The Evolution of Typography 1

Typography is an evolution of the written word, and as such it participates in a history of visual communication extending thousands of years. That evolution is presented here in the form of a timeline that traces a development from hand, to mechanical, to digital practice, in the context of world-historical and art-historical events.

The history treated in the first section of the timeline predates typography. It begins with the invention of writing over five thousand years ago and ends with the invention of movable type in Europe during the middle of the fifteenth century. The second section covers the long era of the handpress and hand-set metal types. This period, from Gutenberg’s invention of movable type to the end of the eighteenth century, lasted about 350 years. In the third section, the Industrial Revolution and nineteenth century are revealed as an era of technological innovation and an outpouring of new typographic forms. The fourth section begins with the year 1900 and covers the twentieth century,COPYRIGHTED a time when type was MATERIAL shaped by the aesthetic concerns of modernism, the need for functional communication, technological progress, and the digital revolution in typography. The final section showcases typographic design in the twenty-first century, as it expands to mobile devices and embraces the many possibilities afforded by digital production.

1

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 1 9/5/14 4:15 PM From the origins of writing to 1-4 Gutenberg’s invention of movable type: 3150 BCE–1450 CE

1-8

c. 3150 BCE

1-1 1-6

1-6 c. 1800–1400 BCE: 1-8 Stonehenge, a megalithic 1-3 c. 2600 BCE: monument of 30-foot-tall Completion of the stones set into circular pyramids at Giza, Egypt. patterns.

1-1 c. 3150 BCE: 1-2 c. 3000 BCE: 1-4 c. 2400 BCE: False- 1-5 c. 2100 BCE: 1-7 c. 1570–1349 BCE: 1-8 c. 1450 BCE: The earliest written Cuneiform, a very early door stele inscribed with Cuneiform tablet listing Polychromed wood Detail, The Book of the documents, impressed writing system utilizing hieroglyphic writing, expenditures of grain and sculpture from New Dead of Tuthmosis III, clay tablets from Sumer. wedge-shaped marks on from Old Kingdom animals. Kingdom Egypt, with hieroglyphic writing on The impressions represent clay tablets, was invented Egypt. hieroglyphic inscriptions. papyrus. clay tokens, which were by the Sumerians. 1-5 used for record keeping c. 2500 BCE: Egyptians before the invention of begin to make papyrus, writing. a new writing material derived from the stems of the papyrus plant.

1-2 1-3

1-7

2

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 2 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-14

1-11 1-15

c. 1500 BCE

1-9 1-12

1-16

1-12 448–432 BCE: The Parthenon, temple of the goddess Athena, on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece.

1-9 c. 1500 BCE: The 1-10 389 BCE: 1-13 414–413 BCE: 1-14 c. 50 BCE–500 CE: 1-15 c. 79 CE: Brush 1-16 c. 100–600: twenty-two characters of Inscription in the Fragment of a Greek Roman square capitals writing from a wall at Roman rustic writing the Phoenician alphabet. Phoenician alphabet on record of sale, carved on (capitalis quadrata) were Pompeii, preserved by (capitalis rustica) a fragment of a marble stone. carefully written with a the volcanic eruption of conserved space by using c. 800 BCE: Homer bowl. flat pen. Vesuvius. condensed letters written writes the Iliad and the c. 160 BCE: Parchment, with a flat pen held in an Odyssey. 1-11 Fourth century a new writing material c. 33 CE: Crucifixion 105 CE: Ts’ai Lun almost vertical position. BCE: Greek manuscript made from animal skins, of Christ. invents paper in China. 540 BCE: The first public writing. is developed in the library is established in 150 CE: The Roman Greek state of Pergamum. Athens, Greece. codex, with folded 44 BCE: Julius Caesar is pages, begins to be used murdered. alongside the rolled scroll.

