annual report 2005

Innovation and the Integrity of Science The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is the world’s largest general scientific society, and publisher of the journal, Science (www.sciencemag.org). AAAS was founded in 1848, and serves 262 affiliated societies and academies of science, reaching 10 million individuals. Science has the largest paid circulation of any peer-reviewed general science journal in the world, with an estimated total readership of 1 million. The non-profit AAAS (www.aaas.org) is open to all and fulfills its mission to “advance science and serve society” through initiatives in science policy; international programs; science education; and more. For the latest research news, log onto EurekAlert!, www.eurekalert.org, the premier science-news Web site, a service of AAAS. Table of Contents

2 Welcome Letter 4 Evolution — 2005 Chronology 6 Science Policy and Security 8 International Impacts 10 Science Education and Careers 12 Science Breakthroughs 14 Engaging the Public 16 AAAS Awards 20 Golden Fund Update 22 AAAS Fellows 26 Acknowledgement of Contributors 32 Financial Summary for 2005 33 AAAS Board of Directors, Officers and Information

1 Year in Review: 2005

WELCOME FROM THE CHAIR, SHIRLEY ANN JACKSON, AND THE CEO, ALAN I. LESHNER

In a global economy, our prosperity, safety, and overall well-being depend more than ever upon our capacity for innovation. Geopolitical tensions, exacerbated by an uncertain energy future, underscore the need to step up the pace of fundamental scientific discovery. In the United States, unfortunately, a quiet crisis confronts us as scientists and engineers are retiring in record numbers and too few students enter the pipeline.

We were encouraged, therefore, when the U.S. Administration responded forcefully to letters from many individuals and organizations, including AAAS and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, to further both economic and national security by sparking a legacy of innovation. When the U.S. President announced his American Competitiveness Initiative — a proposal for allocating more than $136 billion over 10 years to increase investments in research and development, education, and innovation — it echoed and built upon an array of efforts that gained significant momentum throughout 2005.

At each step, AAAS sought to use its leadership position to leverage impact, institutionally and through the work of its Board of Directors, staff, and members. AAAS officers contributed to and helped to promote the recommendations made in both the Innovation Initiative of the Council on Competitiveness and the influential report of the National Academies, Rising Above the Gathering Storm. We were, in fact, intimately involved in the preparation of both reports. AAAS also continued in 2005 to voice concerns about the need to avoid a “taking turns” approach to investing in U.S. science and engineering, as our budget analyses once again revealed that most U.S. science agencies face deep budget cuts over the next five years.

Investment in innovation is urgently needed at home, but also to address problems beyond the U.S. borders. At least a billion people live in extreme poverty, trying to survive on less than a dollar per day. HIV is running rampant, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and other impoverished regions. And, natural disasters hit the poor hardest, as we saw with the 2004 tsunami and the 2005 hurricanes that caused profound suffering in the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and elsewhere. The real goal thus is not simply to achieve global preeminence in science and engineering. Rather, we at AAAS believe that the more critical question is whether we can help the world solve global problems by helping to promote international collaborations and science in the service of human rights.

AAAS helped promote multi-national research in 2005 by joining other scientific leaders in calling for enhancements to the U.S. visa system. Changes were proposed to dispel the myth that the United States does not welcome international researchers, yet while maintaining tight security controls needed in the post-9/11 era. Similarly, AAAS urged and then applauded the repeal of a boycott of Israeli universities.

2 Shirley Ann Jackson, Chair and Alan I. Leshner, CEO

Closer to home, other threats to the integrity of science in 2005 included efforts to insert nonscientific concepts such as “intelligent design” into U.S. public science classrooms, alongside the well-supported theory of evolution. Climate research triggered a similar trend, first with a Congressional inquiry that sought to intimidate respected scientists who have provided evidence to show that the Earth is warming, then with various proposed state bills prompting students to critically assess the validity of scientific theories, but only those related to evolution or climate change.

When so many practical challenges confront our society, we can’t risk confusing children about what is and is not science. We also can no longer afford to ignore the silent majority — women, underserved minorities, and persons with disabilities — who represent a vast and largely untapped potential talent pool.

As the chronology on pages 4–5 demonstrates, AAAS is rapidly responding to the evolution issue wherever it emerges, through a middle-ground approach that seeks to protect the integrity of science education, but without pitting science against religion. The Association continues its efforts to clarify the issues surrounding stem-cell research and global climate change, too, while promoting diversity in education and in the workforce.

In 2005, all AAAS programs began to work in closer concert with our overarching goals to engage with the public on issues related to science and technology. We also re-doubled our efforts to provide cradle-to-grave career support for scientists and engineers.

Summaries on the following pages illustrate the breadth and impact of AAAS programs in the areas of science education, science policy, and international initiatives. We look forward to achieving ever-more meaningful impacts in these and other areas as AAAS seeks new ways to fulfill its mission of advancing science and serving society.

Shirley Ann Jackson Alan I. Leshner

3 Evolution on the Front Line: 2005 Chronology

FOR EVOLUTION RESOURCES, SEE WWW.AAAS.ORG/NEWS/PRESS_ROOM/EVOLUTION

2 February 10 April 10 June “Science is not by definition opposed to After consultation with the Kansas scientific AAAS joined 55 other scientific organizations religion,” AAAS CEO Alan I. Leshner wrote community, AAAS declined to appear at a in urging an appeals court to uphold a ruling in an op-ed published by the Philadelphia public hearing on teaching evolution in that barred the Cobb County, Georgia, school Inquirer. “But if [students] are confused about Kansas public schools. Debating a well-sup- board from putting anti-evolution disclaimer the nature of science, or if the science taught ported scientific theory would only promote stickers on biology textbooks. The stickers in their classrooms is distorted by an overlay further confusion about the nature of facts had earlier been ruled unconstitutional. of nonscientific values, then they may never versus faith, AAAS concluded. reach their full potential.” 29 June 27 April EurekAlert!, the science-news Web site 28 March Dr. Eugenie Scott, executive director of launched by AAAS, hosted an online discus- AAAS sent letters of support to members the National Center for Science Education, sion that included Prof. Kenneth Miller of of the Association of Science-Technology told the 30th annual AAAS Forum on Science Brown University and other leading evolution Centers, expressing “strong concerns about and Technology Policy that evolution is a experts. increasing threats to science.” The letter strong, balanced explanation of how species was triggered by a New York Times article change over time and has no inherent conflict suggesting that a number of large-screen with religion. 22 July theaters had declined to show films Eighty years after John Thomas Scopes was referencing evolution. convicted of teaching evolution, historian of 8May science Marcel LaFollette visited AAAS to “The time has come to move beyond share an engaging account of the famous 8 April polarizing debate,” the AAAS CEO wrote in “Monkey Trial.” Her talk was illustrated O Globo, the leading Brazilian newspaper, the Kansas City Star. “The Kansas Board of by unpublished photographs that she had published an op-ed from AAAS in support of Education science subcommittee should discovered in Smithsonian archives. evolution, to coincide with the CEO’s lecture at remember that fact and faith are different, a scientific conference there. but both have the power to improve people’s lives, and they can coexist — just not in 4 August science classrooms.” AAAS emphasized the importance of teaching evolution on the well-regarded public radio feature, “The Diane Rehm Show.” Also in August, leading news organizations, including ABC, CNN, MSNBC, NPR, and Time turned to AAAS for expert opinion on U.S. Administra- tion comments regarding intelligent design.

13 September AAAS Fellow John Staver of Kansas State University appeared at the Kansas State Board of Education to express “very strong concern about recent changes in the proposed Kansas Science Education Standards.”

4 22 September 27 October “Whether or not there is or was an Days before the launch of a federal court With misinformation about evolution and intelligent designer is not a scientific challenge to the teaching of evolution in the nature of science at stake in proposed question. It’s not an alternative to Dover, Pennsylvania, AAAS and the National Kansas science education standards, AAAS evolution. What they are trying to do is Center for Science Education held a tele- announced that it would strongly support two get religion in the science classroom.” conference for reporters. “Leaders of the national science organizations that declined ID movement have neither science nor main- to allow Kansas to use their copyrighted —Alan I. Leshner, AAAS CEO and executive stream religion on their side,” the AAAS CEO material. publisher, Science, quoted by William Safire said in an op-ed published around the same in the New York Times, 21 August 2005 time in a handful of Dover-area newspapers. “The ID movement is not science, and it has 8 November “Although biology is the field most no place in science classrooms.” AAAS publicly denounced revisions to Kansas directly at risk from the creationists, science education standards that undermine the integrity of science as a whole is the teaching of evolution. “This is a vote to 27 September at stake, argues Alan Leshner, chief mix science and faith in public school science executive of the American Association NBC Nightly News coverage of intelligent classrooms, at great risk to the economy,” for the Advancement of Science. design and evolution featured commentary the AAAS CEO said. ‘The problem is that ID advocates by the AAAS CEO. attempt to dress up religious beliefs to make them look like science. 20 December By redefining what is and isn’t science 25 October AAAS applauded the federal court ruling in they also put the public (particularly AAAS endorsed draft national student- Dover, Pennsylvania, where Judge John E. young people) at risk of being inade- learning standards, but urged the National Jones III forcefully struck down efforts to make quately prepared to live in modern Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) to add teachers read a disclaimer before teaching society,’ he says.” explicit language on the nature of science. evolution to high-school students. “We are “If U.S. students aren’t expected to know what grateful for the courage of science teachers —Financial Times article by Clive Cookson, is and is not science, they will have no basis and parents in Dover, who worked so hard 23 December 2005 for recognizing that, for example, intelligent and took such risks to preserve the integrity design is not science,” the AAAS CEO testified. of science education,” AAAS wrote.

22 December Independently, the journal Science released its Breakthrough of the Year edition, featuring “Evolution in Action.”

5 Science Policy and Security

AAAS activities are helping to promote the responsible use of science and technology to improve human well-being. From testimony on technologies for detecting “dirty bomb” components, to a highly regarded fellowship program and gold-standard R&D budget analysis, AAAS seeks to provide objective, authoritative scientific and technological insights to policy-makers. In 2005, AAAS science policy efforts focused on improving innovation, promoting international collaboration, enhancing national security, and more.

Innovation and Competitiveness in the United States AAAS urged the President and Congress to take strong steps to sustain American innovation by investing in high-risk, breakthrough research and by improving science education at all levels. “We do not want to put our country and our knowledge-based, technology-driven economy in the position of ‘catch-up,’” wrote Gilbert S. Omenn of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, then AAAS President, in a 9 December letter to U.S. President George W. Bush. Meanwhile, AAAS Chairman of the Board Shirley Ann Jackson contributed to the National Academies’ report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, and worked with the Council on Competitiveness Innovation Initiative.

