Histoire Rou,Viains Et De La Romanite Orientale Par N

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Histoire Rou,Viains Et De La Romanite Orientale Par N , HISTOIRE ROU,VIAINS ET DE LA ROMANITE ORIENTALE PAR N. IORGA PUBLIÉE PAR L'ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE VOL. IX LES UNIFICATEURS BUCARES T 1944 VOLUME IX LES UNIFICATEURS LIVRE PREMIER PREPARATION DE L'UNION DES PRINCIPAUTES CI-IAPITRE PREMIER L'ESPRIT NOUVEAU EN LUTTE AVEC LE PROTECTORAT RUSSE Contre la génération qui, sur la base du Règlement Orga- nique, tendait A poursuivre le développement de la nation roumaine, s'en élèvera peu à peu une autre, formée par les écoles récemment fondées, mais surtout parlesétudes nondirigéeset non surveillées qui avaient été faites A l'étranger. Sans excepter les fils de Démètre Bibescu, dont le plus AO était A Paris pour des études de droit qu'il ne finit qu'en 1819 1, c'était des hommes formés d'abord dans le pays, en Moldavie de même qu'en Valachie, parfois sous la garde des parents, comme par exemple chez les Bibescu, d'autre fois cependant confiés A des professeurs étrangers qui, à cette époque, généralement avaient les idées plus calmes de l'époque de Louis-Philippe. Chez les Valaques, malgré l'activité féconde de Vaillant, devenu bientôt professeur pu- blic et directeur de collège, jusqu'à ce que son attitude poli- tique l'amenAt A étre considéré, avec ou sans raison, comme révolutionnaire et sujet aux persécutions, il n'y avait pas encore de pensionnat pour la noblesse, comme celui qu'avec des moyens de beaucoup inférieurs, un Cuénim avait créé A Jassy, avec ses associés. Découvrir les débuts de cette génération, en poursuivre l'action jusqu'au moment où elle cherchaA. donner elle- 1 Iorga, Documente ,Ftirbei-Vorla, II, p. 64.1, n°s IH 8 PREPARATION DE L'UNION DES PRINCIPAUTES méme une d;rection à la vie publique, c'est le premier devoir de celui qui cherche à suivre le développement de la société roumaine. Mais, par égard à l'état de choses créé par le Règlement Organique, l'élément de transformation, filt-ce méme par des conspirations et autres méthodes révolutionnaires, ne pouvait pas venir seulement du milieu de la société des nobles plus jeunes, car elle se laissa aussi influencer par des agitateurs étrangers, lesquels, ou bien voulaient introduire, dans ces pays, un régime comme celui qui avait été inauguré en France par la Révolution de 1830,créatrice dela royauté des Français >>, pour le duc d'Orléans devenu Louis-Philippe, ou bien venger sur les Russes, maitres à Bucarest et à Jassy, la défaite de la révolution polonaise. L'agent autrichien, rétabli en 1832, ne pouvait avoir aucune influence en Valachie, étant donné aussi le conflit per- manent pour la situation juridique en Valachie des pâtres tran- sylvains, dont les intérêts étaient contraires à ceux des proprié- taires qui, contre ces transhumants, prenaient soin de leur nouvelle récolte. Les souvenirs de l'émigration en Transyl- vanie n'étaient pas les meilleurs, alors que les Moldaves conservaient leurs rapports avec la Boucovine. Mais les Mol- daves aussi regrettaient le manque d'énergie de la politique de Metternich, trop préoccupé de son action de police contre le libéralisme occidental dans d'autres régions. Un Rozno- vanu prévoyait le moment où les intrigues russes, apt-6s avoir miné le terrain en Autriche, finiraient par pousser à la ré- volte les populations slaves et roumaines qui se trouvaient à la frontière orientale de la Monarchie 1 Retenu toujours à Bucarest 2, l'Anglais Blutte, considéré comme un original, avait eu un conflit avec Kissélev, sans pouvoir obtenirsatisfaction.Iln'entretintdes rapports qu'avec des personnes isolées, jusqu'aux années où certains intéréts européens créérent le nouveau front diplomatique 1 Nerva Ilodo, dans thanTuzaki, XVII, p. 332. 2 Cependant un voyage à Jassy en 1828; Iorga, dans FInrnnuzaki, p. 56, n° 1..xt; p. 57, n° LXII. L'ESPRIT NOUVEAU EN LIf/ TE AVEC LE PROTECTORAT RUSSE 9 des# Puissances maritimes O. Il en fut tout autrement lorsque, en 1835, sa place fut prise par un diplomate jeune et actif, Colquhoun 2 En merne temps, paraissaient dans la presse anglaise des articles sur la possibiliter de l'inde'pendance roumaine 3. Aussi sous l'occupation russe, les consuls de France, un Lagan, d'abord à Jassy, un Mimaut, son successeur en Mol- davie, eurent une influence sur les affaires publiques 4. S'in- téressant à l'état des esprits en pays roumains, le premier constatait, en 1828, que les boiars valaques, soumis à un régime sévère, ont perdu leur sympathie pour les Russes, et il déclarait, dès le commencement de ce régime, que cer- tains d'entre eux espèrent # qu'on fera de la Moldavie, la Valachie, la Serbie et la Bosnie une confédération