1-10 1-13

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 3

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 3 9/5/14 4:15 PM 118 CE 1-19 1-20

1-17 1-21

1-19 312–15: Arch of Constantine, Rome. Carved into marble, monumental Roman 452: Attila the Hun capitals survived the invades and ravages thousand-year Dark northern Italy. Ages. 476: Emperor Romulus 325: Emperor Constantine Augustulus, last ruler adopts Christianity as of the western Roman 1-20 533–49: Church 1-17 118–25: the state religion of the Empire, is deposed by of Sant’Apollinare in The Pantheon, Rome. Roman Empire. the Ostrogoths. Classe, Ravenna, Italy.

1-18 Undated: c. 400–1400: During the 1-21 Third–sixth 1-22 Third–ninth 1-23 Sixth–ninth The fluid gestural quality, thousand-year medieval centuries: Uncials are centuries: Half-uncials, centuries: Insular harmonious proportions, era, knowledge and rounded, freely drawn a lettering style of majuscules, a formal and beautiful forms learning are kept alive in majuscule letters. the Christian Church, style with exaggerated of Roman writing are Christian monasteries, introduce pronounced serifs, are developed by effectively translated where manuscript books ascenders and Irish monks from the into the permanent stone are lettered in scriptoria. descenders. half-uncials. carving of monumental capitals (capitalis monumentalis).

1-18 1-22

1-2

1-23

4

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 4 9/5/14 4:15 PM 732 CE

1-32

1-24 1-31

1-24 c. 800: Portrait of Christ from the 1-30 Twelfth century: 1-26 c. Eleventh Book of Kells, a Celtic Bronze and copper century: Round tower manuscript. crucifix from northern on the Rock of Cashel, 1-32 Thirteenth Italy. 868: The earliest county Tipperary, century: Byzantine extant printed text, of Ireland, a lookout and 1-28 1163–1250: 1215: The Magna Carta school, Madonna and the Diamond Sutra, is refuge against Viking Construction of Notre grants constitutional Child on a Curved printed in China. invaders. Dame Cathedral, Paris. liberties in England. Throne.

732: The Battle of Tours 1-25 Tenth century: 1-27 Eighth–twelfth 1-29 Eleventh–twelfth 1-31 Thirteenth– ends the Muslim advance High Cross at Kells, centuries: Caroline centuries: Early Gothic fifteenth centuries: into Europe. Meath County, Ireland. minuscules become the lettering, a transitional Gothic Textura Quadrata, standard throughout style between Caroline or Textura, the late- 800: Charlemagne is Europe after Charlemagne minuscules and Textura, Gothic style with crowned emperor of the issues his reform decree has an increased vertical rigorous verticality and Holy Roman Empire by of 796, calling for a emphasis. compressed forms. Pope Leo III. uniform writing style. 1347–51: First wave 1034: Bi Sheng (Pi of the Black Death, a Sheng) invents movable plague that decimates the type in China. European population.

1096–99: The First Crusade.

1-25 1-27 1-28 1-30

1-26 1-29

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 5

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 5 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-38

c. 1200

1-35

1-33

1-35 1420–36: Filippo Brunelleschi, dome of Florence Johann Gutenberg Cathedral. invents movable type in 1-34 Fourteenth 1-37 1-40 The cathedral Mainz, Germany. century: Lippo Memmi, 1431: Joan of Arc is Fra Filippo Lippi, in the medieval city of Saint John the Baptist. burned at the stake. Madonna and Child. Mainz, Germany.

1-33 Thirteenth– 1-36 Fifteenth 1-38 c. 1450–55: Page 1-39 Woodblock print of fifteenth centuries: century: First page of a from Gutenberg’s forty- the hand printing press, Rotunda, a more rounded block book, the biblical two-line Bible, the first with compositors setting Gothic letter, flourishes book of Apocalypse. European typographic type from a typecase in in southern Europe. Woodblock printing book. the background. probably appeared in Europe before 1400.