Those efforts culminated with the National Summit on Competitiveness, hosted by the U.S. Department of Commerce in conjunction with other Cabinet-level departments and business organizations. As president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Jackson also wrote to President Bush, warning that “our science and technology position is a looming national crisis because it robs us of our capacity for innovation.” President Bush subsequently released his American Competitiveness Initiative, which proposes broad investment in research and development, education, entrepreneurship, and innovation.

Scientific Insights to Security Even a small amount of radioactive material, smuggled from one country to another, could be used to assemble highly dangerous “dirty bombs.” Nuclear proliferation and the complexities of nuclear waste disposal continue to threaten security and public safety. And, policy-makers are challenged to invest wisely in security-related technologies, from lasers and satellites to flu-vaccine manufacturing strategies. The AAAS Center for Science, Technology, and Security Policy, supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, provides policy-makers with objective, nonpartisan technical information, by arranging briefings with specialists on specific issues and providing quick-turnaround responses to specific questions from Congressional and federal agency staff members.

The Center also advances public understanding of key security issues through public events at AAAS. In November, for example, a showing of the HBO film “Dirty War” was followed by an expert panel discussion that provided a balanced explanation of the threat of smuggled dirty bomb components. Earlier, public events featured experts such as nuclear proliferation expert Siegfried Hecker, former director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, the last scientist to visit North Korea’s nuclear program, and Rajagopala Chidambaram, principal scientific adviser to the government of India. Meanwhile, the Center continues to conduct off-the-record briefings with leading defense-beat journalists. Log onto www.aaas.org/programs/centers/cstsp.

6 Speaking Up for Science Fast-moving science policy issues invariably demand a rapid response from the world’s largest scientific organization. AAAS policy efforts in 2005 included a letter distributed to all U.S. senators, urging support for a proposal to let researchers derive new stem cell lines from embryos created by in vitro fertilization. “We believe strongly that embry- onic stem cell research should proceed in an ethical manner that engenders public confi- dence,” the AAAS CEO wrote. AAAS also wrote a letter of thanks to Sen. Bill Frist (R-Tenn.) following the policy-maker’s public expression of support for stem-cell research. Separately, the Association urged the United Nations Science in the Service of “U.S. visa policies need to be General Assembly to modify a resolution that Human Rights calibrated to restore the image and called on nations to ban all forms of cloning, Science can provide human rights workers the reality of the United States as a even the extraction of stem cells for research. and policy-makers with crucial data. welcoming nation.” On 8 March, the U.N. resolution passed. Satellite images of impending crop failures, for example, or air-quality measures that —Albert H. Teich, director, science and policy at On other fronts, AAAS expressed strong illustrate environmental risks to vulnerable AAAS, in the Financial Times, 18 May 2005 concerns about a Congressional inquiry that populations increasingly play a role in sought to intimidate climate-change scien- efforts to improve human rights worldwide. tists; proposed improvements to the U.S. visa At a workshop organized by the AAAS Science “You know, we are in what Shirley Ann Jackson, the president of Rensselaer system; decried a boycott of research with and Human Rights program, researchers such Polytechnic Institute, calls a quiet Israeli universities; and reaffirmed the impor- as Molly Brown of the NASA Goddard Space crisis. And, as my friend, Paul Romer, tance of women in science and engineering. Flight Center described remote-sensing the great economist from Stanford methods for predicting areas where crop fail- likes to say, ‘Tom, crisis is a terrible ures may trigger food scarcity. Other experts thing to waste.’” Understanding the R&D Budget described disparities in access to medical The authoritative AAAS R&D Budget and care by race and the relationship between —New York Times Times columnist Policy Program, headed by Kei Koizumi, environmental conditions and human health. Thomas L. Friedman, talking to benefits from an increasingly strong reputa- Go to http://shr.aaas.org. CNBC’s Tim Russert, 8 October 2005 tion as the go-to source for nonpartisan analysis of federal research spending. Koizumi’s annual evaluation of the U.S. Administration’s proposed R&D budget, released at the prestigious AAAS Forum on Science and Technology, typically receives widespread attention on Capitol Hill, and from reporters challenged to make sense of com- plex budget proposals. “Federal spending on scientific research has been fairly flat for sev- eral years, a trend experts say will lead to fewer medical and scientific advances and ultimately to severe impacts on the economy,” the Philadelphia Inquirer reported. “And since 2001, a greater piece of the pie has gone toward science related to defense and coun- terterrorism, according to an analysis by the nonprofit American Association for the Advancement of Science.” See www.aaas.org/spp/rd.

7 International Impacts

Three key goals — promoting international scientific cooperation, building workforce capacity, and sustainable development — are at the core of any international AAAS activity. As natural science or engineering now accounts for roughly half of all bachelor’s degrees awarded in China, compared with only about 11 percent in the United States, AAAS also focused in 2005 on promoting multi-cultural research and cross-cultural understanding.

The Crisis of Science in Iraq At a forum convened by AAAS and the U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation, experts said long-term efforts to destroy Iraq’s weapons-manufacturing infrastructure could prove ineffective unless the United States and allies find a way to recruit hundreds of unem- ployed Iraqi weapons scientists into rebuilding efforts. “We can’t let the scientists go, not just for our own [security] concerns, but because you need them to rebuild Iraq,” said David Kay, who stepped down as chief U.S. weapons inspector a year earlier, after his 1,400-member team failed to find weapons of mass destruction. Bombing Iraqi labs eliminates equipment, Kay emphasized, but scientists retain their weapons-building knowledge. “If there is to be a future for Iraq that is at all prosperous,” he added, “it must be built around science and technology professionals.”

Another AAAS event featured Beriwan Muslih Khailany, Iraq’s deputy minister of higher education and scientific research, who said that 84 percent of her nation’s university facilities had been burned, looted, or destroyed following Saddam Hussein’s ouster in 2003. Mosa Jawad Aziz Almosawe, president of the University of Baghdad, confirmed major deficiencies in research facilities and equipment. For her part, AAAS Diplomacy Fellow Krista Donaldson tried to help rebuild the troubled country by working on electrical power shortages.

AAAS Officials Visit China The first visit to China by a high-ranking AAAS delegation since 1990, hosted by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST), took place in June 2005. AAAS CEO Alan Leshner, joined by two senior managers, met with a series of top Chinese science, education, and engi- neering leaders. Leshner delivered two speeches and also conferred with leaders of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and others. “In many Asian countries, the highest levels of government talk about how important science and engineering are to achieving economic growth,” Leshner said in the Miami Herald. “Here, the scientific community often has to convince policy-makers that science is critical to economic growth.”

AAAS Diplomacy Fellow Krista Donaldson, a Stanford-educated mechanical engineer, spent a month in Iraq between mid-December 2004 and mid-January 2005, working to restore the country’s failing electrical grid while assigned to the U.S. State Department’s Iraq Reconstruction Management Office.

8 ©USAID/R. Zurba

advances of recent decades have “raised Voices of Science, Worldwide some basic questions, such as whether the “A major U.S. science group Tuesday Wherever they travel, AAAS Board, staff, fruits of innovation have been shared fairly urged Britain’s biggest university members, and Fellows make their mark. amongst all groups of people, whether the teachers’ union to immediately repeal For example, Shirley Malcom, head of development of science and technology its boycott of two Israeli universities. Education and Human Resources at AAAS, can be harmonized with nature, or whether The boycott is ‘counter to the positive had several opportunities to give voice to the science and technology should be allowed to role of free scientific inquiry in scientific enterprise in 2005. In Pretoria, South develop simply because they seem to have improving the lives of all citizens of the world and in promoting coopera- Africa, Malcom told an audience of science, infinite potential.” engineering, and technology experts that true tion among nations, despite political gender equity requires more than set-aside differences,’ said a statement from programs for women. And, during a UNESCO Calls for Action on Climate Change the board of the American Association forum in Seoul, South Korea, she urged When Sir David King, chief scientific adviser to for the Advancement of Science.” nations seeking to improve science and engi- the British government, addressed a packed —Associated Press Worldstream, 24 May 2005 neering education to focus on professional AAAS auditorium in September 2005, he development for teachers. The modern called for action to prevent the worst of the “learning revolution” cannot be achieved predicted impacts related to global warming, by scattered programs and isolated efforts such as the irreversible melting of the but rather by systematic global investment, Greenland ice sheet. Noting that Britain has she said. Following another conference pledged a 60 percent reduction in its heat- presentation in Ghana, organized by the trapping greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, African Network of Scientific and Technical King said the rest of the world’s nations Institutions, the AAAS Board of Directors should follow suit. King, whose talk was encouraged the development of a strategic sponsored by AAAS in collaboration with plan for programmatic efforts in Africa. the Washington Science Policy Alliance, said continued increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and related warming could melt the Making a Mark in Kyoto Greenland ice sheet, eventually raising sea Then-AAAS President Gilbert S. Omenn of levels by up to 6.5 meters (21.3 feet), with the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, led a dire long-term consequences for many coastal top-level delegation of AAAS officials who cities. King’s remarks were consistent with a attended the Science and Technology in series of papers published in Science in 2005, Society Forum 11-13 September in Kyoto, as well as information provided during a Japan. Scientific leaders from around the Capitol Hill briefing on climate change, world convened in Kyoto to address sustain- convened by the AAAS Center for Science, ability, capacity-building, security, and other Technology, and Congress. crucial issues. In opening remarks, Japanese Crown Prince Hironmiya Naruhito noted that the rapid scientific and technological

9 Science Education and Careers

Two AAAS programs, Education and Human Resources (EHR) and Project 2061, continued in 2005 to improve science-education standards and opportunities for all students. By working with teachers, schools, libraries, and policy-makers, EHR and Project 2061 are advancing science-curriculum materials and teaching standards, while also promoting diversity and the integrity of science education, from kindergarten to graduate school and beyond.

Bolstering Support for Careers The new ScienceCareers Web site, www.sciencecareers.org, debuted in November 2005, consol- idating its powerful recruitment and job search features with Science’s Next Wave, GrantsNet, the Minority Scientists Network, and other features — all at one fresh-looking, easy-to-navigate site. The changes at ScienceCareers were a central part of a sweeping redesign of the Science family of Web sites that have given the sites a clean, integrated look, easier access, and more intuitive navigation. And, for the first time, the popular ScienceNOW daily news Web site became avail- able to all readers without charge. Thanks to the redesign, visitors to the new ScienceCareers site find the single most comprehensive, freely accessible source of online science and tech- nology career support in the world, serving scientists, engineers, and others at every level.

