DOCSLIB.ORG

THÈSE DE DOCTORAT/Phd IBRAHIM HAMAD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THÈSE DE DOCTORAT/Phd IBRAHIM HAMAD AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ THÈSE DE DOCTORAT/PhD Présentée par IBRAHIM HAMAD En vue de l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR d’AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE Spécialité : Maladies Infectieuses Détection Moléculaire des Eucaryotes dans les Selles de Primates : Étude Exploratoire Soutenance le 30 Octobre 2015 Composition du Jury: Professeur Jean-Louis MEGE Président de Jury Professeur Antoine ANDREMONT Rapporteur Professeur Raymond RUIMY Rapporteur Docteur Marion Leclerc Rapporteur Professeur Didier RAOULT Directeur de thèse Docteur Fadi BITTAR Co-Directeur de thèse Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, FRANCE LIST OF CONTENTS AVANT PROPOS…………………………………………………………… 1 RÉSUMÉ…………………………………………………………………….. 3 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………….…………… 6 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….…....……...… 8 CHAPTER I: REVIEWS ……………………………....…..….…………….. 11 Article 1- Repertory of Eukaryotes (Eukaryome) in Human Gastrointestinal Tract: Taxonomy and Detection Methods……………………........................ 13 Article 2- Looking in apes as a source of human pathogens………….....…. 41 CHAPTER II: THE EUKARYOTES GUT MICROBIOTA IN HUMAN…. 49 Article 3- Molecular Detection of Eukaryotes in a Single Human Stool Sample from Senegal……………….………………………………...……… 51 Article 4- The Gut Microbiota of a patient with Resistant Tuberculosis is more Comprehensively Studied by Culturomics than by Metagenomics…… 69 Article 5- Metagenomic analysis of Eukaryotic Microbiota in Gut of HIV- infected patients……………………………………………………………… 83 CHAPTER III: THE EUKARYOTES GUT MICROBIOTA IN NON- HUMAN PRIMATE ........................................................................................ 103 Article 6- Pathogenic Eukaryotes in Gut Microbiota of Western Lowland Gorillas as Revealed by Molecular Survey………………….……………… 105 Article 7- Wild Gorillas as a Potential Reservoir of Leishmania major…….. 135 Article 8- Detection of Termites and Other Insects Consumed by African Great Apes using Molecular Fecal Analysis………………………………… 149 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES………………….……..………… 163 REFERENCES………………………………………………......................... 167 AVANT PROPOS Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe et qui permet un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans nun journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis, associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation a paru plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui bénéficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Professeur Didier Raoult 1 2 RÉSUMÉ Chez les mammifères, les Eucaryotes représentent une composante importante des micro-organismes peuplant le tractus digestif. Leur présence peut avoir des effets bénéfiques mais aussi néfastes, comme les parasites, chez l’hôte. Depuis la dernière décennie, de nombreux efforts ont été entrepris afin de comprendre le lien entre les composants eucaryotes du milieu intestinal et la santé de l’hôte. En effet, de nombreuses études ont été menées pour la découverte et l’évaluation de la diversité des eucaryotes peuplant ce tractus gastro-intestinal. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes appuyés sur des techniques de culture couplées avec des méthodes moléculaires ciblant spécifiquement les gènes ribosomaux 18s et ITS dans l’objectif d’évaluer les composants eucaryotes du tube digestif de l’homme mais aussi des grands singes. Afin de comprendre le rôle des composants eucaryotes chez des patients et des sujets sains, des échantillons fécaux, provenant d’individus sains et de personnes atteintes de tuberculose et du VIH, ont été étudiés par amplification de plusieurs couples d’amorces universelles suivies de clonage et du séquençage. Nos résultats ont montré que les champignons constituent une forte proportion de la communauté eucaryote dans le tube digestif des individus sains et malades. Ces derniers ont aussi montré que cette dominance fongique dépend de nombreux facteurs comme la situation géographique, l’état de santé de l’individu mais aussi du nombre d’échantillons analysés. Au total, 16 champignons et 2 autres micro-eucaryotes (Entamoebahartmanni et Blastocystis Sp.) ont été identifiés dans l’échantillon provenant de la personne saine. Par contre, peu d’espèces fongiques ont été identifiées