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Pragmatic Markers in Manitoban French

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Pragmatic Markers in Manitoban French Pragmatic Markers in Manitoban French A corpuslinguistic and psycholinguistic investigation of language contact Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie in der Fakultät für Philologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum vorgelegt von Inga Nadescha Hennecke Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Fakultät für Philologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum Referentin Prof. Dr. Wiltrud Mihatsch Korreferentin Prof. Dr. Eva Belke Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 4. Dezember 2013 Acknowledgements ! is thesis would not have been possible without the professional and personal support of a great number of people. First, I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Dr. Wiltrud Mihatsch and Prof. Dr. Eva Belke for their full support and for being very open-minded about interdisciplinary research. Wiltrud always encouraged me to follow and realize my own ideas. Without her guidance and continu- ous support, this dissertation would not have been possible. Eva always encouraged me to pursue a psycholinguistic project and provided valuable assistance whenever I encountered a problem. I would also like to thank Sandrine Hallion-Bres from the Université of Saint Boniface for her useful guidance and help during my experimental investigations in Winnipeg, Canada. I am also indebted to Cheryl Frenck-Mestre and the sta" from the Laboratoire Parole et Langage for their support and for providing access to the laboratory during my stay at the Université de Provence in Aix-en-Provence. I greatly appreciate the help of Wendy Coret and the entire sta" from the International Bilingual School in Luynes, who provided me with extensive support during my data collection and by letting me participate in bilingual classes. Furthermore, I would like to thank the sta" from the MISHA at the Université de Strasbourg for their support during my experimental investigations in Strasbourg. I am very thankful that Sévérine Roboam lent me her beautiful voice for one experiment. ! is thesis would not have been possible without the many participants who volunteered for the corpus data collection and the experimental investigations in France and in Canada. I would like to thank ! omas Dornbusch and Joshua Bebout for proofreading the English sections of this thesis and for their useful comments as well as Ramona Jakobs and Svenja Weitzig for the German summary. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my parents Elke and Wolfgang and to my sister Svenja, who always supported me in every possible way and never stopped believing in my plans and dreams. My deepest gratitude goes to my beloved husband Dominik for always being patient and sup- portive throughout the years and for accompanying me all along. I love you! 3 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 8 1. Pragmatic markers and language change ..................................................... 11 1.1 Pragmatic markers – State of the Art .............................................................. 11 1.2 Processes of language change .......................................................................... 20 1.2.1 Grammaticalization and pragmaticalization .................................................... 20 1.2.2 Contact-induced language change .................................................................. 25 1.3 Pragmatic markers in language contact ........................................................... 30 2. Bilingual language representation and processing ....................................... 35 2.1 Models of bilingual language representation .................................................... 37 2.2 Bilingual models of lexical access and retrieval ................................................. 43 2.2.1 Models of bilingual lexical retrieval in speech production ................................ 43 2.2.2 Models of bilingual lexical access in speech perception .................................... 50 2.3 Semantic, conceptual and pragmatic representations in bilingual language processing .......................................................................... 55 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 60 3. ! e Franco-Manitoban .................................................................................. 61 3.1 Sociolinguistic and historic background .......................................................... 61 3.2 ! e FM Corpus .............................................................................................. 65 4. Corpus analysis .............................................................................................. 68 4.1 Comme and like .............................................................................................. 69 4.1.1 Current research on comme and like ................................................................. 69 4.1.2 Comme in Canadian French ............................................................................ 70 4.1.3 comme and like in Franco-Manitoban .............................................................. 73 4.1.3.1 Hedging functions of comme and like .............................................................. 73 4.1.3.2 Quotative functions of comme and like ............................................................ 77 4.1.3.3 Comme and like as focus marker ...................................................................... 81 4.1.3.4 Comme and like as hesitation and self repair marker......................................... 85 4.1.4 Comparison of comme and genre ...................................................................... 89 4.1.5 Grammaticalization paths of comme and like ................................................... 93 4.1.5.1 ! e emergence of the pragmatic marker like .................................................... 93 4.1.5.2 ! e emergence of the pragmatic marker comme ............................................... 101 4.1.6 Preliminary conclusion .................................................................................... 107 4.1.7 Comme in Franco-Manitoban – a case of grammatical replication? .................. 107 4.2 Alors, donc and so ............................................................................................. 111 4 Contents 4.2.1 Current research on donc, alors and so .............................................................. 111 4.2.1.1 Donc and alors in European French ................................................................. 111 4.2.1.2 So in Standard English ..................................................................................... 115 4.2.1.3 Functions and meanings of alors, donc, so ........................................................ 117 4.2.2 Alors, donc and so in Franco-Manitoban ........................................................... 122 4.2.2.1 Alors and donc in Franco-Manitoban ............................................................... 122 4.2.2.2 So in Franco-Manitoban .................................................................................. 125 4.2.3 Preliminary conclusion .................................................................................... 129 4.2.4 So in Franco-Manitoban – a case of borrowing? ............................................... 130 4.3 Bon, ben and well ............................................................................................. 136 4.3.1 Current research on bon, ben and well ............................................................. 136 4.3.1.1 Well in Standard English ................................................................................. 136 4.3.1.2 Bon and ben in European French ..................................................................... 142 4.3.1.3 Preliminary conclusion .................................................................................... 148 4.3.2 Bon, ben and well in Franco-Manitoban .......................................................... 149 4.3.2.1 Well in Franco-Manitoban ............................................................................... 151 4.3.2.2 Bon and ben in Franco-Manitoban .................................................................. 153 4.3.3 A case of crosslinguistic in# uence? ................................................................... 157 5. Impacts of language contact and change of pragmatic markers on bilingual language processing .................................................... 160 5.1 Contact-induced change in bilingual language processing ............................... 162 5.2 Borrowing in bilingual language processing ..................................................... 165 5.3 Word frequency change in language contact .................................................... 167 5.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 169 6. Experimental Investigation ........................................................................... 172 6.1 Methodical considerations ............................................................................... 172 6.1.1 Experimental Investigations on Pragmatic Markers: State of the Art ................ 173 6.1.2 Choice of tasks ................................................................................................ 176 6.1.2.1 Sentence-Word Veri$ cation Task ..................................................................... 177 6.1.2.2 Cross-Language Masked Priming Task............................................................
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