As ScienceCareers went into hyper-drive in 2005, the Association also geared up an array of other career-support efforts. Richard Weibl was named to serve as a key point of contact for AAAS’s broad international efforts to provide career information to science and technology students, post-doctoral researchers, and early-career professionals, as director of AAAS’s Center for Careers in Science and Technology. Go to www.aaas.org/programs/centers/careers.

The AAAS Center for Advancing Science and Engineering Capacity, meanwhile, continues to provide fee-based consulting support to institutions of higher education, to increase the recruitment, enrollment, retention, and graduation of U.S. students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields, especially those from traditionally underrepresented groups. See www.aaas.org/programs/centers/capacity.

Project 2061 Looks to the Future Named for the next year when Halley’s Comet will be visible from Earth, Project 2061, the Association’s exemplary science-education reform initiative, marked its 20th anniversary with a Capitol Hill briefing, a teachers’ workshop, a seminar, and a reception. With its 1989 report, Science for All Americans, Project 2061 set forth recommendations for what all students should know about science, mathematics, and technology by their high-school graduation day. A follow-up 1993 report, Benchmarks for Science Literacy, translated those recommendations into learning goals, or benchmarks, for grades K-12.

Project 2061 and the National Science Teachers Association co-published the Atlas of Science Literacy, a collection of 49 conceptual maps that show how students’ understanding of the ideas and skills that lead to literacy in science, mathematics, and technology might grow over time. “Project 2061 can be proud of the unrivaled contributions it made to the advancement of science education during its first 20 years, and now, in the next 20 [years] it must continue to press forward with the same strategy, energy, and inventiveness in its crucial effort to make nationwide science literacy a reality in America,” said Dr. F. James Rutherford, founder of Project 2061, now a distinguished visiting professor at Mills College, Oakland, California. See www.project2061.org. 10 Building Strength in Computer Science Recruiting “nontraditional” students into computer science studies and jobs will be critical in keeping the U.S. workforce strong, a new AAAS report concluded. The number of ENTRY POINT! Nears a Milestone undergraduates seeking computer science Now approaching its tenth anniversary, degrees has dropped sharply since 2000, and AAAS’s renowned internship program, the number of women seeking such degrees ENTRY POINT! has placed 440 summer posi- has plunged, too, while few minority students tions for students with disabilities who excel are winning advanced degrees in the field. in science, technology, engineering, and Yet, the growing pool of nontraditional mathematics. In 2005, the program matched U.S. Voter Reforms — For All students is often overlooked and underserved 67 outstanding students with projects As the U.S. voting system showed by higher education, government, and directed by scientists and engineers — signs of stress, Shirley Malcom, industry. The report, Funding Women and placements with employers such as NASA, director of Education and Human Minorities for the IT Workforce: the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Resources at AAAS, joined the Nontraditional Educational Pathways, was Administration, IBM, and Merck & Co., Inc. 21-member Commission on Federal supported by National Science Foundation. The students’ 2005 projects ranged from Election Reform — headed by former It’s online at www.aaas.org/ improving a critical satellite network and U.S. President Jimmy Carter and former publications/books_reports/ITW. weather dispatches to studying the behavior Secretary of State James A. Baker III — of killer whales. See http://entrypoint.org to help compile 87 recommendations for details. for strengthening the electoral system Teaching Techniques — and building voters’ confidence. Captured on Tape She urged U.S. political leaders to reverse a growing “crisis of confidence” Nine school districts and 80 middle-school Helping D.C. Math Teachers among voters by adopting the mathematics teachers in Delaware and Texas AAAS has teamed up with the George Commission’s recommendations. In a are taking part in a unique “reality show” — Washington University and thz D.C. Public break with her colleagues, however, a video-based study of how highly rated School System to help Washington, D.C.- Malcom questioned a proposal to textbooks supported by effective teaching based middle-school teachers brush up on maintain Iowa and New Hampshire practices can improve students’ learning their content knowledge of mathematics. as the traditional first elections in the versus the way that key mathematics After completing a three-year Master’s degree primary campaign process, even as the concepts are being taught. For Laura Conner, program, teachers will be better prepared to other state primaries are consolidated a sixth-grade teacher in Middletown, help guide students through the treacherous into four regional votes. Iowa and Delaware, watching video of her classroom middle-school years, when young people can New Hampshire have only a small technique proved “extremely enlightening,” easily become stranded between basic arith- percentage of minority residents, she said. The study, “Improving Mathematics metic skills and the formal algebra instruction but a disproportionate influence in Teacher Practice and Student Learning that awaits them at the high-school level. determining the Republican and Through Professional Development,” is being Known as DC FAME (DC Fellows for the Democratic presidential nominees, conducted by Project 2061, the AAAS science- Advancement of Mathematics Education), Malcom said. education reform initiative, with funding from the program is supported by a major million the Interagency Education Research Initiative, grant from the D.C. State Education Office, a joint program of the U.S. National Science through the Mathematics and Science Foundation, the Department of Education, and Partnership Program of the U.S. Department the National Institute of Child Health and of Education (DOE). Human Development.

11 Science Breakthroughs

Science continued in 2005 to publish ground-breaking research with important social implications. Infectious disease and environmental change, for example, were the topics of some of the year’s most talked-about papers. The journal’s family of Web sites also underwent a sweeping redesign, with improved navigation and access for scientists, students, career-seekers, teachers, policy-makers, and others.

In 2005, Science highlights included these and other breakthroughs:

• Mapping Human Genetic Variation — • Large Ocean Predators Disappearing — A new map of key genetic signposts A study of the open oceans revealed across three human populations could “hotspots” where tuna, billfishes, and help speed efforts to pinpoint disease- other predators congregate, and it related DNA variations and may showed that there has been a decline in ultimately promise personalized species diversity over the past 50 years. treatments. • Containing a Flu Outbreak — While • Soft Tissues from T. Rex — Unusual emphasizing the many things that could new evidence from a Tyrannosaurus rex go wrong, researchers showed how it fossil showed preserved elastic soft might be possible to contain a tissues, blood vessels and cells. Southeast Asian outbreak of avian influenza in humans. • Human Migrations Etched in Leprosy Genome — A genetics study revealed • Energy-Harvesting Backpack — A new, surprises about how the leprosy-causing energy-harvesting backpack generated bacteria spread across the continents useful amounts of electricity from the up during human migrations. and down movements of its cargo com- partment, potentially allowing disaster • Violence Begets Violence — relief workers, explorers, or soldiers to New research suggested that taking part go into the field with fewer batteries. in or witnessing gun violence in person more than doubles the chances that a • Hurricanes Stronger Now — A global teenager will commit a violent or study showed that hurricanes’ strength Career Support and aggressive act within the following has increased during the past 35 years, two years. even though storm frequency and dura- News for All tion have generally stayed about the • Science’s 125th Birthday — In July same. Science merged its two careers-related 2005, friends of AAAS gathered in Web sites, ScienceCareers.org and London for an evening of festivities and • Mouse Model for Down Syndrome — Science’s Next Wave, to create a in Washington D.C. for a symposium New insights into Down Syndrome may comprehensive, freely accessible pondering the 125 greatest unsolved be possible now that researchers have source of online science-career mysteries in science, as featured in a finally managed to develop a line of support and job opportunities. special issue of the journal. Science’s mice showing some of the disorder’s See www.sciencecareers.org. anniversary edition was covered by the typical traits. Newly published content on the ScienceNOW daily news site also Washington Post, Boston Globe, BBC, became freely accessible to the public. and other media outlets. Go to www.sciencenow.org.

12 Stem Cells — Holding Out Hope Two studies published in 2004 and 2005, describing the cloning of human embryonic stem cells, were found to contain fabricated data and were retracted. “Despite this setback,” said Science Editor-in-Chief Donald Kennedy, “scientists of integrity are continuing to investigate the field’s • Flu Virus Jumps from Horses to Dogs — Scientists potential to benefit human reported that an influenza virus had jumped from health and to advance our horses to dogs, causing outbreaks in racing greyhounds understanding of biology.” and pet dogs in the United States.

• Cracking Spanish Flu’s Genetic Code — By partially reconstructing the Spanish flu virus, researchers discov- ered at least part of what made the virus so lethal.

• Logging Doubles Threat to Amazon — Considering the effects of logging and clear-cutting together, researchers showed that human activities are degrading the Amazonian forest at twice the rate previously estimated.

• Ice Core Record Extended — The air bubbles trapped in an Antarctic ice core allowed researchers to stretch the known greenhouse gas record by 50 percent, all the way Katherine Socha, Ph.D, to 650,000 years ago, providing a fundamental new tool Assistant Professor of for understanding climate change. Mathematics at St. Mary's College of Maryland, • The Genetics of Skin Color — Scientists studying lightly AAAS Member and pigmented zebrafish identified a gene that may play a Science reader. key role in human skin color.

• Breakthrough of the Year — Darwin probably never dreamed that researchers in 2005 would still be uncovering new details about the nuts and bolts of his theory or that this work would be hailed as the Breakthrough of the Year for 2005.

13 Engaging the Public

Across society, as issues such as evolution, nanotechnology, climate change, and stem-cell research increasingly intersect with values, scientists will be challenged to engage the public and others in respectful, productive dialogue. In response, the AAAS Center for Public Engagement with Science and Technology has launched Association-wide efforts to boost public awareness on key issues, and to increase public input into policy agendas by providing opportunities for interaction among policy-makers, the general public, teachers, and the scientific community.

Abelson Seminar Series Debuts As a natural followup to the cutting-edge scientific lectures that he helped to support, AAAS in 2005 launched the Philip Hauge Abelson Advancing Science Seminar series. Honoring long-time AAAS science adviser and Science editor Abelson, who died 1 August 2004 at the age of 91, the first-ever legacy seminar focused on the global rise of chronic disease, from heart disease and stroke, to cancer and diabetes. Speakers included Robert Beaglehole, the World Health Organization’s director of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, who said the toll of premature death from chronic disease is increasing worldwide, principally because of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and population aging. But, he added: “A very dangerous misunderstanding is that chronic disease is the result of unhealthy lifestyles under the control of individuals. The reality is that poor people and children have very limited choices, and it is unfair to blame them for the environmental conditions in which they suffer.” See www.aaas.org/programs/centers/pe/abelson/index.shtml.

2005 AAAS Annual Meeting Efforts to restore devastated marshlands in southern Iraq, reported in a Science paper and also at a related press briefing; the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s description of avian flu as a “very ominous” threat to human health; and robots capable of walking like humans but without using much energy all made headlines during the 2005 AAAS Annual Meeting. Shirley Ann Jackson, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, also commanded attention during her AAAS Presidential Lecture, where she reported that American science and engineering have reached a critical junc- ture, confronted by a mistrustful public and diminishing policy support, despite the promise of life-enhancing discoveries. Among the nearly 9,500 attendees of the 2005 Meeting were a record number of 1,184 press registrants, as well as some 3,000 parents, teachers, and children who took part in free Family Science Days, where they made “fossils,” met a dog trained in forensic research, and played Kinetic City, the popular AAAS online learning game. Go to www.aaasmeeting.org.