via l’échantillon provenant du patient atteint de tuberculose. Cependant, un total de 78 micro-eucaryotes, comprenant 67 champignons et 2 straménopiles, ont été identifiés avec les 31 échantillons fécaux de personnes atteintes de VIH. 3 D'autre part, la diversité des eucaryotes qui peuplent les primates non humains tels que les grands singes demeure relativement inexploré en raison soit de la faible abondance de ces micro-organismes dans l'intestin de ces derniers, ou parce qu'ils ont reçu une attention limitée en comparaison avec l’ensemble des composants micro-eucaryotes. Pour ces raisons, nous avons entrepris une analyse moléculaire dans le but de détecter ces micro-organismes eucaryotes, dont certains demeurent pathogènes pour l’homme, en utilisant un seul échantillon fécal prélevé chez un gorille sauvage en provenance de l’ouest du Caméroun. Ces analyses ont été suivies d’une détection moléculaire spécifique du potentiel pathogène de ces eucaryotes du tractus gastro-intestinal des gorilles sauvages. En conséquence, ils ont permis d’identifier 87 espèces eucaryotes comptant 52 champignons, 10 protozoaires, 4 nématodes et 21 espèces de plantes. Nous avons également signalé la présence de champignons pathogènes (Candida tropicalis), et de parasites (Oesophagostomum bifurcum, Necator americanus). Afin d’examiner d’une manière plus approfondie si ces gorilles abritaient d’autres parasites, nous avons analysé 91 échantillons fécaux à la recherche d’agents pathogènes comme la leishmaniose., Les résultats ont montré que 12 échantillons contenaient des parasites du genre Leishmania et 4 phlébotomes comme vecteurs. L’analyse moléculaire a été effectuée par enchaînement de 3 différentes réactions de polymérase en chaine (PCR) spécifiques aux agents de la leishmaniose. En outre, les formes promastigote et amastigote du parasite ont été visualisée dans les échantillons fécaux lorsque l’hybridation in situ par fluorescence a été réalisée. Au final, nous avons utilisé des amorces ciblant les gènes du cytochrome b et du COI avec les différents échantillons provenant des gorilles, chimpanzés, et bonobos afin d’analyser la diversité des arthropodes consumés par ces grands singes. Cinquante et 56 unités taxonomiques opérationnelles (UTO) ont été obtenues 4 respectivement à partir de gènes du Cyt b et COI et appartenant à 32 familles de 5 ordres (Diptera, Isoptera, lépidoptères, coléoptères et orthoptères). 5 ABSTRACT Eukaryotes represent significant component of the mammalian intestinal tract. Their occurrence might have either beneficial or virulent parasitic effects on the host. Since the last decade, efforts have been made in order to understanding the link between the gut eukaryotes and host’s health and thus many studies have been conducted to uncover and estimate the diversity of gut eukaryotes across intestinal digestive tract. In this thesis, we relied on the applications of both culture-dependent methods and extended molecular methods targeting the 18S rRNA and ITS and some other genes, to assess the eukaryotic components in digestive tract of both human and great apes. In order to understand the human intestinal eukaryotic components in both health and disease states, fecal samples from healthy and patients with resistant tuberculosis and HIV infection were extensively studied using amplification with various eukaryotic universal primers followed by cloning and sequencing. Our results revealed that fungi constitute a high proportion of eukaryotic communities in gut of the healthy and sick individuals and their dominance depend on many factors including geographical location, health status and the size of samples analyzed. A total of 16 fungal species and 2 other micro- eukaryotes (Entamoeba hartmanni and Blastocystis sp.) were identified in healthy fecal sample. Contrary, a very few fungi were detected in the fecal sample from patient with resistant tuberculosis; whereas a total of 78 micro- eukaryotic species were detected (67 fungi and 2 stramenopiles) were found in 31 HIV fecal samples. On another hand , The diversity of eukaryotes inhabiting non-human primates such as great apes remains relatively unexplored because of either the low abundance of these organisms in apes gut or because they have received limited attention from a whole-community perspective. For these reasons we undertook 6 an extensive molecular analysis for detecting eukaryotic microbiota including
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
    1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses).
