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18 DECEMBER 2009 VOL 326, ISSUE 5960, PAGES 1577-1744 Special Issue Letters Brevia This Week in Science Books et al. Research Articles Editorial Education Forum Reports Editors' Choice Perspectives News of the Week Association Affairs News Focus

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Breakthrough of the Year

Video: Ardipithecus ramidus Science 18 December 2009: 1598. A video introduction to the year's top science story, featuring scientists C. Owen Lovejoy, Tim White, Giday WoldeGabriel, Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Science contributing correspondent Ann Gibbons, and commentary by paleoanthropologist Andrew Hill. Summary » Full Text »

News

BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR Ardipithecus ramidus Ann Gibbons Science 18 December 2009: 1598-1599. A rare 4.4-million-year-old skeleton has drawn back the curtain of time to reveal the surprising body plan and ecology of our earliest ancestors. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR The Runners-Up The News Staff Science 18 December 2009: 1600-1607. This year's runners-up for Breakthrough of the Year include new gamma-ray observations, the long-sought receptor for a key plant hormone, mock monopoles, a drug that increases life span, ice on the moon, gene-therapy successes, insights into the properties of To Advertise Find Products graphene and how to use it to make novel devices, Hubble's rebirth, and the first x-ray laser. Summary » Full Text » PDF » ADVERTISEMENT

SCORECARD Rating Last Year's Areas to Watch Science 18 December 2009: 1602. Science's editors clearly foresaw this year's burgeoning of plant genome sequences, progress on emissions reductions in the run-up to the U.N. conference in Copenhagen, and the continued failure to spot dark matter. Last year's other predictions will take more time to come to fruition. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

BREAKDOWN REVISITED Trying to Stay Afloat Jeffrey Mervis and Eliot Marshall Science 18 December 2009: 1604-1605. The global financial crisis made 2009 a tough year for many U.S. academic institutions dependent on state funding or endowments. But it has also been a banner year for thousands of individual scientists, whose labs have benefited from billions of dollars in U.S. government stimulus funding. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR Areas to Watch Science 18 December 2009: 1606.

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FEATURED JOBS In 2010, Science's editors will be watching for developments with induced pluripotent stem cells, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, "exome sequencing," disrupting the metabolism of tumor cells, and human space flight. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

VIRUS OF THE YEAR The Novel H1N1 Influenza Martin Enserink and Jon Cohen Science 18 December 2009: 1607. For years, scientists have been warning about the potential for an influenza pandemic on the order of the 1918 Spanish flu. But the pandemic that erupted last spring looks nothing like the one health officials have been preparing to combat. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Contents

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This Week in Science Editor summaries of this week's papers. Science 18 December 2009: 1587. Full Text »

EDITORIAL: The Breakthroughs of 2009 Bruce Alberts Science 18 December 2009: 1589. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Editors' Choice Highlights of the recent literature. Science 18 December 2009: 1590. Full Text »

Science Podcast Science 18 December 2009: 1715. The show includes the year's top scientific breakthroughs and the 2009 virus of the year. Summary » Full Text » Transcript »

New Products Science 18 December 2009: 1715. A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

News of the Week

2010 U.S. BUDGET Congress Takes Care of Science In Quiet Finish to a Busy Year Jeffrey Mervis Science 18 December 2009: 1608. Congress has quietly passed a 2010 spending bill that gives several U.S. science agencies pretty much what they expected, including a 2.3% bump for the National Institutes of Health and a 6.7% increase for the National Science Foundation. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

ACADEMIC FREEDOM Terrorism Charges Against Grad Student Raise Questions Greg Miller Science 18 December 2009: 1609. Last month a sociology graduate student at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, was charged with conspiracy under the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act after he refused to testify before a grand jury that is apparently investigating a laboratory break-in at the University of Iowa in 2004. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY A Dark Tale Behind Two Retractions Robert F. Service Science 18 December 2009: 1610-1611. Two papers from a prominent chemistry lab were retracted from Science and the Journal of the American Chemical Society this fall because the results couldn't be replicated. The story behind the retractions involves an extortion attempt and a threat of suicide. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