14 ©James Baker, Michigan Nanotechnology InstituteMedicine for and the Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS) ©CDC/Greg Knobloch

Reporters and Editors Tell All EurekAlert! Online Events “When the American Association for To effectively communicate science, public Want to know more about the promise of the Advancement of Science devoted information officers must know the media manufactured molecules designed for specific a session to this idea of separation outlets they approach, as well as reporters’ medical uses, from cancer treatments to [of science and religion] at its annual individual preferences, a panel of top vision restoration? Or, perhaps you might meeting this year, scores of scientists reporters told a packed ballroom at the want to ask questions of leading evolution crowded into a room to hear it.” National Press Club. The group was convened experts? Log onto the next EurekAlert! by EurekAlert!, the science-news Web site moderated online discussion to get fast —Cornelia Dean, New York Times, launched by AAAS, and Spectrum answers to timely questions. Two online 23 August 2005 Science Communications. Rick Weiss of chats in 2005 tackled the nanotech revolution The Washington Post, John Timpane of the in medicine and strategies for responding “They say never work with children Philadelphia Inquirer, Randy Schmid of the to the “intelligent design” movement. or animals, but no one reminded Associated Press, and others shared their Future chats may features experts on the American Association for the pet peeves and favorite story topics. Op-ed climate change and other topics. See Advancement of Science when it Editor Timpane, for instance, identified three www.eurekalert.org/expertchat. The talks threw a family science day at its basic approaches to writing an op-ed thesis have been sponsored by The New York Times annual conference last year and statement: (1) It is or is not good, true or Company Foundation. invited three cloned mules … worthy; (2) here’s what happened and why; The association’s annual meeting or (3) look what happened. In addition to is perhaps the only event in the world avian flu, evolutionary biology and ethical where you’ll find cutting-edge issues related to nanotechnology are of science under the same roof as interest to Timpane. For Weiss, news means children making ice-cream from “something has to happen — not just liquid nitrogen … ‘It’s the Olympics someone speaking,” he noted. And, Jim of science conferences.’” Lebans of Canadian Broadcasting Corpora- tion’s “Quirks & Quarks” show said he looks —Stephen Phillips, The Times Higher for scientists capable of telling a good story Education Supplement, 18 March 2005 that can “charm, excite, and amuse” listeners. Log onto www.eurekalert.org/seminar.

15 AAAS Awards

The AAAS Awards celebrate the achievements of extraordinary scientists, engineers, and journalists. We congratulate each of our distinguished Award winners.

AAAS Awards Highlights

Philip Hauge Abelson Prize The coveted Abelson Prize honors a public servant for exceptional contributions to advancing science, or a scientist or engineer for a distinguished career of scientific achievement and service to the community.

For his outstanding contributions to U.S. science and technology policy, his unrelenting work to maintain U.S. scientific and technological preeminence, and his initiatives to strengthen the scientific partnerships between academia, industry, and government, AAAS named Norman R. Augustine, former chief executive officer of Lockheed Martin Corp., to receive the prestigious 2005 AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize. Augustine’s distinguished career spans 40 years. Today, he is a member of the President’s Council Norman R. Augustine of Advisors on Science and Technology and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Advisory Council.

Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology The award recognizes working scientists and engineers who make outstanding contributions to the popularization of science.

Jane Lubchenco, the Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology and Distinguished Professor of Zoology at Oregon State University, was honored for her exemplary commitment to, and leadership of, public understanding of science initiatives in public policy and professional arenas. Her career and extracurricular activities demonstrate her commitment to communicating science and technology to such diverse audiences as civic groups, school children, and local, national, and international leaders as well as religious leaders and captains of business and industry. She also has used her Jane Lubchenco substantial skills to create and lead at least two different organizations that train other scientists to become active public communicators.

16 Award for International Scientific Cooperation The award recognizes extraordinary contributions to furthering international cooperation in science and engineering.

AAAS named a team of Russian and American scientists to receive the 2005 International Scientific Cooperation Award. The winners were Kyle T. Alfriend, Paul J. Cefola, Felix R. Hoots, Kyle T. Alfriend Paul J. Cefola Felix R. Hoots P. Kenneth Seidelmann and P. Kenneth Seidelmann from the Texas A&M University Massachusetts AT&T Government University of Virginia United States, and Andrey I. Institute of Technology Solutions Nazarenko, Vasiliy S. Yurasov, and Stanislav S. Veniaminov from Russia. Once adversaries, these dedicated scientists were honored for both their determination to transcend numerous limitations to collaboration and their pioneering work to advance state-of- the-art space surveillance in both countries for the benefit of the world- wide astrodynamics community and the safety of human activity in space.

Andrey I. Nazarenko Vasiliy S. Yurasov Stanislav S. Veniaminov Russian Aviation and Space Informatics Space Research Center Space Agency Analytical Systems, “Kosmos,” Russia Russia

Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award The award honors scientists and engineers whose exemplary actions, often taken at significant personal cost, have served to foster scientific freedom and responsibility.

David Michaels was honored for his commitment to obtaining justice for workers who became ill after working in nuclear weapons programs and for advocating scientific integrity in public policy- making. Michaels is research professor and associate chair in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at George Washington University’s School of Public Health and Health Services, David Michaels and he directs the department’s doctoral program.

17 AAAS Awards

Mentor Award The award honors early or mid-career members who have mentored and guided significant numbers of underrepresented students toward a Ph.D. degree in the sciences, as well as scholarship, activism, and community-building for underrepresented groups.

Karen L. Butler-Purry, an electrical engineering professor at Texas A&M University, has mentored 18 underrepresented students through the doctoral level and has positively affected the lives of scores more undergraduate and graduate students both in the electrical engineering and computer sciences areas. She has been faculty adviser to the university’s chapters of the National Society of Black Engineers and the Society of Karen Butler-Purry Women Engineers; and she initiated the Engineering Graduate Invitational at Texas A&M, which targets underrepresented students in engineering and encourages participants from minority-serving institutions.

Mentor Award for Lifetime Achievement The award honors members who, for more than 25 years, have mentored and guided significant numbers of underrepresented students toward a Ph.D. degree in the sciences, as well as scholarship, activism, and community-building for underrepresented groups.

Sheila Browne, a chemistry professor and the Bertha Phillips Rodger Chair in Chemistry at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, overcame significant obstacles through the mentorship of teachers who encouraged her to envision a bigger future than she could see at that time. Today, she is an accomplished physical organic chemist. Browne has directed the bachelor’s or master’s theses of 79 women, 28 of whom went on to doctoral degrees and 31 of whom were minorities, and directed the doctoral work of two women. Sheila Ewing Browne

Science Journalism Awards The awards recognize outstanding reporting for a general audience and honor individual reporters for their coverage of the sciences, engineering, and mathematics. The independently judged competition is sponsored by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.

• Large Newspaper — Dennis Overbye of The New York Times • Small Newspaper — Richard Monastersky of The Chronicle of Higher Education • Magazine — Elizabeth Kolbert and Atul Gawande of The New Yorker • Television — Joseph McMaster, Martin Williams, Lara Acaster, and Alex Williams, NOVA-WGBH • Radio — John Nielsen, National Public Radio • Online — Daniel Grossman, WBUR.org • Science News for Children (International) — Elizabeth Carney, Scholastic’s SuperScience

18 Co-Sponsored AAAS Prizes

The Young Scientists Award SUPPORTED BY GE HEALTHCARE This prize recognizes outstanding Ph.D. thesis work in molecular biology worldwide.

Grand prize winner: Ahmet Yildiz was honored for developing a technique to improve single-molecule fluorescence Ahmet Yildiz Nieng Yan Marina Aspholm and then applying the method to University of California, Princeton University University of Oslo, measure how Myosin V, a biomolecular San Francisco Norway motor involved in intracellular trans- port, moves.

Regional winners:

• North America — Nieng Yan • Europe — Marina Aspholm • Japan — Rikinari Hanayama • All Other Countries — Jianmin Zhang

Rikihari Hanayama Jianmin Zhang Children’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Boston Hospital and Harvard University Medical School Newcomb Cleveland Prize SUPPORTED BY AFFYMETRIX AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prizes for Excellence in Science Books The prize acknowledges an outstanding paper published in the The prizes, sponsored by Subaru of America Inc., celebrate outstanding Research Articles or Reports sections of Science. science writing and illustration for children and young adults.

Most recently, a paper showing the spin effects in semi- • Children’s Science Picture Book — Stars Beneath Your Bed: conducting materials induced by electric fields along the The Surprising Story of Dust, by April Pulley Sayre (author) length of the material won the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize, and Ann Jonas (illustrator), HarperCollins, 2005 the oldest award conferred by AAAS. The researchers were • Middle Grades Nonfiction Science Book — Yuichiro K. Kato, Roberto C. Myers, Arthur C. Gossard, and The Prairie Builders: Reconstructing America’s Lost Grasslands, David Awschalom. In a paper published 10 December 2004, by Sneed B. Collard III, Houghton Mifflin, 2005 they reported observing the spin Hall effect, the first time it • has been seen in an experiment. Popular Science Books for High School Readers — Invisible Allies: Microbes That Shape Our Lives, by Jeanette Farrell, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005 • Hands-On Science/Activity Books — The Amateur Naturalist, by Nick Baker, National Geographic Press, 2005

19 Golden Fund Update

An extremely generous, historic gift from William T. Golden, AAAS’s treasurer emeritus, stimulates programmatic innovation by funding activities not normally supported by the general budget. Most recently, Mr. Golden’s vision and gift have made possible the following innovative new programs:

Understanding the Nature of Science AAAS’s Project 2061 is producing a booklet that portrays the nature of science in a set of four related strand maps, with additional text and illustrations drawn from the Atlas of Science Literacy (AAAS, 2001), Benchmarks for Science Literacy (AAAS, 1993), Science for All Americans (AAAS, 1990), and other sources. The booklet should help to promote the Atlas to new as well as existing audiences, to science education for everyone, and to increase public understanding of science.

Accessing K-12 Teaching Resources Online Project 2061 also is developing a prototype of interactive strand maps to serve as a unified interface for accessing K-12 teaching resources online. The strand maps can be a powerful tool for helping educators to select stage-appropriate instructional resources, within a coherent set of interrelated K-12 learning goals, linked to the specific ideas and skills that students need to learn.