1-34

1-36 1-37 1-39

1-40

6

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 6 9/5/14 4:15 PM Typography from Gutenberg to the nineteenth century: 1450–1800 CE

The humanist philosophy that flowered during the Renaissance embraced the study of classical literature, a belief in human dignity and worth, a spirit of individualism, and a shift from religious to secular concerns.

1465

1-47

1-41

1-45 1-42

1-45 c. 1485: Filippino 1-43 Lippi, Portrait of a Youth.

1-41 1465: Germans 1-42 1467: Konrad 1-43 1470: Nicolas 1-44 1475: William 1-46 1486: Erhard 1-47 c. 1494: Scholar Konrad Sweynheym Sweynheym and Arnold Jenson, early Venetian Caxton, typography from Ratdolt, the earliest and printer Aldus and Arnold Pannartz Pannartz, the first truly roman typeface. the first book printed in known specimen sheet Manutius established the design the first type in Roman-style type, the English language. of printing types. Aldine Press in Venice Italy. It had some Roman influenced by Roman to publish works by the 1492: Christopher features. inscriptional capitals and great Greek and Roman Columbus lands in manuscripts written in thinkers. America. Caroline minuscules. 1-48 1495: Francesco Griffo (punch cutter for Aldus Manutius), roman 1-44 1-46 type first used in De aetna by Pietro Bembo.

1-48

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 7

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 7 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1501 1-55 1-56

1-49

1-50 Home of Albrecht 1-55 1519–47: Pierre Dürer, Nuremberg, Nepveu, château of Germany. Chambord, France.

1-49 1501: Francesco 1-51 Woodblock 1-52 1523: Lodovico 1-53 1525: Albrecht 1-54 1529: Geoffroy 1-56 c. 1480–1561: Griffo, the first italic initial by Geoffroy Arrighi, an Italian writing Dürer, construction of the Tory, construction of the Claude Garamond, typeface, based on Tory, who returned to master, introduces his letter B. letter B. outstanding designer chancery script France from study in formal chancery italic of Old Style typefaces handwriting. Italy in 1505, inspired type. during the French by Roman letterforms Renaissance. and Renaissance design ideals.

1517: Martin Luther posts his ninety-five theses on the door of Wittenberg Castle Church, launching the Reformation. 1-52

1-53 1-54

1-50 1-51

8

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 8 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-59 1-60 1-62

c. 1540

1-57 1-60 After 1577: El Greco, Saint Martin and the Beggar. 1-57 c. 1540: Titian, portrait, Cardinal Pietro 1582: Pope Gregory Xlll Bembo. initiates the Gregorian 1-62 1607: Carlo calendar, which is still Maderna, façade of St. 1543: Nicolaus in use. Peter’s, the Vatican. Copernicus publishes his theory of the 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh 1609: Regular weekly heliocentric solar sends explorers to the newspapers appear in system. North American coast. Strasbourg, Germany.

1-58 1544: Simone de 1-59 1546: Jacques 1-61 1595: Johann 1-63 1621: Jean Jannon, 1-64 1628: The Vatican Colines, title page with Kerver, typography, Theodor de Bry, typefaces upon which Press, specimen of roman woodcut border. illustration, and illustrative initial E. twentieth-century capitals. decorative initials, which Garamonds are based. 1603: William were combined with Shakespeare writes rare elegance during the Hamlet. French Renaissance.

1-58

1-61 1-63

1-64

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 9

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 9 9/5/14 4:15 PM During the eighteenth century, type design went through a gradual transition from Old Style to Modern Style fonts designed late in the century.

1-67 1-71

1632

1-65

1-66 c. 1630: Sir Anthony van Dyck, 1-68 portrait, Henri ll de Lorraine. 1-67 c. 1664: Jan Vermeer, Woman Holding 1639: The first printing 1-69 1675–1710: 1-71 1709: Matthaus a Balance. press in the British Sir Christopher Wren, Poppelmann, Zwinger Colonies is established 1666: The Great Fire of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Palace, Dresden, in Massachusetts. London. London. Germany.

