealand Embassy Chicago Area CFC Southeastern Carmen Arbona Rieveschl Foundation Connecticut CFC and Air–Conditioning Natural Sciences and Cincinnati Metropolitan E. James Arking Roche Pharmaceuticals Engineers, Inc. Engineering Research Area CFC Southeastern Michigan Walter Armbruster Sasakawa Peace American Society of Council of Canada Columbia River Area CFC Area CFC Foundation John Armstrong Mechanical Engineers Society for Industrial & Combined Federal Southern Arizona CFC–A Seascan, Inc. International Applied Mathematics Campaign Southern Mississippi CFC Vadim Asadov The Seattle Foundation American Society of Society for Research in CFC III Corps & Fort Hood Triangle United Way CFC Jean Auel Microbiology Child Development Science Channel CFC North Charleston SC United Way of Brevard Jonathan Axelrad Subaru of America, Inc. American Society of Plant South Dakota County Daniel L. Azarnoff Biologists Department of Tourism CFC of Middle Tennessee/ TAUPO Fund Nashville, 0811 United Way of Central Terry Balthazor American Veterinary and State Development Carolinas Paul Baran Triangle Community Medical Association U.S. Agency for CFC Overseas Area Foundation, Inc. International CFC Southeastern North United Way of Central Jerry R. Barber Bureau of International Indiana, Inc. Verizon Foundation Security & Development Carolina Mary C. Barber The United Way of the Vira I. Heinz Endowment Nonproliferation U.S. Army Research Office CFC San Francisco Laura Barela Greater Dayton Area CFC W.L. Friend Family Canadian Embassy U.S. Department of Dane County/ Thomas D. Barrow Foundation Agriculture Badgerland CFC United Way of Greater Desert Research Institute Greensboro CFC Peter Barry Williams-King-Parsons U.S. Department of Eastern Massachusetts European Commission Richard Barry Family Foundation Defense CFC United Way of Madison Federation of Animal County John Baxt World Resources Science Societies U.S. Department of Fort Campbell Area CFC Company Education United Way of Richard Bayles The Geological Society of Fort Polk–Central Metropolitan Atlanta, John Bearley America U.S. Department of Louisiana Inc. CFC Energy Gary K. Beauchamp Other Harvard University Fort Sill–Lawton CFC United Way of Organizations U.S. Department of Gateway CFC Metropolitan Dallas, Inc. T. Beck Howard Hughes Medical Homeland Security American Academy of Institute Global Impact CFC United Way of Northern Karen Ann Becker Neurology U.S. Department of Institute of Electrical and Global Impact CFC of the Utah for Utah CFC Henry F. Beechhold American Interior Electronics Engineers, National Capital Area United Way of San Diego Myron A. Beigler Anthropological Inc. U.S. Department of Association Navy (NAVAIR: Naval Air Greater Grand Forks Area United Way of the CSRA Ryan Bell Institute of Navigation CFC, 0672 American Chemical Systems Command) United Way of the Mid May R. Berenbaum IOP Publishing Greater Minnesota– South–Memphis Area Society U.S. Department of State Kathleen S. Berger Johns Hopkins University Dakotas CFC CFC American Dental U.S. Environmental Michael Berns Association Louisiana State Protection Agency Hawaii Pacific Area CFC United Way of Ventura County R. Stephen Berry American Geological University University of California, Heart of Alabama CFC Robert Cregar Berwick Institute Massachusetts Institute Washington Center Heartland CFC United Way or the Capital Region CFC Thomas H. Bethards American Geophysical of Technology University of Kansas Iowa Bi-State CFC Union Materials Research Medical Center Research United