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The New York Botanical Garden

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The New York Botanical Garden Vol. VI AUGUST, 1905 No. 68 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL Assistant Director CONTENTS PAGE Report on a Trip to Europe 123 The Suwarro, or Tree Cactus iag Notes, News and Comment 133 Accessions 134 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER. PA. BY THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY OFFICERS, 1905. PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS, VICE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. BOARD OK MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSEri, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. JOHN J. PALLAS. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. S. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. HENRY N. TIFFT. GARDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Assistanl Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Assistant Curator. DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. ANNA MURRAY VMl., Librarian. DR. H. IL RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WM. J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistant. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. VI. August, 1905. No. 68. REPORT ON A TRIP TO EUROPE. To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. Gentlemen : By authority of the Board of Managers, I was absent from the Garden during the period between May 27 and July 15, for the purposes of visiting certain European botanical gardens and museums, and of attending the international congress of botany held at Vienna, June 11 to 18. I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton. Reaching Paris, via Cherbourg, on June 4, I reexamined the collections at the Jardin des Plantes ; their general arrangement has not been changed materially in recent years, but I observed many species of plants for the first time, and studied some type specimens in the herbarium. M. Bureau, the Director, received me with great cordiality and we arranged for some additional exchanges of duplicate specimens. A feature of the educational work of the Jardin, which I had the opportunity to observe, is their arrangements for Sunday afternoon lectures to the people, on topics of general interest. They have a separate building, containing an amphitheatre, in which these lectures (termed here conferences) are delivered. Admission is by tickets issued for each course. The subject for June 4 was "The Importance of the Cryptogams in Nature," and it was charmingly treated by M. Mangin, fully illustrated by lantern slides, by specimens selected from the museums and by living, plants from the greenhouses, very similarly to our lectures 123 124 given on Saturday afternoons. The audience numbered about 175- Proceeding to Geneva, via Dijon, a visit was made to the new botanical garden and museum under the direction of Dr. John Briquet, recently established on a plot of ground on the shore of Lake Geneva, presented to the city by one of its public-spirited citizens. Dr. Briquet, was absent in Vienna, but Dr. Hoch­ reutiner, his assistant, who had traveled from New York with us, on his way home from Java, gave me all needed assistance. The institution is readily accessible by train or boat. Special atten­ tion has here been given to the bringing together and display of herbaceous perennials characteristic of the different mountain systems of central Europe, planted out in rockwork, and to the establishment of other geographical groups. The mountain plants were largely in bloom at the time of our visit, including a great many species not previously seen by me, and presented elegant masses of form and color. There is also a very extensive systematic collection of herbaceous plants, and a commencement has been made in planting shrubs and trees. The greenhouses of this institution are still at the old site in the city of Geneva. A handsome and well-equipped museum building has been built here by the city, primarily for housing the Delessert Herbarium and other scientific collections of the garden, which I consulted while there for information concerning certain types of American species. I also visited the herbarium of M. Casimir De Candolle at Geneva, and he kindly permitted me to examine certain specimens. We reached Vienna June io and found a very distinguished assemblage of botanists gathered there. The sessions of the Congress commenced promptly the next morning, with addresses of welcome by civil and scientific officials of the Austrian govern­ ment, followed by the election of Professor Wiesner of the Vienna University as president of the Congress, and of a number of vice-presidents, in which category I had the honor to be included. The meetings were then divided into two series, (i) those of the general body, devoted mainly to the reading of scientific 125 papers and their discussion, and (2) those of the persons dele­ gated for the discussion of the special subject of botanical nomen­ clature, which has been prepared in advance by an international commission appointed at the congress held in Paris in 1900, of which I had been a member, the various propositions having been brought into available form for comparative consideration by Dr. John Briquet, the general reporter of the congress, whose labors in accomplishing this work were very great, and received the hearty commendation and gratitude of the assemblage. Impor­ tant results were reached by both series of meetings. A promi­ nent feature, in connection with the congress, was an interesting exposition of specimens and apparatus illustrating botanical research arranged by the International Association of Botanists, which met with the congress. This was well installed in the orangery of the imperial palace at Schonbrunn and was opened to the public for two weeks. Visits to the museums, libraries, parks and gardens of Vienna were made at intervals between the meetings; many excursions to points of botanical interest in Austria and Hungary, both before and after the congress, were arranged by the local committee, but I found my available time insufficient for participation in them. The botanical garden and institute of the university, situated on the Rennweg, quite within the city, is under the direction of Prof. R. von Wettstein. The extensive plantations exhibit a great number of species, arranged principally in three series. (a) The systematic collection, consisting of species illustrating the natural families of plants, in which herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees are brought into close comparative distance, the three not being separated into different plantations ; both hardy and tender species are employed, (b) A series of geographical groups, being illustrations of the floras of various countries, in which a similar mixture is used ; and (c) biological groups, consisting of species selected to illustrate various phenomena of plant life, such as parasitism, sensitiveness, vegetative propagation, methods of pollination, distribution of seeds and fruits, and hybridity. The path system is very extensive, so that the great majority of plants set out may be seen without leaving it. Each individual plant or 126 clump in the systematic and biological series is given its own small circular plot in the greensward, these plots averaging about three feet in diameter. The labelling is very complete and accurate, that of the systematic collection showing only, how­ ever, the botanical name of the plant, without reference to its geographical distribution, and without any popular names, while the plants in the geographical groups are not labelled at all. The botanical institute is a fine building at one end of the garden, containing thoroughly equipped laboratories for instruction and research. The main herbarium and principal botanical library in Vienna are elegantly housed on the upper floor of the Natural History Museum on the Ringstrasse, quite distant from the garden, under the curatorship of Dr. A. Zahlbruckner. They are very ex­ tensive and valuable collections, and I took advantage of the op­ portunity to consult the herbarium with reference to specimens of certain species of American plants. I also examined with interest the great glass plant house in the imperial park and gardens at Schonbrunn, Vienna, and its fine collection of tropical plants, where I took pleasure in examining a number of rare species for the first time. At the adjournment of the botanical congress, I proceeded to Munich and studied its botanical garden, situated in the heart of the city, under the directorship of Professor K. Goebel. This is divided into a "larger" and a "smaller" garden, separated by the Sophienstrasse. The general plan of the larger area is an elaborate system of narrow paths, subdividing it into numerous small plots of high cultivation, with relatively little greensward. It is essentially level, except small masses of rockwork built up of limestone, providing crevices for the cultivation of mountain plants. The systematic collection is composed of herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees intermingled or in juxtaposition by re­ lationships, and the number of species under cultivation is very large. As a rule, each subdivision of the area is occupied by the specimens illustrating a natural family, but this arrangement is somewhat complicated by the growing of many trees and shrubs out of place. Within each family subdivision the indi- 127 vidual herbaceous species are given relatively large plots, averag­ ing perhaps three feet square so that considerable masses of them are obtained, this being a striking feature of the plantation.
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