    [Show full text]
  • The Oxymonad Genome Displays Canonical Eukaryotic Complexity in the Absence of a Mitochondrion Anna Karnkowska,*,1,2 Sebastian C
    The Oxymonad Genome Displays Canonical Eukaryotic Complexity in the Absence of a Mitochondrion Anna Karnkowska,*,1,2 Sebastian C. Treitli,1 Ondrej Brzon, 1 Lukas Novak,1 Vojtech Vacek,1 Petr Soukal,1 Lael D. Barlow,3 Emily K. Herman,3 Shweta V. Pipaliya,3 TomasPanek,4 David Zihala, 4 Romana Petrzelkova,4 Anzhelika Butenko,4 Laura Eme,5,6 Courtney W. Stairs,5,6 Andrew J. Roger,5 Marek Elias,4,7 Joel B. Dacks,3 and Vladimır Hampl*,1 1Department of Parasitology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic 2Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 3Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 4Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-abstract/36/10/2292/5525708 by guest on 13 January 2020 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada 6Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 7Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. Associate editor: Fabia Ursula Battistuzzi Abstract The discovery that the protist Monocercomonoides exilis completely lacks mitochondria demonstrates that these organ- elles are not absolutely essential to eukaryotic cells. However, the degree to which the metabolism and cellular systems of this organism have adapted to the loss of mitochondria is unknown. Here, we report an extensive analysis of the M.
    [Show full text]
  • Multigene Eukaryote Phylogeny Reveals the Likely Protozoan Ancestors of Opis- Thokonts (Animals, Fungi, Choanozoans) and Amoebozoa
    Accepted Manuscript Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opis- thokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis PII: S1055-7903(14)00279-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 Reference: YMPEV 4996 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 24 January 2014 Revised Date: 2 August 2014 Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Snell, E.A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Lewis, R., Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ympev.2014.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts 2 (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa 3 4 Thomas Cavalier-Smith1, Ema E. Chao1, Elizabeth A. Snell1, Cédric Berney1,2, Anna Maria 5 Fiore-Donno1,3, and Rhodri Lewis1 6 7 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
    Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Copenhagen
    Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes Heiss, Aaron A.; Kolisko, Martin; Ekelund, Fleming; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. Published in: Royal Society Open Science DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171707 Publication date: 2018 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Heiss, A. A., Kolisko, M., Ekelund, F., Brown, M. W., Roger, A. J., & Simpson, A. G. B. (2018). Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Royal Society Open Science, 5(4), 1-13. [171707]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171707 Download date: 09. Apr. 2020 Downloaded from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on September 28, 2018 Combined morphological and phylogenomic rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org re-examination of Research malawimonads, a critical Cite this article: Heiss AA, Kolisko M, Ekelund taxon for inferring the F,BrownMW,RogerAJ,SimpsonAGB.2018 Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical evolutionary history taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. R. Soc. open sci. 5: 171707. of eukaryotes http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171707 Aaron A. Heiss1,2,†, Martin Kolisko3,4,†, Fleming Ekelund5, Matthew W. Brown6,AndrewJ.Roger3 and Received: 23 October 2017 2 Accepted: 6 March 2018 Alastair G. B. Simpson 1Department of Invertebrate Zoology
    [Show full text]
  • Barthelonids Represent a Deep-Branching Metamonad Clade with Mitochondrion-Related Organelles Generating No
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/805762; this version posted October 29, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 3 Barthelonids represent a deep-branching Metamonad clade with mitochondrion-related 4 organelles generating no ATP. 5 6 Euki Yazaki1*, Keitaro Kume2, Takashi Shiratori3, Yana Eglit 4,5,, Goro Tanifuji6, Ryo 7 Harada7, Alastair G.B. Simpson4,5, Ken-ichiro Ishida7,8, Tetsuo Hashimoto7,8 and Yuji 8 Inagaki7,9* 9 10 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of 11 Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 12 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 13 3Department of Marine Diversity, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 14 Yokosuka, Japan 15 4Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 16 5Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, 17 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 18 6Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Ibaraki, Japan 19 7Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 20 Ibaraki, Japan 21 8Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 22 9Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 23 24 Running head: Phylogeny and putative MRO functions in a new metamonad clade. 25 26 *Correspondence addressed to Euki Yazaki, [email protected] and Yuji Inagaki, 27 [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/805762; this version posted October 29, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pests