Way Thomas Laura Bien King County CFC Jefferson Area, 0891 American Institute of Society Institute, Inc. J. Michael Bishop Lake County Illinois CFC United Way–PCFO Physics Morgan State University University of Michigan Dameron Black School of Math and Lauderdale County CFC University of American Mathematical University of Oklahoma Alfred K. Blackadar Society Natural Science Lebanon County CFC Pennsylvania Health University of Vermont System Roger N. Blais American Meteorological The National Academies Los Angeles Area CFC University of Washington Robert Blattner Society National Action Council Maricopa County CFC West Point/Orange/ Washington State Rockland/Sullivan CFC for Minorities in Monongalia & Preston Jerome L. Bleiweis American Petroleum University Institute Engineering County CFC Yakima Kittitas CFC Erich Bloch National City CFC Carla Blumberg

29 Edward Blumenthal Lawrence Coleman Charles W. Eriksen James Gower Frank Howard Leland S. Kollmorgen Terrence D. Bogard Jack H. Colwell H. Douglas Fachnie Gregory Graffin Russell Howard Steven Elliot Koonin Fred Bomberger Paul R Cooley Federico Faggin William C. Graustein Evelyn L. Hu Fae Korsmo E. M. Boughton Robert H. Cordella Alexander Falk Nicholas Graves W. Hubbard John S. Kovach Richard L. Bowen David Coulson Steve Farber John Gray John P. Huchra Maria Kovacs Peter Boyer Laura A. Cox William R. Farmer Sheila Hafter Gray Albert R. Hughes V Edward Krapels John Brademas John Richard Crooks Theodore F. Fathauer Victoria Gray Gregory Hullender Edward A. Kravitz Edward C. Brady Edmund Crouch Robert Fay Richard Green Charles Hunze Anton O. Kris Michael F. Brewer Char B. Crow Bobby R. Feil Laura H. Greene Richard Nelson Hurd Karl Krueger Joe L. Bridger Kenneth Crumley Antonio Ferriera Carl Grifith Arthur Hyde Robert E. Krueger Charles Bridges Adolfo Cuadra Alison Fennessy Fields Mikus Janis Grinberg David W. Ignat E. F. Labuda Chet Britten Kenneth W. Cullings David Fischer Joyce Grossman Akira Inoue Joseph Gordon Lambert David Brooks James H. Curry Paul Fischer Richard Grossman Keki B. Irani Andrew Lane Brill Joan E. Brooks Joseph Czika Edward Fishman Wilhelm Gruissem John E. Irsak Gerald Laubach Seth A. Brooks Peter V. Czipott Peter S. Fiske Max Grunstein Masayoshi Itoh Christophe Laudamiel Eric J. Brown Dan Dairaghi Marek T. Fludzinski Roseann Guido Charles Ives Jeff Lawrence James H. Brown Dean Dakolias S. P. Fodor E. Guignon Robert L. Jackson John Lawrence Stephen Brown Irving I. Dardik Scott Forbes Robert J. Haggerty Karen Jaffe Gerald Leboff John C. Browne Ruth M. Davis Robert C. Forney Ian Hague Russell M. Jaffe Jacob Lebowitz Gregory J. Brunn Paul K Day–Lucore Michael Frame Kelly Hall Karen S. Jakes Deborah Lee Michael Buchanan Paul S. Decarli Hans Frauenfelder Fred Hansen William H. Janeway Joe R. Lee David R. Buckler Craig Dees John Friede Fred P. Harchelroad Jan Jannink Charles Lenzmeier Eric Burger Kenneth Deghetto John A. Friedline Alexander Harcourt Mike Janssen Alan I. Leshner Elizabeth Buse Emily Delmont Katherine L. Friedman John G. Harkins Gary Jason Richard A. Lethin Jean L. Cadet J. E. Devalpine Paul J. Friedman Richard Harms Steven B. Jobst Howard Leventhal Mark Campbell Daniel Devine Richard Friedman James D. Harris Julius Johnson Alan E. Leviton Marilyn Caporizzo Michael Devlin Gilda Diaz Fuentes Scott M. Harvey Matthew Johnson Jerrold Levy Charles Carberry Robert F. Dickhoff John C. Fuhr J. Scott Hauger Richard A. Johnson Larry Lewis Barbara E. Carlson Charles Dickinson Eric Fung Michael Hayward Steven Johnson Michael