Complimentary Contributor Copy Complimentary Contributor Copy ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ADVANCE PLANTATIONS BIODIVERSITY, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, AND RESTORATION No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Complimentary Contributor Copy ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ADVANCE Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab. Complimentary Contributor Copy ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ADVANCE PLANTATIONS BIODIVERSITY, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, AND RESTORATION HAI REN EDITOR New York Complimentary Contributor Copy Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-1-62808-135-0 (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York Complimentary Contributor Copy CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Plantation and Non-Plantation Biodiversity Values: Distinctions of Economic Theories and Market-Based Mechanisms to Value Ecosystems and Utilization within an Australian Context 1 Mark P. McHenry and Katinka X. Ruthrof Chapter 2 Mushrooms and Woodlands: Ecological Nexus 15 Osarekhoe Omorefosa Osemwegie, John Aroye Okhuoya and Theophilus A. Dania Chapter 3 The Use of Forest Plantations in the Semiarid Sahel Regions: Impacts on the Abundance and Diversity of Soil Legume-Nodulating Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities 33 Godar Sene, Mansour Thiao, Anicet Manga, Seynabou Sene, Damase Khasa, Aboubacry Kane, Mame Samba Mbaye, Ramatoulaye Samba-Mbaye and Samba Ndao Sylla Chapter 4 Indigenous-owned Pastoral Land Forestry Carbon Biosequestration and Bioenergy Options in Arid, Salt-affected Western Australian Regions 53 Mark P. McHenry and Julia Anwar McHenry Chapter 5 Harnessing Landholder’s Knowledge for Environmental Monitoring and Management for New Environmental Markets: Lessons from Plantation Forestry Carbon Sequestration in Western Australia 77 Mark P. McHenry Chapter 6 Sedimentary Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Native and an Exotic Mangrove Plantation Based on Dual Carbon Isotopic Analyses 99 Qianmei Zhang, Jinping Zhang, Lianlian Yuan, Chengde Shen and Hai Ren Chapter 7 The Potential for Carbon Sequestration in Carbon Depleted Areas of the Boreal Forest Ecozone through Agroforestry- Block Plantation 113 Silvia Lac and Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja Complimentary Contributor Copy vi Contents Chapter 8 Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association in Plant Nutrition and Growth of Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry in Degraded Soil Reclamation 127 Nelson W. Osorio and Juan D. León Chapter 9 Alluvial Gold-Mining Degraded Soils Reclamation Using Acacia Mangium Plantations: An Evaluation from Biogeochemistry 155 Juan D. León, Jeiner Castellanos, Maria Casamitjana, Nelson W. Osorio and Juan C. Loaiza Chapter 10 Effects of Incorporating Furcraea Species Biomass into Acidic Andisols 177 Adriana M. Quinchía Figueroa, Juliana Uribe Castrillón and Carolina Mesa Muñoz Chapter 11 Effects of Forest Practices on Tortoises Wild Population in a Forest Area 189 Maria Casamitjana-Causa, Juan C. Loaiza and Pere Frigola Vidal Chapter 12 Ecohydrology of Amazonian Rainforest Ecosystems 203 Conrado Tobón and Jan Sevink Index 225 Complimentary Contributor Copy PREFACE Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2011) reported that the estimated loss of global forest area declined from 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s to an estimated 13 million hectares per year between 2000 and 2010. At the same time, large areas of plantations had been established worldwide because of timber, tree crop production, or restoration projects. It was estimated that there were currently about 230 million hectares of total plantations in the world, or about 6.7% of the total forest area. Planted species in plantations are primarily selected to produce timber and tree crops with high yield and productivity. As a novel ecosystem, plantations provide numerous ecosystem services to humans. However, plantations also have some undesirable characteristics, including low biodiversity, loss of original endemic, rare, and endangered species, poor structure due to extensive planting of fast-growing coniferous and exotic species, low ecosystem heterogeneity, an overuse of ornamental species rather than functional species, a lack of mature trees, frequent outbreaks of insect pests and diseases, and maintaining low soil fertility. Fortunately, many of these issues are being recognized to a greater extent, and efforts to manage their forests and plantations on the premise of multi-usability and sustainability has begun. Today, the challenges of plantations are even greater than in the past because of accelerated climate change, changes in land use and land cover, changes in biogeochemical cycles, population growth, urbanization, as well as the loss of traditional knowledge and cultural diversity. Responding to these challenges and reversing the decline in plantation ecosystem quality will require more detailed knowledge and experience in plantation ecology and management. This book focuses on plantations: biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and restoration. The primary content explores plantation and non-plantation biodiversity values, mushrooms and woodlands, the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal in tropical forestry and agro-forestry, the impacts on the abundance and diversity of soil legume-nodulating rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in semiarid regional plantations. The book also investigates carbon biosequestration and bioenergy options of plantations, lessons from plantation forestry carbon sequestration, carbon sequestration in agro forestry-block plantation or mangrove plantations. The book includes targeted chapters on forest restoration and management of plantations for restoring degraded landscapes, alluvial-gold-mining soil reclamation using Acacia mangium plantations, effects of forest practices on wild populations of Testudo hermanni, effects of incorporation of native species biomass in an acidic andisol to control Complimentary Contributor Copy viii Hai Ren, Mark P. McHenry and J. C. Loaiza-Usuga water contamination from plant residues,and ecohydrology of Amazonian rain forest ecosystems. As the book developed, we were consistently astounded at the remarkable insights and contributions of the authors of the chapters in this book. The international list of authors were carefully selected, and through a rigorous peer review process, this edited book aims to fill some of the information gaps in vegetation restoration and nutrient mobilization, particularly in plantation ecosystems around the world. Our intended audience includes planners of projects to restore and manage forests or plantations; practitioners who implement those plans; forest resource managers who oversee the sites; forestry consultants; tree farms; environmental authorities; conservationists and students of forestry. We also hope that researchers and the public can find valued information