Science Reporting for a Young Audience The new Science Reporting for Kids Portal on EurekAlert! is fully functional. Log onto www.eurekalert.org/kidsnews to read the latest kids’ news from Science, or to play free online games such as “Be on the Cover of Science.” The portal now serves hundreds of reporters who specialize in science-news coverage for young audiences, and many are registered to receive weekly e-mail alerts featuring story ideas for kids. The portal is freely available to the public, too, and receives upwards of 4,000 hits each month.

Kinetic City Gym Through the Kinetic City Gym, children are encouraged to love learning about science by playing high-energy games and engaging in “smart moves.” This interactive online game kit requires kids to get out of their chairs and run, skip, toss, and twist while learning about science. Ideal for summer science camps or gyms, the kit is designed to teach children how the human body operates by playing high-impact games that either illustrate body functions or require kids to measure the effects of movement.

20 Science Online, Podcasts, and Blogs AAAS has created of a pilot podcast based on breaking Science content, geared toward general audiences and involving various AAAS departments; as well as a more focused Web log targeted at specific scientific disciplines. At press time, the fledgling Science podcast was ranking among the top 25 subscribed, science-themed podcasts on the iTunes site. Go to www.sciencemag.org/podcast.

Evolution on the Front Line EurekAlert! Multimedia Gallery Funding provided in 2005 supported a special The new multimedia gallery on EurekAlert! is event during the 2006 AAAS Annual Meeting helping to enhance science communications that engaged some 500 attendees, including with reporters across languages, while also an estimated 250 K-12 educators who made assisting public information officers (PIOs) to their voices heard through advance focus better serve radio, television, and online groups and an instant “clicker survey.” The reporters. The centralized, “one-stop-shop- event featured prominent scientists, a policy- “The purposes of the Evolution on the Front Line event are to give teachers ping” resource makes it possible for PIOs to maker, the director of the Vatican Observatory, a voice on the evolution issue and to provide thousands of registered reporters and even Jeff Corwin, host of Animal Planet’s advise the scientific community how with freely accessible images. Soon, audio “Corwin’s Quest.” Speakers and attendees best to support them. We hope to and short video files also will be featured discussed challenges confronting science learn how we can best support within the gallery. For more information, teachers seeking to protect the integrity of teachers as they endeavor to help our visit www.eurekalert.org/multimedia. science and science education. Teachers children understand what is and isn’t received a special Project 2061 Abbreviated science. And, we commend teachers Guide to Teaching Evolution and a video fea- Science’s for their efforts to safeguard the Signal Transduction turing teachers from Dover, Pennsylvania. See integrity of U.S. science education.” Knowledge Environment (STKE) www.aaas.org/news/press_room/evolution. STKE provides a central electronic information —Gilbert S. Omenn, AAAS President (2005) source focusing on how cells “talk” to each other through chemical signals. This biological information network is essential for under- standing nearly everything in biology, from the development of an embryo to cancer. Now, STKE and the Blueprint Initiative at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, are enhancing the site’s Connections Maps Pathway display so that students and experts alike can obtain more information, simply by looking at pathway diagrams. Work by a new STKE database curator ultimately will result in expanded search options, too.

21 AAAS Fellows

AAAS Fellows are elected annually by the AAAS Council for meritorious efforts to advance science or its applications. Fellows have made significant contributions in areas such as research, teaching, technology, services to professional societies, and the communication of science to the public.

The following members were elected Fellows in 2005. AAAS congratulates them and thanks them for their service to science and technology.

Agriculture, Food, and Astronomy Renewable Resources Sushil K. Atreya Jose M. Amador Henry C. Ferguson Alan B. Bennett Alan W. Harris Peter Bretting David C. Jewitt Bruce C. Campbell Steven D. Kawaler Kenneth G. Cassman Eugene H. Levy Gebisa Ejeta J. Michael Shull Charles A. Francis Mark Vincent Sykes Scot H. Hulbert Paul Robert Weissman William K. Lauenroth Hei Leung Na-Sheng Lin Atmospheric and Richard H. Loeppert Hydrospheric Sciences Timothy D. Paine Francisco P. Chavez Pedro A. Sanchez Peter Henry Gleick Lawrence B. Schook Philip B. Russell Jei-Fu Shaw Graeme L. Stephens Susan E. Trumbore Peter J. Webster Anthropology Douglas R. Worsnop Stephen J. Beckerman Yuk L. Yung Russell L. Ciochon Gary M. Feinman William L. Hylander Biological Sciences Clifford J. Jolly Jill P. Adler-Moore William H. Kimbel Michael F. Allen Jeffrey T. Laitman Todd Alan Anderson William C. McGrew Michael L. Arnold Thomas C. Patterson Julia N. Bailey-Serres Payson D. Sheets Tania A. Baker Barbara Gail Beckman Jeffrey Lynn Bennetzen Nora J. Besansky Roger K. Bretthauer Arturo Casadevall Vicki L. Chandler Joanne Chory Keith Clay Gloria M. Coruzzi Evan H. Delucia

22 Daniel R. Gallie Louise Prakash Chemistry Robert C. Gallo Satya Prakash Daniel J. Auerbach James I. Garrels Patricia J. Pukkila Carlos F. Barbas, III N. Louise Glass Michael D. Purugganan Mary W. Baum Takashi Gojobori John Ralph Henry N. Blount Carla B. Green Yasuko Rikihisa Joel M. Bowman Joel Francis Habener George D. Rose Michael S. Chapman James Edward Haber Fred D. Sack David L. Clark Benjamin D. Hall Sandra L. Schmid Dimitri Coucouvanis Joyce Libby Hamlin Eric Ursell Selker Larry R. Dalton Linda Kay Hanley-Bowdoin Fred Sherman Paul Davidovits Jon Fewell Harrison David J. Sherratt Dana D. Dlott Stephen Coplan Harrison Arend Sidow Richard Eisenberg Alan Hastings Rama S. Singh Gregory J. Exarhos John E. Hearst Neelima Roy Sinha John T. Fourkas Tina M. Henkin D. Peter Snustad Samuel H. Gellman Joan Herbers David R. Soll Arun K. Ghosh Daniel Herschlag L. Andrew Staehelin James L. Gole Philip Andrew Hieter Bruce William Stillman Vicki H. Grassian Tatsuya Hirano Douglas M. Stocco Naomi J. Halas F. Kay Huebner Bernard S. Strauss Lawrence Brook Harding James H. Hunt Kevin Struhl John F. Hartwig Richard Timothy Hunt Lloyd W. Sumner W. Christopher Hollinsed Robert D. Ivarie Michael R. Sussman Mark A. Johnson Richard A. Jorgensen Edward I. Bradbridge Thompson Bruce D. Kay Fotis C. Kafatos Donald M. Waller Richard A. Keller Nancy Pulane Keller Xuemin Wang John W. Kozarich David Kowalski Margaret Werner-Washburne Harold H. Kung Adam Kuspa Susan R. Wessler Deborah E. Leckband Laura Landweber James Francis White, Jr. Timothy J. Lee Meredith Anne Lane H. Steven Wiley James L. Leighton Linda L. Lasure Huntington F. Willard Hung-Wen Liu Walter S. Leal Chun-Fang Wu Charles E. McKenna Leslie A. Leinwand Zhenbiao Yang Terry A. Miller Laura S. Levy Meng-Chao Yao Tyrone D. Mitchell Jim Jung-Ching Lin JiuJiang Yu Martin Moskovits Jonathan B. Losos Milan Mrksich Dario Maestripieri Amy Sue Mullin Vivek Malhotra Carlos A. Murillo Richard B. Meagher Donna J. Nelson Synthia H. Mellon Keith A. Nelson Sabeeha Merchant Cheuk-Yiu Ng Aaron P. Mitchell Mitchio Okumura Edward J. Mullaney Thomas L. Poulos Michael W. Nachman G. K. Surya Prakash Berl R. Oakley Peter Pulay Philip Osdoby Antonio Redondo Stephen W. Pacala Dagmar Ringe Jeffrey D. Palmer Celeste M. Rohlfing Patricia G. Parker Dennis R. Salahub Aristides A. N. Patrinos Joseph B. Schlenoff Thomas D. Petes Ayusman Sen Christoph Plass J. Fraser Stoddart

23 AAAS Fellows

Weihong Tan General Interest in Science Information, Computing, and Michael J. Therien and Engineering Communication Jacopo Tomasi Adlai J. Amor Ashok K. Agrawala Robert Tycko Marta Cehelsky Daniel M. Cotter David E. Wemmer Kathleen M. Donovan James D. Foley John C. Wright Kendrick Frazier Eugene C. Freuder Xiaoliang Sunney Xie Michael Strigel Philip Green Joseph Y. Halpern Ravishankar K. Iyer Dentistry and Oral Health Sciences Geology and Geography Anil K. Jain Christopher R. Johnson Beverly A. Dale-Crunk J. David R. Applegate Suzanna E. Lewis Bruce A. Bolt Linda R. Petzold William E. Doolittle Eric S. Roberts Richard M. Forester Education Daniel P. Siewiorek Claude Hillaire-Marcel William W. Cobern Walter L. Warnick John C. Kotz Roger L. Kaesler Jay B. Labov Erle G. Kauffman Madeleine J. Long Richard Marston Robert J. Semper Peter Molnar Linguistics and Language Science Lonnie G. Thompson Sheila E. Blumstein Youxue Zhang Frederick J. Newmeyer Karen Rice Engineering J. K. Aggarwal Cynthia J. Atman History and Philosophy of Science Prith Banerjee William Bechtel Mathematics Frank S. Bates Ronald L. Numbers Jennifer Tour Chayes Rafael L. Bras M. Norton Wise Robert M. Miura Jeffrey J. Chalmers T. Christine Stevens Mohamed Jamal Deen Robert Williams Leonard C. Feldman Industrial Science and Technology Morteza Gharib Robert Boily Hans G. Hornung Charles L. Liotta Medical Sciences John L. Hudson Steven W. Popper Peter C. Agre Frank P. Incropera Rolf Frederick Barth Alex K-Y. Jen H. Franklin Bunn Kannan M. Krishnan Paul A. Bunn Mary E. Lidstrom Harvey Cantor William M. Miller Robert D. Cardiff José M. F. Moura Valerie P. Castle Wolfgang Porod E. Antonio Chiocca Ishwar K. Puri Dennis W. Choi Steven A. Ringel Linda C. Cork Michael Shur Harry C. Dietz III Subhash C. Singhal Duane J. Gubler Gregory N. Stephanopoulos Paul A. Insel Dwight C. Streit Sissy Meihua Jhiang Rao Y. Surampalli Michael D. Lairmore Elias Towe Stuart B. Levy Charles B. Watkins David E. Pleasure Teresa K. Woodruff