Lewis Paul A Carlson Howard Didsbury John C. Fyfe Robert Healing Kenneth M. Jones Jason Libersky Regina Carns Richard D. Dietz Taylor Gabbard Mark Heising Edward Jung John Linderman James F. Case Joe Dietzgen Joseph R. Gabrielli George Helmer Laura Juszczak Norman Locksley G. H. Cassell D. J. Disraeli R. F. Gaeke C. T. Helmers Lotti Kalz Richard M. Locksley James J. Cavanaugh Walter E. Ditmars Walter Gamble James Helvie Carl Kaysen Mark J. Logsdon Carlton Caves Norbert Dittrich Cinda Gardner Thomas Henson Michael Kelley Dan L. Longo Daniel Cayan C. Gregory Doherty R. H. Garstang Michael Herrick Eamon Kelly Martha C. Lord Philip Cerniglia Wayland Dong Joseph G. Gavin Linda A. Hershey Donald Kennedy Norman W Lord Nathaniel Chafee Grace M. Donnelly Adam P. Geballe Howard Hertz Jack Kerns Fred V. Lucas Edgar M. Chase David C. Donoho J. Germroth John R. Hess Peter S. Kessler Dan Luke Stephen Chazen Albert T. Dosser Elodie Ghedin Robert Hess Alison Kibbey Jan Lukens Philip Chenette Rodger Doxsey Dorothy W. Gietzen R. Hirsch Joseph A. King Richard Lum Elizabeth Cho Phillip M. Dubois Eric Glass Yiu Kee Ho Lewis Kinter Julie Haynes Lutz Robert W. Christopherson Terence Dulin Sarah B. Glickenhaus Elvin L. Hoel Mary Kirchhoff Herman O. Lyle Austin Church Pete Eckel John Gluck Wendy Hoffmann Randal Kirk Carol Becker Lynch James Cirrito John S. Edgcomb Howard Gobstein Brian Hofland Robert Kirshner June Mabry Aaron Clark John A. Effenberger Alfred L. Goldberg John L. Hofstra Miles V. Klein Mark P. Mack Charles Clark Vernon J. Ehlers Michael Goldberg William Hogan Nancy Kling John J. Maher James Cleland Estia J. Eichten Marvin L. Goldberger Rose Marie Holt Hanns Hasche Kluender John J. Majnarich Barbara Clemmensen James B. Ellis Ralph Golden Raymond W. Holton Cleon Knapp Stephen Malin Mary E. Clutter Hassina Elnagr Mary L. Good Ray Hood Stephen Knight J. David Malone Jenifer Coburn Carl Engelberger Edward Goodwin John B. Hooper Rita Koegel Tom Mammone Robin Tennant Colburn Joseph Engenito William E. Gordon Martin Per Horvath Thomas F. Koetzle Edward Frederick Mann James Cole Eldon D. Enger David Gorelick James House Candace Kohl Scott E. Mann

30 T. E. Manning David Moore Jeffrey W. Pferd Wynne Schiffer Eric Sundquist Warren M. Washington Scott L. Manske F. Paul Mooring Laura A. Philips Mark Schneider Jerome J. Suran David K. Watkins Mark Markham Howard L. Morgan Kerry Phillips Robert F. Schneider Bernard T. Svihel Jeff Watson Steven Markman Kevin Morris Randy Pierce Richard M. Schoen G. Swanson Dallas E. Weaver Robert C. Marlay James Mossman Dennis R. Pilarczyk John Schultz Robert Swanson John David Weinland David Marlowe Cherry Ann Murray Richard J. Plano Kenneth R. Schultz Spencer Swift Warren B. Weisberg T. J. Marlowe Kevin Murray Ellen Potter Julie Seaman Roy Swingle Thomas E. Wellems John Mascitelli Michael Mustillo Barbara J. Potts Ronald C. Searls Chandrashekar Tamirisa David Wentroble Poppi Massey Martin S. Nachbar George M. Powell John D. Seeger Jean E. Taylor Ralph Wharton Richard Massey Nasif Nahle Matt Powers Bart Selman Marc K. Taylor Garnett Whitehurst Michael Alan Masters Joel Nance Rao Prabhala Charles E. Seth Michael L. Telson Jay M. Wiedemann Edward S. Matalka A. Narath Howard Preston Abdulalim Shabazz Lewis M. Terman Edward Wiese Kathleen Shive Matthews Charles E. Needham Joseph Pufahl Robert Shafer Glenn E. Thomas Dara Wilber Donald R. Mattison Maureen Neitz Derek L. Pursey Saleem Basha Shaik William A. Thomas Robert Wilkes John Maunsell Priscilla Nelson Jim Putnam Douglas R. Shanklin