U.S. SCIENCE POLICY Chair of Science Panel to Leave Congress Jeffrey Mervis Science 18 December 2009: 1611. Representative Bart Gordon (D–TN), the chair of the House Science and Technology Committee, announced this week that he will retire at the end of 2010, ending a 26-year career in Congress. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

SCIENCENOW.ORG From Science's Online Daily News Site Science 18 December 2009: 1611. ScienceNOW reported this week that HIV has outwitted yet another microbicide, the discovery of a cheap way to chop up nitrogen and a way to make large amounts of an elusive type of nanotube, and that people who perceive numbered sequences as visual patterns have superior memories, among other stories. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

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EVOLUTION Spineless Fish and Dark Flies Prove Gene Regulation Crucial Elizabeth Pennisi Science 18 December 2009: 1612. On page 1663 of this week's issue of Science and in last week's Science Express, two teams independently report that changes in regulatory DNA were responsible for an adaptation in natural populations of fish and insects. Each group has also pieced together details of the underlying genetic alterations in those animals. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

FRANCE Sarkozy's 'Grand Loan' Bets That Research Will Pay Off Martin Enserink Science 18 December 2009: 1613. On Monday, president Nicolas Sarkozy announced a 35 billion investment plan that he pledged would make France's science more productive, its population smarter, its economy more competitive, and its environment cleaner. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

SCIENCEINSIDER From the Science Policy Blog Science 18 December 2009: 1613. This week, ScienceInsider offers a comprehensive look at the political climate for the climate-change debate in the U.S. Senate, including interviews with the key players, analysis of the biggest issues, and a look at where the votes are, among other stories. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Random Samples Science 18 December 2009: 1597. Full Text »

News Focus

GEOLOGY Peril in the Pamirs Richard Stone Science 18 December 2009: 1614-1617. Concerns about the risk of a calamitous flood from a mountain lake in Central Asia have scientists racing to improve evacuation plans and find an engineering fix. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

GEOLOGY Burdened by Soviet Legacy, Nations Spar Over Water Rights Richard Stone Science 18 December 2009: 1616. As scientists worry about the prospect of a catastrophic flood from Lake Sarez in the Pamir Mountains (see main text), agricultural communities on the plains below face a very different problem: increasing competition for fresh water, a situation that might be eased, experts say, if Lake Sarez could be tapped and its surplus water distributed. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

MARINE SCIENCES U.S. Poised to Adopt National Ocean Policy Erik Stokstad Science 18 December 2009: 1618. Faced with more action in the ocean, a new federal council will try to improve planning and resolve conflicts. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

CANCER RESEARCH Melanoma Drug Vindicates Targeted Approach Ken Garber Science 18 December 2009: 1619. A mutation-targeted molecular therapy has shown promise against one of the most devastating types of cancer, but how it works is unclear. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

GENOMICS Ecological Genomics Gets Down to Genes—and Function Elizabeth Pennisi Science 18 December 2009: 1620-1621. The promise of genomics has been luring ecologists into the once-alien world of molecular biology. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Letters

Time for DNA Disclosure D. E. Krane, V. Bahn, D. Balding, B. Barlow, H. Cash, B. L. Desportes, P. D'Eustachio, K. Devlin, T. E. Doom, I. Dror, S. Ford, C. Funk, J. Gilder, G. Hampikian, K. Inman, A. Jamieson, P. E. Kent, R. Koppl, I. Kornfield, S. Krimsky, J. Mnookin, L. Mueller, E. Murphy, D. R. Paoletti, D. A. Petrov, M. Raymer, D. M. Risinger, A. Roth, N. Rudin, W. Shields, J. A. Siegel, M. Slatkin, Y. S. Song, T. Speed, C. Spiegelman, P. Sullivan, A. R. Swienton, T. Tarpey, W. C. Thompson, E. Ungvarsky, and S. Zabell Science 18 December 2009: 1631-1632. Full Text » PDF »

Weighing Reward and Punishment Jonathan Baron Science 18 December 2009: 1632. Full Text » PDF »

Weighing Reward and Punishment—Response David G. Rand, Anna Dreber, Tore Ellingsen, Drew Fudenberg, and Martin A. Nowak Science 18 December 2009: 1632-1633. Full Text » PDF »

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Corrections and Clarifications Science 18 December 2009: 1633. Full Text » PDF »

Books et al.