    IAEA-TECDOC-1082 XA9950282--W6 Irradiationa as quarantine treatmentof arthropod pests Proceedings finala of Research Co-ordination Meeting organizedthe by Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held Honolulu,in Hawaii, November3-7 1997 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /A> 30- 22 199y Ma 9 J> The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 0 10 x Bo P.O. A-1400 Vienna, Austria The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series However, copies of these reports on microfiche or in electronic form can be obtained from IMS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse5 P.O.Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: CHOUSE® IAEA.ORG URL: http //www laea org/programmes/mis/inis.htm Orders shoul accompaniee db prepaymeny db f Austriao t n Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse IRRADIATIO QUARANTINA S NA E TREATMENF TO ARTHROPOD PESTS IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1082 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1999 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a May 1999 FOREWORD Fresh horticultural produce from tropical and sub-tropical areas often harbours insects and mites and are quarantined by importing countries. Such commodities cannot gain access to countries which have strict quarantine regulations suc Australias ha , Japan Zealanw Ne , d e Uniteth d dan State f Americo s a unless treaten approvea y b d d method/proceduro t e eliminate such pests.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichonympha Cf
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF TRICHONYMPHA CF. COLLARIS AND A PUTATIVE PYRSONYMPHID: THE RELEVANCE TO THE ORIGIN OF SEX by JOEL BRYAN DACKS B.Sc. The University of Alberta, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER'S OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1998 © Joel Bryan Dacks, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ~2—oc)^Oa^ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date {X^ZY Z- V. /^P DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Why sex evolved is one of the central questions in evolutionary genetics. To address this question I have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study of two candidate lineages to determine the first sexual line. In my thesis the hypermastigotes are confirmed as closely related to the trichomonads in the phylum Parabasalia and found to be more deeply divergent than a putative pyrsonymphid. This means that the Parabasalia are the first sexual lineage. From this I go on to infer that the ancestral sexual cycle included facultative sex.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain of a Nocturnal Migratory Insect, the Australian Bogong Moth
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/810895; this version posted January 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The brain of a nocturnal migratory insect, the Australian Bogong moth Authors: Andrea Adden1, Sara Wibrand1, Keram Pfeiffer2, Eric Warrant1, Stanley Heinze1,3 1 Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sweden 2 University of Würzburg, Germany 3 NanoLund, Lund University, Sweden Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Every year, millions of Australian Bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) complete an astonishing journey: in spring, they migrate over 1000 km from their breeding grounds to the alpine regions of the Snowy Mountains, where they endure the hot summer in the cool climate of alpine caves. In autumn, the moths return to their breeding grounds, where they mate, lay eggs and die. These moths can use visual cues in combination with the geomagnetic field to guide their flight, but how these cues are processed and integrated in the brain to drive migratory behavior is unknown. To generate an access point for functional studies, we provide a detailed description of the Bogong moth’s brain. Based on immunohistochemical stainings against synapsin and serotonin (5HT), we describe the overall layout as well as the fine structure of all major neuropils, including the regions that have previously been implicated in compass-based navigation. The resulting average brain atlas consists of 3D reconstructions of 25 separate neuropils, comprising the most detailed account of a moth brain to date.