Eric J. Thorgerson Billy Myles Williams F. Maurrasse Tim Nenno Kedar D. Pyatt Rajeev Sharma Jeremy W. Thorner Clinton Williams Michael M. May Iris Newman Stephen C. Ragatz David H. Sharp David C. Tiemeier D. Williams Laura M. McMurry Richard A. Newmark Habib Rahman Kambiz Shekdar James G. Timourian Marlan Willis R. F. McAllister Richard S. Nicholson Barry J. Ratzkin Michael S. Shumate L. Tobacman Christopher B. Wilson Thomas A. McCabe Michelle Nicolle John Rawson Robert Paul Siemann A .V. Tollestrup Darryl Wilson Patricia McCaffrey Thor Nilsen John Richard Raymond Anna Sienko Jill Odonnell Tormey Isaac J. Winograd Roger McClellan Mark Nockleby Robert Reddick Willys Silvers Brian Totty David Woodley Patrick McCoy Jacques Nor Daniel A. Reed James L. Sims Robert W. Touchberry Mary Woolley Lisa McDonald Don R. O’Brien David Reed Jeffrey Sledge James C. Tsang Bruce W. Worster Heather McGahee John O’Connor Jack W. Reed L. J. Sloss Clifford P. Tsuboi S. Courtenay Wright William McIvor Peter O’Donnell John S. Reed Bernard Smith Kenan Turnacioglu Lawren Wu Francis P. McManamon Lee Oeth D. P. Reedy Edward Smith Stephen R. Turner Matthew Yaeger Christine McMaster- P. Okeefe James C. Register Ellen Smith Daniel Tutas Jim Yahnke Sander J. S. Olson Robert Reynolds Geoffrey Smith Adrian Tymes Robert Yeh James J. McSharry Gilbert S. Omenn Mike Rhodes Lewis G. Smith Kirsten Vadheim Yung Tsai Yen Clive Meanwell Ynez Viole O’Neill Edward K. Rice Linda C. Smith Pablo Valenzuela David E. Young Michael Meguid Rebecca Oorthuys Robert C. Richardson Scott Smith Wim Van Schooten Oliver Yun Gregory P. Meisner William Osborn Burton Richter Steven W. Smith Joseph Vanderhorst Jerrold H. Zar Steven Melander-Dayton Ralph P. Overend Robert R. Robbin J .W. Smoller G. Edward Vates Maja Zecevic Ronald Melen Albert Owens A. R. Robinson Dale R. Snider Lydia Villa Komaroff Charles Zegar Richard Melmon Herbert E. Paaren Kirk Robinson Richard Snyder Charles Waldren Robert Ziff John Melson Edmund T. Palmer Alexandra Roosevelt Jonathan Sohnis Howard Walker Angelo Zisimopoulos Robert Mercer Sudhakar Anna C. Roosevelt John Solters Kelly Walker James J. Zuiches Richard A. Meserve Pamidighantam K. D. Rossow Judson Somerville Robert Walsh Arnold Zwicky Glenn L. Metzger William Pao J. E. Rowe H. Sox J. Ward Yves Miaux Stelios Papadopoulos F. S. Rowland Michael Spafford Michael Milberg Robert Pappas Thomas C. Royer Mary C. St. John Gavin Milczarek William Parker L. M. Russakoff David Staal Harry J. Miller William G. Parzybok Michael Russell Barbara H. Stanton This report reflects financial support received Orlando J. Miller Steve Pascover Francis G. Rust Deborah L. Stenkamp from 1 January 2007 through 31 December 2007. Steven L. Miller Charles Patton Thomas K. Samec John A. Stern The compilers have carefully reviewed the names Suzanne E. Miller William Paxton Laurence F. Sanders Julius J. Stern that appear. However, errors and omissions may William F. Miller James Payne IV T. D. Sanger John H. Stewart occasionally occur. If your name is listed incorrectly, William L. Miller Ronald Pedalino William J. Saucier Peter Stoddard please accept our apologies, and do not hesitate Douglas Mills Chin Tzu Peng Rainer Schaaf Shepard B. Stone to bring the mistake to our attention by calling Betsy Moeller-Sally David Penniman Richard Schauer Robert L. Stout Robert L. Molinari Christine Petersen James M Scheffler Douglas C. Strain 202–326–6636. Thank you. E. J. Moniz Anita Petty Ted Schierer S. D. Stroupe