ECONOMICS Rich Financial Lives of Poor People Anirudh Krishna Science 18 December 2009: 1634-1635. The authors document the variety of ways by which poor families manage their finances to feed, shelter, and care for themselves. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS We Need to Talk About Bioweapons Brian Balmer Science 18 December 2009: 1635-1636. The two books explore the nature and magnitude of the threats posed by biological weapons along with approaches to preventing their use. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Browsings Science 18 December 2009: 1635. A note on the graphic novel Logicomix: An Epic Search for Truth. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Books Received Science 18 December 2009: 1635. A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 11 December 2009. Summary »

Education Forum

EDUCATION The Nation's Report Card: A Vision of Large-Scale Science Assessment Alice C. Fu, Senta A. Raizen, and Richard J. Shavelson Science 18 December 2009: 1637-1638. The 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress uses an expanded variety of tasks to probe student science achievement. Summary » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Perspectives

EVOLUTION Sexual Selection and Darwin's Mystery of Mysteries Judith E. Mank Science 18 December 2009: 1639-1640. Natural selection and mating preference for traits that signal adaptation to the local environment work together in a model of speciation. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

PHYSICS Universal Few-Body Binding Giovanni Modugno Science 18 December 2009: 1640-1641. Cold atoms are providing insights into binding processes within systems of a small number of interacting particles. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

PSYCHOLOGY Racial Bias, Unspoken But Heard John F. Dovidio Science 18 December 2009: 1641-1642. Exposure to nonverbal behaviors can transmit race bias to observers. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

ENGINEERING Enabling New Missions for Robotic Aircraft Jack W. Langelaan and Nicholas Roy Science 18 December 2009: 1642-1644. Improved sensing and planning for enhanced flight duration allow unpiloted small aircraft to fly autonomously in cluttered environments over long distances. Summary » Full Text » PDF » Videos »

COMPUTER SCIENCE Mining Our Reality Tom M. Mitchell Science 18 December 2009: 1644-1645. Real-time data on the whereabouts and behaviors of much of humanity advance behavioral science and offer practical benefits, but also raise privacy concerns. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Association Affairs

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Reflections On: Our Planet and Its Life, Origins, and Futures James J. McCarthy Science 18 December 2009: 1646-1655. Full Text » PDF »

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AAAS News and Notes Science 18 December 2009: 1656-1660. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Brevia

Regiodivergent Ring Opening of Chiral Aziridines Bin Wu, Jon R. Parquette, and T. V. RajanBabu Science 18 December 2009: 1662. A bimetallic catalyst selects different ring-opening sites, depending on the chiral configuration of the substrate. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Research Articles

Stepwise Modification of a Modular Enhancer Underlies Adaptation in a Drosophila Population Mark Rebeiz, John E. Pool, Victoria A. Kassner, Charles F. Aquadro, and Sean B. Carroll Science 18 December 2009: 1663-1667. A combination of new and previously existing mutations in gene regulatory sequences can drive morphological evolution. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Crystal Structure of the Eukaryotic Strong Inward-Rectifier K+ Channel Kir2.2 at 3.1 Å Resolution Xiao Tao, Jose L. Avalos, Jiayun Chen, and Roderick MacKinnon Science 18 December 2009: 1668-1674. A structure reveals the basis of diode-like conduction properties and toxin insensitivity of these channels. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Reports