    [Show full text]
  • A Free-Living Protist That Lacks Canonical Eukaryotic DNA Replication and Segregation Systems
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.14.435266; this version posted March 15, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 A free-living protist that lacks canonical eukaryotic DNA replication and segregation systems 2 Dayana E. Salas-Leiva1, Eelco C. Tromer2,3, Bruce A. Curtis1, Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist1, Martin 3 Kolisko4, Zhenzhen Yi5, Joan S. Salas-Leiva6, Lucie Gallot-Lavallée1, Geert J. P. L. Kops3, John M. 4 Archibald1, Alastair G. B. Simpson7 and Andrew J. Roger1* 5 1Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics (CGEB), Department of 6 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2 2 7 Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 8 3Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute – KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) 9 and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 10 4Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre, Czech Acad. Sci, České Budějovice, Czech Republic 11 5Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, 12 South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China 13 6CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de medio ambiente y 14 energía, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, 31136 Chihuahua, Chih., México 15 7Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics (CGEB), Department of 16 Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2 17 *corresponding author: [email protected] 18 D.E.S-L ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2356-3351 19 E.C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • New Finding of Giardia Intestinalis (Eukaryote, Metamonad) in Old World Archaeological Site Using Immunofluorescence and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
    New finding of Giardia intestinalis (Eukaryote, Metamonad) in Old World archaeological site using immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Matthieu Le Bailly, Marcelo L.C. Gonçalves, Stéphanie Harter-Lailheugue, Frédéric Prodéo, Adauto Araujo, Françoise Bouchet To cite this version: Matthieu Le Bailly, Marcelo L.C. Gonçalves, Stéphanie Harter-Lailheugue, Frédéric Prodéo, Adauto Araujo, et al.. New finding of Giardia intestinalis (Eukaryote, Metamonad) in Old World archae- ological site using immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, 2008, 103 (3), pp.298-300. 10.1590/s0074-02762008005000018. hal-00451147 HAL Id: hal-00451147 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00451147 Submitted on 7 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License 298 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 103(3): 298-300, May 2008 New finding of Giardia intestinalis
    [Show full text]
  • Anaerobic Digestion Microbiology Biofilm Basics
    Anaerobic Digestion Basics and Microbiology Anaerobic Digestion ● The fermentation of organic matter in an oxygen free environment to produce an end product of Biogas ● Biogas is a biofuel composed of Methane and Carbon Dioxide with traces of Hydrogen sulfide and Ammonia Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion ● Energy Production ● Nutrient recovery ● Combat Global Warming ● Conserve Energy ● Conserve Land ● Reduce odors ● Pathogen Reduction ● Manage waste ● Save the Earth! Microbiology ● Anaerobic digestion is carried out by facultative and anaerobic organisms ● Anaerobic organisms are organisms that don't use oxygen for their oxidation metabolisms ● Aerobic organisms use oxygen for oxidation metabolisms ● Facultative microorganisms have both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Metabolism ● Metabolic pathways have very different energy yields ● Aerobic respiration produces 30 ATP compared to the 2 ATP yielded from anaerobic respiration per glucose molecule C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 2880kJ C6H12O6 →2C3H6O3 120kJ Alternative Electron Acceptors ● Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents i.e. they accept an electron from another compound to reduce itself and oxidize the other compound ● Oxidation describes the loss of an electron ● Reduction describes the gain of an electron ● Respiration uses electron acceptors to produce reduced compounds ● We aerobes use Oxygen as our electron acceptor Anoxic Electron Acceptors Oxidized Reduced - + NO3 NH4 , N2 Fe3+ Fe2+ 3+ 2+ Mn Mn 2- SO4 H2S Carbon CH4 Anaerobic Digester Microbiology ● An Anaerobic Digester contains a synergistic community of microorganisms to carry out the process of fermenting organic matter into methane ● The process is carried out by Methanogens, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa ● Anaerobic Digestion is mediated through the processes of Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Methanogenesis Hydrolysis ● The process of solubilizing complex organic matter ● Carried out by a number of bacteria, protozoa and fungi ● Carried out by exoenzymes i.e.
    [Show full text]