31 Board of Directors 2007–2008 AAAS Management Association Information Chair Chief Executive Officer and Execu- Association Headquarters John P. Holdren tive Publisher American Association for the Harvard University and The Woods Alan I. Leshner Advancement of Science Hole Research Center Chief Financial and Administrative 1200 New York Avenue, NW President Officer Washington, DC 20005 USA David Baltimore Phillip Blair Tel: 202-326-6400 California Institute of Technology AAAS Annual Meeting President-Elect Dates: 12–16 February 2009 Center for Science, Technology, Location: Chicago, Illinois James J. McCarthy and Security Policy Harvard University www.aaas.org/meeting Norman P. Neureiter, Director Find an archive of past meetings. Treasurer Education and Human Resources David E. Shaw Shirley M. Malcom, Director AAAS Centers D.E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Executive Office Affairs www.aaas.org/programs/centers Treasurer Emeritus Gretchen Seiler, Director Supporting science and engi- William T. Golden* neering capacity, careers, public Finance and Administration engagement, policy, sustainability, AAAS Chief Executive Officer Colleen Struss, Director of and more. Alan I. Leshner Finance and Chief Legal Officer International Office Electronic Resources Other Members: Vaughan Turekian, Chief AAAS John E. Dowling International Officer www.aaas.org Harvard University Office of Human Resources Find breaking AAAS news and Lynn W. Enquist Alison French, Director membership information. Princeton University Office of Public Programs Science Susan M. Fitzpatrick Ginger Pinholster, Director www.sciencemag.org The James S. McDonnell Office of Publishing and Member Search the journal’s news and Foundation Services research archives. Alice Gast Beth Rosner, Director, and Science Careers Lehigh University Publisher of Science www.sciencecareers.org Project 2061 Look for career advice, how-to Linda P.B. Katehi information, and more. University of Illinois, Jo Ellen Roseman, Director Urbana-Champaign Science and Policy Programs EurekAlert! Albert H. Teich, Director www.eurekalert.org Cherry Murray Read breaking research news in Lawrence Livermore Science Editorial multiple languages. National Laboratory Donald Kennedy, Editor-in-Chief Thomas D. Pollard (Current Science Editor-in-Chief: Yale University Bruce Alberts) Make a Gift Monica Bradford, Executive Editor www.aaas.org/makeagift Kathryn D. Sullivan View the Abelson Legacy video Ohio State University Science News and donate online. * Deceased. Colin Norman, News Editor

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33 What makes an international leader?

Norman P. Neureiter Award Winner – Public Welfare Medal by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences Director, AAAS Center for Science, Technology, and Security Policy

Fulfilling a global mission to advance science and serve society. In bestowing its prestigious Public Welfare Medal, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences recognized Norman P. Neureiter for “spurring international cooperation” and “integrating science and technology into foreign policy” while serving as the ﬁ rst S&T adviser to a U.S. secretary of state. His three-year term began in 2000 under Madeleine Albright and continued under Colin Powell.

We congratulate our valued colleague who, since 2004, has continued his distinguished career in global affairs as director of the AAAS Center for Science, Technology, and Security Policy. He epitomizes the AAAS leadership role in advancing science and serving society internationally.