24 Neuroscience Chandra M. Varma David F. Clayton Alfons Weber David H. Cohen Ronald M. Harris-Warrick Susan Hockfield Psychology Mark F. Jacquin Norman Bruce Anderson Lawrence Kruger David Harrison Barlow Susan E. Leeman John D. Corrigan Irwin B. Levitan Richard L. Doty Joe L. Martinez, Jr. James S. Jackson Richard G. M. Morris John F. Marshall Richard T. Robertson Earl K. Miller Richard E. Zigmond Barbara J. Rolls Donald Thomas Stuss Daniel M. Wegner Pharmaceutical Sciences David R. Williams Ian A. Blair Edward Chu Steven Grant Social, Economic, and Anthony J. Hickey Political Sciences C. Anthony Hunt Robert J. Blendon Andrej Rotter Howard Kunreuther Edward L. Miles James K. Mitchell Physics Willie Pearson, Jr. Samuel H. Aronson Jeffrey D. Sachs Neil V. Baggett Paul M. Sniderman Dawn A. Bonnell Richard C. Sutch Swapan Chattopadhyay Alan W. DeSilva J. Thomas Dickinson Societal Impacts of Louis F. DiMauro Science and Engineering Robert E. Ecke John P. Boright C. W. Francis Everitt Barry Bozeman Roger W. Folcone Bruce B. Darling Theodore Alan Fulton Rachel E. Levinson P. Chris Hammel James D. Wilson Peter Hänggi Richard D. Hazeltine Arthur F. Hebard Siegfried S. Hecker Statistics Ulrich Walter Heinz Jianqing Fan John F. Holzrichter Sallie Keller-McNulty V. M. Kenkre Sally C. Morton Daniel J. Larson Carol K. Redmond Thomas A. Mehlhorn Miklos Porkolab Ramamoorthy Ramesh Bharat Ratra Z. F. Ren William C. Stwalley Michael S. Turner

25 Acknowledgment of Contributors

The AAAS Board of Directors Director’s Guild Pembroke J. Hart Philip Y. Paterson gratefully acknowledges the following ($50,000 & ABOVE) James H. Heym John F. Pelton David E. Shaw & Beth Melvin J. Hill Steven Popok individuals, foundations, corporations, Kobliner Shaw Shirley & Horace Malcom Milton F. Pravda and government agencies whose Mark F. Meier Anna C. Roosevelt Thomas W. Newton Beth A. Rosner generous support has enabled Director’s Guild Peter O’Donnell, Jr. Roy W. Simonson AAAS to undertake new initiatives, ($10,000–$49,999) Gilbert S. Omenn & Martha Horton G. Stever A. Darling Pamela E. Stewart supplement program funding, and Anonymous Alan I. & Agnes Leshner William J. Osher David L. Stocum address the issues and concerns Warren B. Weisberg Vivian Pan Marian E. Swendseid of the scientific community. Ginger Pinholster & M. Otto Alvin V. Tollestrup Stahley Thomas E. Twitchell Director’s Guild Jo Ellen Roseman Richard E. Voeltz ($5,000–$9,999) Bronwyn and Brian Scott Jocelyn M. Wallace Lewis G. Smith, III Barbara H. Wayne Chet Britten Charles M. Weiss Jeffrey L. Kodosky Frederick T. Weiss Gordon E. Moore Benjamin Franklin Clayton A. Wiley Society Charles M. Zegar ($500–$999) Director’s Guild ($2,500–$4,999) L. Thomas Aldrich J. Frances Allen Galileo Sphere Anonymous (2) Janet J. Asimov ($250–$499) Paul & Evelyn Baran Dennis M. Bier Sherburne Abbott Phillip L. Blair H. Kent Bowen Edward M. Arnett Irving & Alwyn Johnson Andrew L. Brill Casper J. Aronson Luther Christman Gladys E. Baker Daryl Chubin N. Addison Ball Thomas Edison Alliance Mary E. Clutter Jean Beard ($1,000–$2,499) Edmund A. C. Crouch Herman Birch Anonymous (2) David Evans Beverly Bishop Robert E. Anspaugh John Ferguson C. John Blankley George Arnstein Bruce A. Fowler Joan E. Brooks Frank M. Berger Eli Glatstein Dennis E. Buetow Edmund J. & Monica M. Andrew M. Gleason Anthony J. Cavalieri Bradford Anna B. Griffin James F. Cherry John Artie Browning Lee Grodzins Leland J. Chinn Jean B. Burnett William F. Holmes Robert W. Christopherson Nathaniel Chafee John E. Irsak Jules Cohen Nirupa Chaudhari & Stephen Michael M. Kaback Edmund U. Cohler Roper Elaine Kant Max D. Cooper Hartvig Dahl Robert L. & Judith Ann Stephen H. Crandall William H. Danforth Kellogg Peter V. Czipott Robert C. Forney Joseph E. Kist Victor H. Denenberg Donald P. Gaver, Jr. Victor W. Laurie Robin L. Dennis Joseph G. Gavin, Jr. Matthew Lekson Joseph Dial Sarah B. Glickenhaus John Lenard Charles Dickinson William T. Golden Charles Lenzmeier Elvira Doman Mary L. Good Suzanne M. Mahoney Virginia H. Donaldson Jeffrey Gore Peter B. Myers Paul Doty Helen K. Groves Edith D. Neimark Jerry A. Doughty Sita Halperin Robert E. Palmer Frances B. Edens

26 Joann L. Evans Joseph Raffaele Kenneth B. Armitage Willem Brouwer Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. Stephen C. Ragatz Robert G. Arnold Anthony Brown Michael Feiss Samuel I. Rapaport Beatrice Arnowich Eleanor R. Brown Warren T. Ford Robert W. Rasch William Aron Kathleen O. Brown Darhl Foreman Edward F. Redish James K. Arthur Robert W. Bryant Terry R. Freund Arthur G. Rempel William C. Ashby Evan Buck Robert F. Furchgott Ellen C. Revelle Marc S. Atkins Robert W. Bundtzen Horace W. Furumoto Juan G. Roederer Alfred E. Attard Kenneth A. Burkholder James I. Garrels and Joan E. Mike C. Rose Robert Austrian Ronald G. Burns Brooks Robert Rosenthal Peter R. Backus John E. Burris Gilbert Gavlin Marion J. Service R. Clifton Bailey Verona D. Burton Kenneth Gobalet Andrew M. Sessler David Balding John B. Bush Robert G. Goelet Linda C. Smith George C. Baldwin Donald G. Buth Edward J. Goetzl Joel S. Spira C. Kenneth Banks, Jr. James H. Butler Marvin L. Goldberger Rosemary A. Stevens Joseph C. Barbaccia Patrick G. Butler William C. Graustein Ernest H. Stockhoff Harry G. Barnes Bradford Butman Josephine C. Grosch James Stolzenbach Franklin H. Barnwell George F. Cahill, Jr. Barbara J. Grosz Shepard B. Stone Lawrence S. Bartell Ralph Calder Homer J. Hall Jerome F. Storm Tamas Bartfai Warren W. Caldwell William C. Harris C. E. Sunderlin James Bartley William H. Card Glenn I. Hatton Donald A. Swanson Thomas R. Baruch Boris Catz Paul A. Heiney John F. Thompson Peter Beak Robert T. Chatterton Susan J. Henning Louis M. Thompson Henry F. Beechhold Donald B. Chesler Douglas L. Hintzman David C. Tiemeier Leslie Z. Benet Lucio Chiaraviglio Karen S. Jakes John G. Topliss Donald R. Bennett Pritindra Chowdhuri Herbert H. Jervis Joanne S. Tornow John Berech, Jr. Norman L. Christensen Julius E. Johnson Warren M. Washington Elwyn Berlekamp Terri Christison Robert H. Jones Milton W. Weller Lawrence U. Berman Robert W. Christy Marjorie M. Kade Albert Wells George W. Bernard Elmond L. Claridge George B. Kent Mary C. Wetzel Giorgio Bernardi Alfred Clark Miles V. Klein Jack R. Weyland Joel Bernstein Ralph M. Clark Rebecca Klemm James R. Whitley Austin W. Betts Robert R. Clark Leland S. Kollmorgen John S. & Judith H. Willis William Bevan Barbara Clemmensen Susan Landau Helen R. Winter John G. Bieri Albert Clogston Charles A. Lawson Gloria F. Wolinsky Mary L. Bird Carrington Cobbs Leon M. Lederman S. Courtenay Wright Edward A. Birge George G. Cocks Lela Lee & Norman Wikner June Yamashita David Birnbaum Edward H. Cohen Ann M. Lewicki Charles Yanofsky Diane F. Birt Michael P. Cohen Lowell N. Lewis Louis G. Zachos Charles W. Bishop Morrel H. Cohen John P. Linderman Alfred K. Blackadar Morris Cohen † George H. Madany Meredith Blackwell Richard L. Cohen Clifford K. Madsen Copernicus Club Edward Blumenthal Barry S. Coller Thomas J. Marlowe ($100–$249) Dorothy E. Boatman Jack H. & Rita R. Colwell Walter & Shirley Massey Anonymous (3) John B. Bockelmann Dale K. Colyer Owen J. Newlin John P. Abbey P. D. Boersma James W. Conine Robert A. Nilan William L. Ackerman John K. Boitnott Sheryl L. Coombs David D. Olds Ernest C. Adams Joseph Bordogna Erminio Costa Herbert E. Paaren Fredrick T. Addicott Adele Boskey C. L. Courtright Gary M. Pace Robert Adler R. L. Bowen Jack D. Cowan Robert L. Park Philip D. Aines Milton J. Boyd Robert C. Cowen Joseph C. Parker, Jr. Gordon Aitken David R. Boylan Richard H. Cox William G. Parzybok, Jr. Albert J. Allen Eric Bradford H. Vance Crawford John R. Pierce Adelbert Ames, III Charles G. and Alice I. Bragg John M. Crawford John Ware Poston, Sr. Lloyd L. Anderson William J. Brenner Vincent H. Crespi William M. Protheroe Charles E. Andrews Michael F. Brewer Paul M. Crosby Peter Puster David R. Anthony Frank Brink Patrick F. Crossman Mitchell T. Rabkin Robert L. Appleby Kevin B. Brink B. Wesley Catlin Cunningham Robert W. Rader J. David Applegate Grant S. Bromhal Laurence W. Curtis

