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New Contribution of Paleoparasitology in the Middle East and First Data on the Iranian Plateau Adjacent Area Masoud Nezamabadi

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New Contribution of Paleoparasitology in the Middle East and First Data on the Iranian Plateau Adjacent Area Masoud Nezamabadi New contribution of paleoparasitology in the middle east and first data on the iranian plateau adjacent area Masoud Nezamabadi To cite this version: Masoud Nezamabadi. New contribution of paleoparasitology in the middle east and first data on the iranian plateau adjacent area. Parasitology. Université de Franche-Comté, 2014. English. NNT : 2014BESA2050. tel-01680175 HAL Id: tel-01680175 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01680175 Submitted on 10 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UFR DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DE L’UNIVERSITE DE FRANCHE-COMTE Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement (UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA) ECOLE DOCTORALE « ENVIRONNEMENTS-SANTE » Thèse Présentée en vue de l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE DE FRANCHE-COMTE Spécialité : Paléoparasitologie NEW CONTRIBUTION OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND FIRST DATA ON THE IRANIAN PLATEAU AND ADJACENT AREAS. Par Masoud NEZAMABADI Le 18 décembre 2014 Membres du Jury : Adauto J. G. de ARAUJO, Professeur, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz …………………………………………….……... Rapporteur Piers D. MITCHELL, Docteur, University of Cambridge ……………………………………………………............. Rapporteur Wim VAN NEER, Professeur, Université de Leuven …………………………………………………………………. Examinateur Françoise LE MORT, Chargée de Recherches au CNRS, UMR 5133 ……………………………………………….. Examinateur Marjan MASHKOUR, Chargée de Recherches au CNRS, UMR 7209 ……………………………………………… Encadrant Matthieu LE BAILLY, Maitre de conférences, Université de Franche-Comté, UMR 6249 ………………………… Co-directeur Hervé RICHARD, Directeur de Recherches au CNRS, UMR 6249………………..…………………………………. Directeur ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have come into existence if not for the assistance of faculty, friends, and family. I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Matthieu Le Bailly, for his guidance, advice and critique throughout all stages of this project. He has continually provided considerate comments on my work and made time to discuss my research. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Dr. Marjan Mashkour for her invaluable support, understanding and encouragement. I would like to extend special thanks to Prof. Hervé Richard, Prof. Adauto Jose Goncalves de Araujo, Dr. Piers D. Mitchell, Prof. Wim Van Neer and Dr. Françoise Le Mort for their valuable and constructive suggestions and for serving as members on my committee. The Cultural Services of the French Embassy in Iran, the doctoral school of University of Franche-Comté, Campus France, CROUS, CNRS and the Natural History Museum in Paris deserve my gratitude for setting me on this path and financial support. I also gratefully acknowledge the institutional support that I have received while working on this project. In particular, I thank Dr. Fereidoun Biglari from the National Museum of Iran, Abolfazl Aali from the Museum of Zanjan (Iran), and Prof. Thomas Stöllner from Anthropology Department of Ruhr University at Bochum. I owe sincere thankfulness to the members of the paleoparasitology research group: Benjamin Dufour, Céline Maicher, Cecilia Villemin, Alizé Hoffmann, Nathalie Côté and Kévin Roche and also to all members and employees of the laboratory of Chrono- Environment in the University of Franche-Comté for their friendship and assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my family members, my mom, my sisters and my friends in Iran and France who provided me with moral support, encouragement, motivation and inspiration throughout the course of my study. And my beloved wife, Elham, thank you for everything. Contents General introduction............................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1 : Introduction to paleoparasitology ..................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Parasite markers .................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Macro-remains ................................................................................................ 11 1.2.2 Paleo-antigens ................................................................................................. 11 1.2.3 Ancient DNA .................................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Eggs ................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 2 : A review of the ancient parasitism in the Middle East................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Egypt ................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Helminth finding(s)......................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Protozoa finding(s) ......................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 Ectoparasite finding(s) .................................................................................... 24 2.3 Sudan ................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Helminth finding(s)......................................................................................... 29 2.3.2 Protozoa finding(s) ......................................................................................... 30 2.3.3 Ectoparasite finding(s) .................................................................................... 30 2.4 Israel .................................................................................................................... 32 2.4.1 Helminth finding(s)......................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Protozoa finding(s) ......................................................................................... 35 2.4.3 Ectoparasite finding(s) .................................................................................... 35 2 2.5 Cyprus ................................................................................................................. 38 2.6 Iran ....................................................................................................................... 40 2.7 Syria ..................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3 : Study sites and materials ................................................................................ 44 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Sampling strategies .............................................................................................. 46 3.3 Study sites ............................................................................................................ 49 3.3.1 Iran .................................................................................................................. 49 3.3.2 Syria ................................................................................................................ 65 3.3.3 Azerbaijan ....................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4 Saudi Arabia ................................................................................................... 68 3.3.5 Oman ............................................................................................................... 68 3.3.6 Sudan .............................................................................................................. 69 3.3.7 Egypt ............................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 4 : Methods .......................................................................................................... 77 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Laboratory techniques (used at the University of Franche-Comte) .................... 79 4.2.1 Microscopy analyses ....................................................................................... 79 4.2.2 ELISA Technique ........................................................................................... 87 4.3 Preventing contaminations and false positive results .......................................... 89 Chapter 5 : Results and discussion .................................................................................... 91 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 92 5.2 Trematode findings .............................................................................................. 95 5.2.1 Fasciolidae ...................................................................................................
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