1-65 1632–43: The Taj 1657: First fountain pen 1667: Milton publishes 1700: The emergence of 1709: England adopts Mahal, India. is manufactured, in Paris. Paradise Lost. the Rococo style. the first copyright law.

1-68 c. 1670: Christoffel 1-70 1702: Philippe 1-72 1720: William van Dyck, Dutch Old Grandjean (punch Caslon, Caslon Old Style type. cutter), Romain du Roi, Style types, which from the first transitional face. this date were used 1686: Sir Isaac Newton throughout the British sets forth his law of Empire. gravity.

1-66 1-69

1-70 1-72

10

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 10 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-75 1-76

1722

1-77

1-73 1-82 1-73 1722: Castletown, near Dublin, Ireland.

1738: First spinning machines are patented 1-75 1750: François in England. Boucher, The Love Letter.

1-74 1744: Benjamin 1-76 1750s: John 1-77 1765: Thomas 1-80 1774: John 1-81 1784: François 1-82 1791: Giambattista Franklin, title page using Baskerville creates Cottrell introduces Holt, broadside of the Ambroise Didot, the Bodoni, Modern Style Caslon type. extraordinary transitional display types two inches American revolutionary first true Modern Style typefaces of geometric typefaces. tall (shown actual size). era, using Caslon type. typeface. construction, with hairline serifs. 1-78 1768: Pierre 1775: James Watt 1789: The fall of the 1-74 Simon Fournier le Jeune, constructs the first Bastille launches the 1791: American Bill ornamented types. efficient steam engine. French Revolution. of Rights guarantees freedoms of religion, 1-79 1773: Johann 1776: American speech, and the press. David Steingruber, letter Declaration of A from Architektonisches Independence is signed. 1793: French King Alphabet. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are sent to the guillotine.

1796: Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.

1799: Nicolas-Louis Robert invents the papermaking machine.

1-78 1-79 1-80

1-81

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 11

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 11 9/5/14 4:15 PM The nineteenth century and 1-88 the Industrial Revolution: 1800–1899 CE

The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic impact upon typography and the graphic arts. New technology radically altered printing, and designers responded with an outpouring of new forms and images.

1803

1-84 1812: Jacques- Louis David, Napoleon 1-89 in His Study (detail).

1814: Friedrich Koenig invents the steam- powered printing press.

1-83 1-83 c. 1803: Robert 1-85 1815: Vincent 1-87 1816: William 1-88 1818: Page from 1-89 1821: Robert Thorne designs the first Figgins shows the first Caslon IV introduces the Manuale Tipographico, Thorne, Tuscan style fat face. Egyptian (slab-serif) first sans serif type. which presented the with splayed serifs. typefaces. lifework of Giambattista 1804: Napoleon Bodoni. Bonaparte crowned 1-86 1815: Vincent emperor of France. Figgins shows the earliest shaded type. 1808: Ludwig van Beethoven composes his Fifth Symphony.

1-85

1-86

1-87

12

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 12 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-91 1-94 1-95

1822

1-90 1822: Thomas Jefferson, rotunda of the University of Virginia in the neoclassical style based on Greek and Roman architecture.

1822: Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce produces the first photographic printing plate.

1-91 c. 1826: Bower, 1-92 1827: Darius Wells 1-93 1833: Vincent 1-94 1836: Davy and 1-95 1836: Vincent 1-96 1837: Handbill set Bacon and Bower, early invents the mechanical Figgins introduces Berry, poster printed Figgins, perspective type. in fat face. reversed type entitled router, making the outline types. with wood type. 1837: Victoria crowned White. manufacture of large 1830s–80s: Wood-type queen of England. display wood types 1826: Joseph-Nicéphore posters and broadsides possible. Niépce takes the first flourish in America and photograph from nature. Europe.

1-90 1-92

1-93 1-96

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 13

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 13 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1840s: Ornamented type becomes increasingly important.