Formation and Survival of Water Vapor in the Terrestrial Planet–Forming Region Thomas Bethell and Edwin Bergin Science 18 December 2009: 1675-1677. Water in protoplanetary disks shields water molecules in deeper layers of the disk from destructive ultraviolet radiation. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Spatial Organization of Hominin Activities at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel Nira Alperson-Afil, Gonen Sharon, Mordechai Kislev, Yoel Melamed, Irit Zohar, Shosh Ashkenazi, Rivka Rabinovich, Rebecca Biton, Ella Werker, Gideon Hartman, Craig Feibel, and Naama Goren-Inbar Science 18 December 2009: 1677-1680. The spatial distribution of artifacts implies that living space was organized by use as early as 800,000 years ago. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Mozambican Grass Seed Consumption During the Middle Stone Age Julio Mercader Science 18 December 2009: 1680-1683. Residues on stone tools imply that early humans were processing grass seeds by 100,000 years ago. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Universality in Three- and Four-Body Bound States of Ultracold Atoms Scott E. Pollack, Daniel Dries, and Randall G. Hulet Science 18 December 2009: 1683-1685. Published online 19 November 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182840] (in Science Express Reports) Cold lithium gas reveals a universal lineup of Efimov trimers and associated tetramers. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Experimental Observations of Stress-Driven Grain Boundary Migration T. J. Rupert, D. S. Gianola, Y. Gan, and K. J. Hemker Science 18 December 2009: 1686-1690. Shear stresses drive grain boundaries to move in a manner consistent with predictions of coupled grain boundary migration. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Real-Time Observation of Carbonic Acid Formation in Aqueous Solution Katrin Adamczyk, Mirabelle Prémont-Schwarz, Dina Pines, Ehud Pines, and Erik T. J. Nibbering Science 18 December 2009: 1690-1694. Published online 12 November 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1180060] (in Science Express Reports) The use of a photoacid enables the long-sought characterization of the conjugate acid of bicarbonate. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time Elizabeth K. Costello, Christian L. Lauber, Micah Hamady, Noah Fierer, Jeffrey I. Gordon, and Rob Knight Science 18 December 2009: 1694-1697. Published online 5 November 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1177486] (in Science Express Reports) The composition of microbial communities on the human body is primarily determined by their location. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

The Fanconi Anemia Pathway Promotes Replication-Dependent DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Repair Puck Knipscheer, Markus Räschle, Agata Smogorzewska, Milica Enoiu, The Vinh Ho, Orlando D. Schärer, Stephen J. Elledge, and Johannes C. Walter Science 18 December 2009: 1698-1701. Published online 12 November 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182372] (in Science Express Reports) Insertion of a nucleotide during the repair of a complex lesion in DNA requires tagging of a lysine residue. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Indirect Punishment and Generosity Toward Strangers

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Aljaz Ule, Arthur Schram, Arno Riedl, and Timothy N. Cason Science 18 December 2009: 1701-1704. Frequent rewards spiced with occasional punishment are a recipe for the evolution of cooperation. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

On the Origin of Species by Natural and Sexual Selection G. Sander van Doorn, Pim Edelaar, and Franz J. Weissing Science 18 December 2009: 1704-1707. Published online 26 November 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1181661] (in Science Express Reports) Modeling demonstrates how speciation occurs due to sexual selection. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material » Podcast Interview »

Structure of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 Complex Reveals an Allosteric Mechanism of Kinase Activation Elton Zeqiraj, Beatrice Maria Filippi, Maria Deak, Dario R. Alessi, and Daan M. F. van Aalten Science 18 December 2009: 1707-1711. Published online 5 November 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178377] (in Science Express Reports) A "pseudokinase" activates the LKB1 tumor suppressor protein without catalyzing phosphorylation. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

The Subtle Transmission of Race Bias via Televised Nonverbal Behavior Max Weisbuch, Kristin Pauker, and Nalini Ambady Science 18 December 2009: 1711-1714. Nonverbal behaviors can contribute to implicit bias in intergroup attitudes. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol326/issue5960/index.dtl 13/7/2553