du Da- nube sous la garantie des Grandes Puissances » 5. A Jassy, il observe que les femmes, # dont l'influence est grande *, ne veulent pas d'un gouvernement brutal 6 Lorsque Wittgenstein jeta, au cours de cette même année, le mot d'o indépendance )), le consul de France signálait que certains Moldaves craignent que leurs liens avec les Turcs ne soient remplacés par une protection beaucoup plus pesante 7. Tous les abus des généraux russes aux moments les plus graves de cette domination étrangère sont notés et soumis à une critique indignée, entre autres l'organisation en pays roumain de bandes d'aventuriers balcaniques par Liprandi 8, et l'envoi de paysans roumains pour aller faucher en But- garie 9. C'est par le méme consul de France, Lagan, que 1 Son intervention pour le commerce anglais; Nerva Hodo, dans Hur- muzaki, XVII, p. 316, n° CDXCIV. 2 Ibid., p. 465, n° DLV. 3 Ibid., p. 492. 4 Ibid., p. 333. Aussi d'autres agents français, comme Hugot, à Bucarest, et Viollier A Jassy, apparaissent pendant la guerre. 5 Ibid., p. 67, n° Lxxviir. 5 Bid., p. 78, n° cm. 7 /bid., p. 123, n° axxxviii. 9 Ibid., pp. 152-153, n° ccxxxv. 9 Ibid., p. 157. Des Cosaques qui fouettent le public dans la rue, h Bu- carest;ibid., p. n° 214 cccxxxvi. i0 PREPARATION DE L'UN1ON DES PRINCIPAUTES nous connaissons la proclamation de 1829, dans laquelle, dans un style boursouflé, les Russes appelaient les Roumains sous les armes pour soutenir les armées du tzar 1. Après la conclusion de la paix, le méme agent montre ce que pour- rait trouver le commerce français dans ces riches pays, et il observe l'importance des ports danubiens 2 En 1833, le consul croyait que l'ambition égyptienne de Méhémed-Ali, avec tout ce qu'elle pourrait produire en Orient, renforcera les aspirations roumaines, et il poursuivait de cette façon: o Ils espérent en effet, que leur position géographique, leur importance politique, les avantages précieux qu'on peut retirer de tous les éléments de prospérité renfermés dans ces vastes contrées, enfin les ressources immenses qu'ils ont toujours &I prodiguer aux Russes, pour les mettre h mérne d'entrer en campagne, et en dernier lieu, de passer les Bal- cans, attireront sur eux l'attention de l'Europe et leur pro- cureront, par conséquent, une existence assurée, apt-6s laquelle ils soupirent plus que jamais )).S'appuyant aussi sur une Autriche rappelée au sens de ses intéréts, on attend le secours français pour o ledésir d'indépendance qui augmente ici chaque jour » a. Lorsque l'amiral Roussin travaillaith Constantinople contre cette pression russe, qui aboutit au traité de Unkiar- Skélessi avec le Sultan Mahmoud attaqué par les Egyptiens, quelques boiars demandèrent conseil h Lagan, montrant que les Autrichiens, de leur côté, ne font aucun mouvement 4, et, de nouveau, apparaît le désir d'indépendance, proposant le rachat du tribut 5. On serait disposé à demander dans ce but l'appui franco-anglais h Constantinople 6 En 1834, lorsque la crise orientale n'était pas aussi vio- lente, après la fin du premier chapitre de ce problème égyp- tien, le consul baron de Bois-le-Comte, qui avait eu une 1 Ibid., p. 172. 2 Ibid., p. 263 et SU1V. 3 Ibid., p. 286, n° CDXXXVI. 4 Ibid., p. 292, n° CDXLVII. Cf. ibid., p. 300, n° CDXIX. 5 Ibid., p. 303, n° CDLXXIV. 6 Ibid., p. 306, n° CDLXXX. L'ESPRIT NOUVEAU EN LUTTE AVEC LE PRO1 ECTORAT RUSSE mission auprès de Méhémed-Ali 1, fut chargé de faire un rapport sur l'état de choses dans ce qu'on appelaito les Principautés » et sur l'avantage qu'en pourrait retirer la France. De tous côtés, on lui communiqua les riches infor- mations sûres dont est nourri son rapport 2. Entre autres, on parle d'une agriculture dont les produits s'étaient accrus depuis peu d'un cinquième et di la production était de dix douze fois la semence, amenant un gain de 25% 3. Les deux pays ont moitié plus de bétail que la France, bien que la dernière- guerre ait consommé o 500.000 tétes » 4. Dans le domaine militaire, on avait parlé, à lui aussi, de cette ancienne bravoure à l'époque de Michel-le-Brave b. A Jassy, où il lui semble découvrir un esprit plus vif qu'à Bucarest, cet envoyé spécial trouve qu'on redoute beau- coup les Russes, qui pensent à l'annexion de ces territoires où ils pourraient préparer ioo.000 hommes pour une nou- velle guerre contre les Turcs 6 Les pays roumains devraient donc avoir le mane sort que la Pologne etles Tatares, Michel Sturdza devant étre une sorte de Chahin-Guira17. En ce qui concerne les buts de la Russie après l'installa- tion des deux princes, le mérne rapporte les paroles que Kissélev aurait adressées à Alexandre Ghica: o Croyez-vous que je vous aie placé pour que vous régniez en votre propre nom ?8.
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