1840

1-97

1-101

1-97 c. 1840–52: Sir Charles Barry and A. W. N. Pugin, Houses of Parliament, London, inspiration for the Gothic Revival.

1-98 c. 1841: Wood and 1-99 1845: Robert 1-100 1853: Handbill 1-101 1854: Broadside 1856: Sir Henry 1-102 1859: William Sharwoods, ornamental Besley, the first combining Egyptian, using elongated fat face Bessemer develops H. Page and Company, type. Clarendon style. outline, and decorative fonts. process for converting Ornamented Clarendons. types. iron to steel. 1848: The California 1854: The United States 1859: Charles Darwin Gold Rush begins. makes its first treaty with publishes Origin of 1-100 Japan. Species by Means of 1851: Joseph Paxton Natural Selection. designs the Crystal 1856: Sir Henry Palace. Bessemer develops process for converting iron to steel.

1-98 1-102

1-99

14

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 14 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-104

1-105 1860

1-109

1-104 c. 1865: Honoré Daumier, The Third- Class Carriage. 1-110 1866: The first 1-107 1883: The successful transatlantic Brooklyn Bridge is cable is laid. opened to traffic. 1861–65: American 1867: Alfred Nobel 1883: William Jenney Civil War. invents dynamite. designs the first 1863: Abraham Lincoln 1867: Christopher Sholes 1-105 1868: Currier & skyscraper, a ten-story signs the Emancipation constructs the first Ives, American metal-frame building in Proclamation. practical typewriter. Homestead Winter. Chicago.

1-103 1860: Charleston 1-106 c. 1875: 1-108 c. 1885: 1-110 1886: Ottmar Mercury, broadsheet J. Ottmann, Maverick & Wissinger, Mergenthaler invents announcing the chromolithographic engraved business card. the Linotype, the first dissolution of the Union. card for Mrs. Winslow’s keyboard typesetting 1-109 c. 1880s: Soothing Syrup. machine. Lettering printed by 1-103 1876: Alexander chromolithography. Graham Bell invents the telephone. 1-107 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.

1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric lightbulb.

1-106 1-108

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 15

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 15 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-115

1887

1-112 1-114

1-116

1-112 1889: Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel 1-114 1892: Paul Tower. Gauguin, By the Sea.

1-111 1887: 1-113 c. 1890s: 1-115 William Morris’ 1-116 1891–98: William 1-117 1892: William Advertisement for Estey Coca-Cola syrup jug. typeface designs: 1890, Morris’ Kelmscott Press Morris, page from News Organ. Golden; 1892, Troy; launches a revival of from Nowhere. 1893, Chaucer. printing and typography. 1887: Tolbert Lanston invents the Monotype machine. 1-117

1-111

16

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 16 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1893

1-123

1-118 1-120 1-123 1898–1902: Hector Guimard, entrance to a Paris Métro station.

1-118 1893: Henri van 1-119 1897: Edmond 1-120 1890s–1940s: 1-121 1897: Will 1-122 1899: Josef de Velde, title page for Van Deman, title page in the Inspired by Kelmscott, Bradley, title page Hoffmann, catalog cover Nu en Straks. curvilinear art nouveau Americans Frederick in his “chap book” style, for a Vienna Secession style. Goudy and Bruce Rogers reviving Caslon type exhibition. 1895: The Lumière bring renewed excellence and colonial woodcut brothers give the to book and typeface techniques. first motion-picture design. presentation. 1899: Construction begins on the first zeppelin airship. 1-119 1-121 1-122

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 17

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 17 9/5/14 4:15 PM Typography in the twentieth century: 1900–2000

The twentieth century was a period of incredible ferment and change. Unprecedented advances in science and technology, and revolutionary developments in art and design left their marks on typography.