27 Edward B. Cutler Edward Fairstein Roger A. Gorski Karl Huffman Holly Cymet Richard C. Falkenstein, II Donn S. Gorsline Kenneth Hunkins John W. Daly Emmanuel Farber Albert E. Goss Eric Hunter Bruce H. Dana Curtis Farrar Kim L. Graham Richard N. Hurd Jasper R. Daube Helene V. Fatt Temple Grandin Leon Hyman Herbert A. David Yoseph Feit Jared Grantham Frank W. Ingle Diane W. Davidson Darryl L. Felder William B. Greenough, III Douglas L. Inman David R. Davies Allison F. Fentiman Donald F. Grether E. Atlee Jackson Charles H. Davis Gillian M. Fenton John W. Griffin Israel S. Jacobs Harold A. Davis James P. Ferris Richard Grindeland Jerome J. Jacoby Jay C. Davis Jacquelyn S. Fetrow Lawrence M. Grossman Douglas A. James Leslie N. Davis Craig & Alison Fields William J. Guilford Stephen N. Jasperson William C. Davis Roman O. Filipowicz Benjamin F. Gundelfinger William A. Jensen Paul S. De Carli Alan Finkelstein C. David Gutsche James E. Jewell John T. Deane Alfred P. Fishman Joanna F. Haas John H. Jewell Jack N. Deeter Frank W. Fitch Helen M. Habermann Erling Johansen Kenneth A. DeGhetto A. Russell Flegal Mark E. Hahn George John William P. Deiss J. D. Fleming, Jr. Thomas B. Hakes Erik D. Johnson Robert Demar T. Lloyd Fletcher Albert L. Hale Hollis R. Johnson Paul M. Densen Robert H. Foote Peter T. Halpin Elke Jordan Robert J. Desnick Miriam Foshay Mary G. Hamilton Paul T. Kantz John L. Deutsch Patrick W. Foster Daniel A. Hamlin Barry Katz Paul W. Dickson, Jr. Thomas R. Fowler Dan Hammerstrom William J. Keating † Bruce L. Dietrich William F. Fraccaro Carleton T. Handy Joanne K. Kelleher Joe Dietzgen Bruce H. Frank Arthur G. Hansen David R. Kelly Marshall Dinowitz Stephen E. Frazier William E. Hanson J. Wesley Kemp Joseph R. DiPalma Arnold Fredrickson Charles Harris Richard P. Kenan Walter E. Ditmars, Jr. Atis K. Freimanis Howard R. Hart Kern E. Kenyon Jonathan S. Dixon Jennifer R. Friedman Albert B. Harvey Urban S. Kern W. Robert Dixon Paul J. Friedman Hans Hasche-Kluender Roger Ketcham Holly Dockery Harry W. Fulbright Robert R. Haubrich Richard E. Kettler Gregory C. Donadio Brenda M. Fuller Fernand Hayot Karen V. Kibler Theodore Donaldson Joseph H. Gainer Richard D. Hazeltine J. Priscilla Kilbourn Rodger E. Doxsey Joseph G. Gall Art Hazelwood Mark T. Kingsley John F. Doyle S. Raymond Gambino Earl R. Heithaus Charles H. Kircher Michael P. Doyle Rajesh R. Gandhi Marye Priscilla Hele Elizabeth Kirchner Richard D. Drake Lucille B. Garmon George R. Helmer David L. Kirk Abraham I. Dranetz Ross Garon Leon Henkin Wiley P. Kirk Gary J. Drtina Alfred J. Garrett Mary Henle George Kitazawa Horace F. Drury R. H. Garstang Edward C. Hermann Scott A. Kleiner Louis Duenweg † Clifford F. Gastineau Susan W. Herring Paul H. Klingbiel Donald N. Duvick David M. Gates John R. Hess Lucy W. Kluckhohn Ira Dyer Neal Gelfand Peter G. Heytler Rita E. Knox Clifford Eastman Richard E. Gelinas John E. Hiatt Peter F. M. Koehler Nathan C. Eastman James A. Gibbs James Hillier Stephen C. Kolakowsky Clifford O. Eddy Paul T. Gieser David S. Hogness Jerry J. Kollros Seyhan N. Ege Mark L. Gilberstadt Robert Hoguet Anthony L. Komaroff Henry L. Ehrlich Neal C. Gillespie Paul R. Hohenfeldt Edward J. Kormondy Roger Eichhorn Walter L. Gillespie William D. Hohenthal, Jr. Arthur Kornberg Sol W. Englander Henry Ginsberg Robert Holmgren Igor L. Kosin Edward L. Erickson Jeffrey L. Glassroth Gabriel N. Hortobagyi Martha A. Krebs Edward W. Ernst Edward W. Glazener David Horvitz Bernard E. Kreger W. G. Ernst Bernice Glozek Seymour A. Horwitz Rodney Krich Aaron H. Esman Alfred L. Goldberg Gary Howerton Michael H. Kroll Robert H. Eustis Arthur E. Goldberg Walton L. Howes Michael N. Krupp Neal J. Evans Marjorie Golden John P. Huchra Fred A. Kummerow Thomas W. Evans Reginald G. Golledge Kimberly Hudson Edwin B. Kurtz Reginald J. Exton William H. Goodson, III Roy M. Huffington Anton Edward La Bonte

28 Walter R. Lamb Shirley A. McCormack Patricia J. Noyes Lester J. Reed Neal F. Lane Lillian C. McDermott Marie U. Nylen James C. Register, III Robert E. Lanou, Jr. Mark N. McDermott Judith K. Nyquist Malcolm M. Renfrew Richard K. Lashof Robert J. McElroy Robert A. O’Dell Michael J. Reynolds Patty H. Laswick Steve P. McGrew Bruce O’Gara Charles M. Rice, III George H. Lauff Thomas McKarns Tomoko Ohta Harada John M. Rice Alger E. Laura Charles H. McKenna William A. Oliver, Jr. † Adrian F. Richards Richard A. Laursen William J. McKinney Kenneth O. Olsen Dr. and Mrs. George Rieveschl, Jr. John W. Layman Marcia K. McNutt Walter A. Orenstein Frederick H. Rindge Douglass B. Lee Forman S. Meachem Robert Osserman Lillian C. Robbins Mark Lehner C. Alden Mead Thomas B. Owen Eugene Roberts Cecil E. Leith Larie L. Meal Allison R. Palmer Frank D. Roberts James U. Lemke John T. Melson C. Harvey Palmer Jean Roberts James B. Lesh James E. Melvin Noah Palmer Nat C. Robertson Duane J. LeTourneau Neil H. Mendelson Raymond L. Palmer Elizabeth Roemer C. Sandford Levings, III John R. Menke James F. Patterson Alan E. Rogers Richard M. LeVitt William C. Messner Ara G. Paul Mark Rognstad Arthur Liberman Steve Metchis Thomas S. Peat Kenneth L. Rose David A. Liberman Axel Meyer Heather P. Peirce-Stern Mark R. Rosenzweig Philip Lichtenberg John S. Meyer William Penney Thomas A. Rosse Maurine Linder Alfred F. Michael, Jr. Frank A. Pepe J. M. Rowe William T. Lindsay, Jr. David Middleton Charles L. Perrin Donald A. Rowley Stephen C. Linn Terrence J. Miesle Philip R. Perry Laurens N. Ruben Carey M. Lisse A. Richard Miller Donald G. Peterson Herman Rubin John H. Litchfield Orlando J. Miller Nicholas L. Petrakis Ira Rubinoff Lars Ljungdahl John J. Mitchell Ralph H. Petrucci James S. Ruhoff Felix J. Lockman Don S. Miyada David J. Pettitt Paul S. Russell Eduardo Loedel Robert H. Moench Richard M. Phelan Louise Russert-Kraemer Robert B. Loftfield Robert L. Molinari J. K. Pickard Myriam P. Sarachik Dr. and Ms. Long Phillip O. Montgomery † Elliot S. Pierce Mary Savina Barbara Lozar Angelyn & Kevin Moore Richard N. Pierson David Schink R. Duncan Luce J. Clifford Moos Wellington J. Pindar Rudi Schmid Arthur W. Luehrmann David W. Moreland Anne Plant Jerry A. Schneider Joan Lunney Richard M. Morrow Mary Anne Player Thomas J. Schuetz Brian J. Lyle Robert A. Morse James F. Pletcher Bonny Schumacher Anne Maddalena Ezio A. Moscatelli Richard E. Poppele John D. Seeger Marcos F. Maestre Patricia H. Moyer Richard L. Portine Leo A. Senneville Joan E. Magnusen David Muchmore Stanley J. Portman Walter E. Sepp Bassett Maguire, Jr. Robert B. Muchmore Barbara J. Potts Richard B. Setlow Fred C. Maienschein Peter K. Mueller Rex F. Pratt John W. Severinghaus M. Maitland Joe H. Mullins Edward Prince Mark Sharnoff Gladys R. Maley Robert S. Munford Robert Przygoda Richard J. Shavelson Robert L. Mann Richard S. Munger Calton Pu Carleton B. Shay Lyndon E. Mansfield Arthur T. Murphy Dan E. Purcifull Ruth Shefer Paul W. Maraist Lawrence S. Myers, Jr. Frank W. Putnam Emma Shelton Earl R. Marble, Jr. Gerald Nadler Robert P. Rafuse Edwin R. Shepard Gary G. Marconi Steven L. Nail Yueh-Erh Rahman Bruce A. Sherwood Leonard A. Marowitz George Nancollas D. W. Rains Nobumichi Shimizu Paul R. Marques James W. Neel Jacob R. Raitt Thomas E. Shipley Renata J. Maslowski Paul Neiman Simon Ramo Mary Jane C. Showers Serafeim P. Masouredis Billie C. Nelson William E. Ramsden Duward F. Shriver Momoko Masuzawa Mary L. Nelson Edward R. Rang Gregory M. Shutske Kathleen S. Matthews Walter L. Nelson Alan I. Rapoport Ricardo A. Sierra Linda A. Mauck Richard A. Newmark George B. Rathmann William Silver, II Dana W. Mayo Charles Noback Donald G. Rea David J. Simons Chris L. McAuliffe Mark Nockleby Abram Recht Donald M. Simons John McCarter Ronald P. Nordgren Eberhardt Rechtin † Joseph R. Simpson Roger O. McClellan Christer E. Nordman Jack W. Reed Ethan A.H. Sims