1900

1-124 1-125 1-127

1-127 1913: Wassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 31 (Sea Battle). 1-129 1914–18: World War I.

c. 1915: Kasimir Malevich, painting shown at the 0.10 group exhibition launching Suprematism.

1-124 1900: Peter 1-125 1909: Filippo 1-128 c. 1916: Bert 1-129 1917: John 1-130 1917: Vilmos 1-131 1919: Raoul Behrens, dedication page Marinetti founds Thomas, British war Heartfield, Dadaist Huszar, De Stijl magazine Hausmann, Dada poem. from Feste des Lebens Futurism, experiments bonds poster. advertisement. cover. 1920: Women’s suffrage und der Künst. with typographic form 1917–22: The Dada 1918: Czar Nicholas is granted in the United and syntax. 1903: The Wright movement protests the II and his family are States. brothers achieve the first 1-126 c. 1910: German war and conventional art. executed. 1920: Bolsheviks powered flight. sans serif “block style.” triumph in the Russian 1905: Albert Einstein Revolution. proposes his theory of relativity.

1-131

1-126 1-128 1-130

18

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 18 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-132

1921

1-139

1-134

1-132 1921–25: Piet Mondrian, Diamond 1-134 1924: Gerrit Painting in Red, Yellow, Rietveld, Schroeder 1-137 1925: Constantin and Blue. house. Brancusi, Bird in Space.

1-133 c. 1923: 1-135 1925: 1-136 1925: Herbert 1-138 1925: Jan 1-139 1926: Piet Zwart, 1-140 1928: Piet Zwart, Alexander Rodchenko, El Lissitzky, title page. Bayer, universal Tschichold, title page for N.K.F. advertisement. N.K.F. advertisement. Russian Constructivist alphabet. his article “Elementary 1927: Charles Lindbergh 1929: The stock market poster. Typography.” makes the first solo crashes and the Great 1924: Surrealist nonstop transatlantic Depression begins. manifesto. flight.

1-133 1-136 1-140

1-135 1-138

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 19

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 19 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1930 1-145

1-146

1-141

1-143

1-145 1936: Walker Evans, photograph of sharecropper family. 1-142 1930: Chrysler Building, an example 1939: Germany invades of art deco decorative Poland; World War II geometric style. begins.

1-141 1930: Paul 1-143 1931: Max Bill, 1-144 c. 1932: Alexey 1-146 1942: Jean Carlu, 1-147 1944: Max Bill, 1-148 1948: Paul Rand, Renner, prospectus for exhibition poster. Brodovitch, exhibition advertisement. exhibition poster. title page. Futura. poster. 1945: Atomic bombs 1933: Adolf Hitler destroy Hiroshima and 1-142 becomes chancellor of Nagasaki; World War II Germany. ends.

1-144

1-147 1-148

20

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 20 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1948

1-154 1-155

1-149 1-152

1-157 1-151 Le Corbusier, Notre Dame de Haut.

School segregation is 1-152 1952: Henri 1-157 1959: Frank declared unconstitutional Matisse, Woman Lloyd Wright, 1-149 Willem de by the U.S. Supreme with Amphora and Guggenheim Museum, Kooning, Painting. Court. Pomegranates. 1-156 New York.

1-150 1950: Ladislav 1-153 Josef Müller- 1-154 1956: Saul 1-155 Willem 1-158 : Carlo L. Sutnar, book cover for Brockmann, concert Bass, advertisement for Sandberg, book cover for Vivarelli, magazine cover. Catalog Design Progress. poster. Container Corporation of experimenta typografica. America. 1950: North Korea Russia launches Sputnik invades South Korea. I, the first Earth satellite.

1-156 1959: Saul Bass, film title. 1-150

1-158

1-151

1-153

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 21

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 21 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1959 1-162 1-165

1-166

1-165 1962: Eero Saarinen, Dulles International Airport.

1963: President John F. 1-159 1-163 Kennedy is assassinated.

1-159 1959: Henry 1-161 1959: Otto 1-162 1960: Karl 1-163 c. 1960: Herb 1-166 1965: Seymour 1-167 1966: George Wolf, magazine cover for Storch, figurative Gerstner, advertisement. Lubalin, advertisement. Chwast and Milton Lois, magazine cover for Harper’s Bazaar. typography. Glaser, poster. Esquire. 1-164 c. 1961: George 1-160 c. 1959: Gerald Lois, pharmaceutical 1965: The U.S. Marines Holton, “peace symbol.” advertisement. land in force in Vietnam.

1-167

1-160 1-161 1-164

22

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 22 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1968

1-168

1-171

1-175

1-173

1-174

1-169 1968: R. Buckminster Fuller, American Pavilion, 1-171 1969: First Moon Montreal World’s Fair. walk, by Neil Armstrong.

1-168 c. 1968: Seymour 1-170 c. 1967: Symbol 1-172 1972: Wolfgang 1-173 1974: Herb 1-174 1974: Cook and 1-175 1976: American Chwast and Milton for the environmental Weingart, typographic Lubalin, newspaper Shanosky, standard Revolution bicentennial, Glaser, poster. movement. interpretation of a poem. cover for U&lc. symbol signs. symbol design by Bruce Blackburn. 1975: The Vietnam War ends.

1-172

1-169

1-170

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 23

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 23 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-177 1-180

1977 1-178

1-181

1-183

1-176

1-176 1977: Pompidou 1-181 1983: Michael National Center of Arts Graves, Portland, Oregon, and Culture, Paris. city hall.

1-177 1977: Bill 1-178 Willi Kunz, 1-179 1979: Richard 1-180 1982: Pat 1-182 1984: Warren 1-183 1985: Zuzana Bonnell, RyderTypes poster design. Greenberg, film titles. Gorman and Frank Lehrer, page from French Licko, Emperor, early trademark. Olinsky, Manhattan Fries. bitmapped typeface 1979: Soviet troops Design, MTV logo. designs. invade Afghanistan. 1984: Apple Macintosh computer, first laser 1986: Fontographer 1980s: Digital printer, and PageMaker software makes possible typography and computer page layout software are high-resolution font technology impact introduced. design on desktop typographic design, computers. leading to electronic page design by the end of the 1-182 1988: Tiananmen Square decade. massacre. 1981: Bitstream founded; first independent digital type foundry.

1-179

24

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 24 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-186

1-187

1990

1-184 1-188 1-193

1-189

1-193 1994: Netscape founded, early Web browser.

1-184 1990: David 1-186 1990: Barry 1991: Fall of 1-190 1992: Robert 1-192 1993: James Carson, page from Beach Deck, Template Gothic Communism in Russia; Slimbach and Carol Victore, poster. Culture. (Emigre). apartheid ends in South Twombley, Myriad, Africa. Adobe’s first multiple 1-185 1991: Ted Mader 1-187 c. 1991: Jonathan master typeface. + Associates, book jacket. Barnbrook, Exocet Heavy 1-188 1993: Jonathan (Emigre). Hoefler, HTF Fetish 1-191 1992: Ron 1990: Reunification of No. 338. Kellum, Topix logo. Germany. 1991: Persian Gulf War. 1-189 1991: Erik Spiekermann, Meta 1-185 (FontShop).

1-191

1-192

1-190

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 25

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 25 9/5/14 4:15 PM 1-196 1-199

1-200

1994 1-201

1-197

1-197 1997: Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.

1997: Dolly the sheep, first adult animal clone.

1-194 1994: Matthew 1995: Landor Associates, 1-196 1996: Stefan 1-198 1997: Paula 1-199 1989: Robert 1-202 1998: Neville Carter, Walker typeface Xerox Corporation logo. Sagmeister, poster. Scher and Keith Daigle, Slimbach, Adobe Brody, conference poster. with “snap-on” serifs. book jacket. Garamond.