29 H. B. Sinclair Wayne & Maria Toth Joseph A. Yager The Glickenhaus Foundation H. Craig Sipe † John W. Townsend, Jr. Robert E. Yager Golden Family Foundation Barton A. Smith Thomas K. Toyama Armon F. Yanders Grandin Livestock Handling Charles G. Smith Myron Tribus Nick Yaron Systems, Inc. Edward J. Smith A. Forrest Troyer Francis E. Yates The Greater Cincinnati Harry F. Smith Forrest A. Trumbore Kelvin Yen Foundation James L. Smith P. Douglas Tuttle F. W. Young, Jr. Greenwall Foundation Jeffrey Smith Arthur Uhlir, Jr. Dana R. Younger Hamlin Capital Management, LLC John T. Smith Edwin Ullman Jerrold H. Zar Horizon Research, Inc. Lex B. Smith Norbert Untersteiner Clive Zent Howard Hughes Medical Institute Robert T. Smythe Ari van Tienhoven Adrienne L. Zihlman IBM Dean R. Snow W. R. Smith Vaniz Dorothy S. Zinberg I.P. Research, Inc. Joseph K. Soldat Charles Varsel Josef Zwass Institute of International John Solters Charles M. Vest Education Frank J. Sonleitner Robert K. Vickery, Jr. The Irving S. & Alwyn N. Johnson Judy Sophianopoulos Thomas L. Walden Corporations and Family Foundation David A. Spector Charles P. Wales Foundations Johansen Family Revocable Trust Mitchell W. Spellman Loren Walker Affymetrix, Inc. The John D. and Catherine T. Herbert E. Spiegel Henry & Doris Walter Alfred P. Sloan Foundation MacArthur Foundation David G. Stahl Richard L. Walterscheid The Almgren Initiative in John Templeton Foundation Peter J. Stang Frank Wanat Mathematics Johnson & Johnson Pharma- Andrew Starrett Jui H. Wang Ambrose Monell Foundation ceutical Research and Hoff Stauffer Emmerson Ward Applied Science and Technology Development, LLC Albert T. Steegmann, Jr. Robert T. Ward Associates, Inc. The Kodosky Foundation Dusan Stefoski Frank W. Warner, III The Atlantic Philanthropies L’Oréal USA Donald Steiner Jonathan R. Warner The Baldwin Family Trust Lutron Foundation Joan A. Steitz Nancy E. Warner Bank of America Mary L. and William J. Osher Thomas W. Stern Donald J. Waters Boeing Company Foundation Robertson Stevens Robert F. Weaver Burroughs Wellcome Fund McCann Foundation Julie Stewart Ronald S. Weber Camille and Henry Dreyfus MCI, Inc. Harry T. Stinson Harrison Wein Foundation MCI Foundation James H. Stith Robert Weinstock Canon U.S.A., Inc. Merck & Company, Inc. Walther Stoeckenius Jonathan H. Weiss Carneros Energy, Inc. Merck Research Laboratories James B. Strait John H. Weitz Charles Dana Foundation Mertz Gilmore Foundation Richard L. Strombotne Thomas E. Wellems The Commonwealth Fund Michigan Economic Development Louise C. Strong William W. Wells Consolidated Chemical Works, Corporation Fred R. Studer Diane K. Wentworth Ltd. Mind Science Foundation F. William Studier Larry E. Westphal Dharmacon Monsanto Company Joan C. Suit James R. White The David and Lucile Packard Moore Family Foundation P. R. Sundaresan Robert M. White Foundation Nassau Chemical Corporation Glenn W. Suter, II R. Stephen White Divergence, Inc. National Council for Science and Keith R. Symon Stanley A. White Ellison Medical Foundation the Environment Susan H. Tam Luke Whitesell EMJAYCO National Research Council Chandrashekar Tamirisa John Whysner Eppendorf AG Neutrogena Corporation Susan Y. Tamura Wolfgang Wieser Ewing Kauffman Foundation The New York Times Company † Alvin Taurog Allan N. Williams Fannie Mae Foundation Foundation John W. Taylor Anna M. Williams Ford Foundation Newton Scientific, Inc. Robert E. Taylor Ellen Williams Forney Family Foundation Noyce Foundation Shelley E. Taylor Evelyn L. Williams Foundation for Child Nuclear Threat Initiative Gary Temple Mary Ann Williams Development Packard Foundation William A. Thomas David C. Wimer Frank M. Berger 1997 Trust Patrick Mooney & Associates Robert L. Thompson Joseph G. Wirth Gartner The Matching Gift Center Pfizer Matching Gift Center Jeremy W. Thorner Evelyn M. Witkin Gavlin Family Foundation Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Robert W. Thresher Richard V. Wolfenden GE Foundation Ploughshares Foundation Maury Tigner Tom Wootten GE Healthcare Professional Lease Management Thomas N. Tommet Paul W. Worden, Jr. GlaxoSmithKline Income Fund I, LLC William Tompkins Robert E. Wyant Glenn Medical Research Promega Corporation Franklin H. Top, Jr. Yujia Xu Foundation Rathmann Family Foundation

30 Richard and Rhoda Goldman District of Columbia Public U.S. Institute of Peace This report reflects financial Fund Schools University of Alabama at support received from 1 January Rieveschl Foundation Federation of Animal Science Birmingham 2005 through 31 December 2005. Robert & Patricia Switzer Societies University of Arkansas for The compilers have carefully Foundation The Geological Society of America Medical Sciences reviewed the names that appear. Rockefeller Foundation Gesellschaft für Biotechno- University of British Columbia However, errors and omissions Rotavirus Vaccine Program, LLC logische Forschung mbH (GBF) University of Delaware may occasionally occur. If your Sasakawa Peace Foundation Gotland Oil, Inc. University of Kansas Center for name is listed incorrectly, please The Seattle Foundation Institute of Electrical and Research Subaru of America, Inc. Electronics Engineers, Inc. University of Kansas Medical accept our apologies, and do T. & E., Inc. Institute of Navigation Center Research Institute, Inc. not hesitate to bring the mistake The T. Rowe Price Program for The International Society for University of Kentucky Research to our attention by calling Charitable Giving Optical Engineering Foundation (202) 326-6636. Thank you. Tri-Star Petroleum Company Kansas Masonic Cancer Research University of Maine System Vira I. Heinz Endowment Institute University of Michigan Walter and Elise Haas Fund Louisiana State University University of Oklahoma Health Lovett Collins Associates, LLC Sciences Center Special Thank You Maine Mathematics and Science University of Tennessee Other Organizations Alliance University of the Virgin Islands In addition to those who Academy for Educational Materials Research Society provided vital resources and Development Mathematical Association of grants to AAAS, we would Alliance for Aging Research America Combined Federal also like to recognize the American Academy of Neurology Medical Research Council of Campaign (CFC ) generous support of AAAS’s American Anthropological Canada Chicago Area CFC Patron members. Their higher Association Morgan State University Columbia River Area CFC level of investment helps The National Academies American Chemical Society CFC of Central Maryland underwrite the Association’s American Dental Association National Aeronautics and Space CFC of King County programmatic activities. American Geological Institute Administration (NASA) CFC Overseas Area American Geophysical Union National Institutes of Health CFC, San Francisco For a complete list of American Institute of Biological National Oceanic and Global Impact CFC of the National Patron members, and Atmospheric Administration Sciences Capital Area to learn more about the American Institute of Physics National Renewable Energy King County CFC benefits of this special American Mathematical Society Laboratory Lake County Illinois CFC category of membership, American Meteorological Society National Science Foundation Los Angeles Area CFC please visit: www.aaas.org/ American Nuclear Society Ohio State University Maricopa County CFC American Petroleum Institute Optical Society of America National City CFC membership/m_categories/ American Physical Society Organization for Economic Co- New York City CFC patrons.shtml. The American Physiological Operation and Development Northern Alaska CFC Society Prolog Ventures, LLC Peninsula CFC American Psychological Rice University Philadelphia Area CFC Association Sigma-Aldrich San Antonio Area CFC American Society of Agronomy, Society for Research in Child South Jersey CFC Inc. Development Southeastern Connecticut CFC American Society of Civil South Dakota State University Southern Arizona CFC-A Engineers Temple University Suncoast CFC American Society of Mechanical United Nations Environment Tri- Community CFC Engineers Program United Way for the Greater New American Society of Microbiology U.S. Agency for International Orleans Area CFC American Society of Plant Development United Way of Madison County Biologists U.S. Department of Agriculture United Way of Metropolitan American Veterinary Medical U.S. Department of Defense Atlanta, Inc. CFC Association U.S. Department of Education United Way-PCFO The British Consulate General - U.S. Department of Energy Yakima Kittitas CFC Chicago & UK Trade & U.S. Department of Homeland Investment Security California NewsReel U.S. Department of State U.S. Environmental Protection Canadian Institutes of Health †Deceased Research Agency

31 AAAS Board of Directors, Officers and Information

Board of Directors 2005–2006 AAAS Management Association Information

Chair Chief Executive Officer and Executive Publisher Association Headquarters Shirley Ann Jackson Alan I. Leshner American Association for the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Advancement of Science Chief Financial and Administrative Officer 1200 New York Avenue, NW President Phillip Blair Washington, DC 20005 USA Gilbert S. Omenn Tel: 202-326-6400 University of Michigan Health System AAAS Annual Meeting President – Elect Executive Office Affairs Dates: 15–19 February 2007 John P. Holdren Gretchen Seiler, Director Location: San Francisco, CA Harvard University and The Woods Hole Web: www.aaasmeeting.org Research Center Education and Human Resources Find an archive of past meetings. Shirley M. Malcom, Director Treasurer Electronic Resources David E. Shaw International Initiatives AAAS D.E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Sherburne Abbott, Chief International Officer www.aaas.org (2005) Find breaking AAAS news and membership Treasurer Emeritus Vaughan Turekian (2006) information. William T. Golden Office of Public Programs Science AAAS Chief Executive Officer Ginger Pinholster, Director www.sciencemag.org Alan I. Leshner Search the journal’s news and research Office of Publishing and Member Services archives. Other members Beth Rosner, Publisher Rosina M. Bierbaum Science Careers University of Michigan Project 2061 www.sciencecareers.org Jo Ellen Roseman, Director Look for career advice, how-to information, John E. Burris and more. Science Beloit College Donald Kennedy, Editor-in-Chief EurekAlert! John E. Dowling Monica Bradford, Executive Editor www.eurekalert.org Harvard University Colin Norman, News Editor Read breaking research news in multiple languages. Lynn Enquist Science and Policy Princeton University Albert H. Teich, Director Join AAAS www.aaas.org/join Susan Fitzpatrick Advance science, serve society, and read James S. McDonnell Foundation Science, too.

Richard A. Meserve Make a Gift Carnegie Institution of Washington www.aaas.org/makeagift.shtml View the Abelson Legacy video and donate Norinne E. Noonan online. College of Charleston

Peter Stang University of Utah Make a Gift to AAAS For a brief description of the AAAS Fund for Excellence, and to explore ways of giving, visit www.aaas. org/makeagift.shtml, or call AAAS Development at (202) 326-6636.

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