1-200 1994–95: Janice Fishman, Holly Goldsmith, Jim Parkinson, and Sumner Stone, ITC Bodoni.

1-201 c. 1996: Zuzana Licko, Mrs Eaves roman.

1-202

1-194

1-195

1-198

26

td6-Chapter1_evolution_p1-30.indd 26 9/5/14 4:15 PM A new century and millennium begin: 2000 CE

2000

1-206

1-203 1-207 1-209

1-203 2000: Wolfgang 1-204 2001: Jennifer 1-206 2002: Emil 1-207 2002: Irma 1-208 2003: Philippe 1-209 2003: Max Weingart, book cover. Sterling, calendar page Ruder, new edition of Boom, telephone card. Apeloig, poster. Kisman, typeface poster. (detail). Typographie. 2001: Al-Qaeda terrorists 2003: The United States 2004: A powerful 2003: Design Observer attack the World Trade 1-205 2001: Jim invades Iraq. earthquake in Southeast is founded. This website Center towers and Sherraden, book cover Asia causes a tsunami, is devoted to a range of Pentagon. for Hatch Show Print. killing more than topics focused on graphic 200,000 people in a design, communication dozen countries. arts, print, typography, and criticism.

1-210 2004: Jianping He, page from Hesign International, GmbH, website.

1-204 1-210

1-205

1-208

THE EVOLUTION OF TYPOGRAPHY 27

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1-213 1-216

1-211

1-211 2004: Brian MacKay-Lyons, Bryan Anderson, and participants in Ghost Lab 6, Kingsburg, Nova Scotia. 1-214 1-217

1-212 2005: Lawrence 1-213 2005: Mevis & 1-214 2005: Jean- 1-216 2005: Joost 1-217 Helmut 1-218 2007: Weiner, typographic Van Deursen, book cover. Benoît Lévy, Swiss Grootens, book design for Schmid, new edition of Experimental Jetset, poster installation. Einstein stamp. the Metropolitan World Typography Today. for the documentary 2005: Death of Pope Atlas (see Chapter 10). film Helvetica, by Gary John Paul II marks end 1-215 2005: Martin Hustwit. of an era for the Roman Venezky, spread from 2006: North Korea tests Catholic Church. his book, It Is Beautiful... its first nuclear weapon. Then Gone. 2007: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is 1-212 released, selling over 11 1-218 million copies in the first 24 hours and becoming the fastest-selling book in history.

1-215

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1-221

1-224

1-223 2010: Stephen Vitiello, The Sound of Red Earth, sound 1-225 2010: Doug and installations for the Mike Starns, sculptural Kaldor Public Art Project, T for the New York Times 1-223 Sydney, Australia. Magazine.

1-219 Lanny Sommese, 1-220 2008: Ed Fella, 1-221 2009: Harmen 1-222 2010: Mirko 1-224 2010: Skolos poster for the Central promotional flyers. Liemburg, poster for Ili´c Corp., typographic and Wedell, poster for Pennsylvania Festival of Ultralight, a traveling illustration for the New an AIGA Boston event the Arts. exhibition. York Times. honoring Matthew Carter.

1-225 1-219

1-220

1-222

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2010

1-226 1-229

1-226 2010: Sara De 1-227 2011: Thirst 1-228 2012: Studio 1-229 2012: Antonio 1-230 2012: Clear 1-232 2013: Martin Bondt Studio, book (Bud Rodecker, designer), Dumbar, visual identity Alcalá, art director, and (Realmac, designer), Venezky and Facebook design; Jon Gray, cover poster for Showboat, for Alzheimer Nederland. Michael Dyer, designer, checklist app with Analog Research Lab, design. Jonathan Safran Lyric Opera of Chicago. Waves of Color U.S. gesture-only interface. Facebook “arcade” Foer’s Tree of Codes. postage stamps. signage. 1-231 2013: Experimental Jetset, Whitney Museum of American Art dynamic identity.

1-227 1-231 1-232

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