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1) Editorial Special Número especial - Buenos Aires - marzo de 1998 edición bilingüe revista deREDES estudios sociales de la ciencia Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación Innovación tecnológica, competitividad y comercio internacional Tecnologías no contaminantes y cooperación hemisférica Innovación y desarrollo social Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE QUILMES número REDES especial revista de estudios sociales de la ciencia índice REDES Presentación 5 Director Mario Albornoz Tecnologías de la información Secretario de redacción y la comunicación para generar y difundir Pablo Kreimer Coordinador técnico know-how Carmelo Polino Jacqueline Bourdeau, Jesús Vázquez-Abad y Laura Winer 7 Comité Editorial Daniel Chudnovsky Innovación tecnológica, competitividad y Carlos Correa comercio internacional Ricardo Ferraro Jacques Marcovitch y Simão Davi Silber 45 Enrique Fliess Carlos Mallmann Juan Carlos Portantiero Tecnologías no contaminantes y Carlos Prego cooperación hemisférica Félix Schuster Amitav Rath 83 Judith Sutz Ernesto Villanueva Innovación y desarrollo social. Un desafío Francisco von Wuthenau para América Latina Renato Dagnino 107 Consejo Asesor Carlos Abeledo Renato Dagnino Aldo Ferrer Presentation 157 Rolando García Iván Lavados Information and communication Gustavo Malek technologies for generating and Jacques Marcovitch disseminating know-how Eduardo Martínez Jacqueline Bourdeau, Jesús Vázquez-Abad Carlos Martínez Vidal and Laura Winer 159 Riccardo Petrella Manuel Sadosky Jean-Jacques Salomon Technological innovation, competitiveness Jesús Sebastián and international trade Hebe Vessuri Jacques Marcovitch and Simão Davi Silber 189 Diseño original Clean technologies and hemispheric Ronald Smirnoff cooperation Amitav Rath 223 Diagramación y armado Silvana Ferraro número REDES especial revista de estudios sociales de la ciencia Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE QUILMES Número especial, Buenos Aires, marzo de 1998 Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Rector Julio M. Villar Vicerrector Ernesto Villanueva Secretario Académico Alejandro Villar Secretario General Mario Greco Secretario de Extensión Universitaria Juan Luis Mérega Director del Departamento de Ciencias Sociales Ernesto López Director del Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Ricardo Gianotti Director del Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Julián Echave Director del Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Mario Albornoz presentación El presente número especial de REDES es el resultado de la coo- peración de la revista con la Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Or- ganización de Estados Americanos (OEA). En octubre de 1995, la Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología de la OEA recibió la misión de realizar una serie de estudios particulares, abar- cando diversos problemas específicos relativos a la ciencia y la tecno- logía en la Región. Estos estudios, que fueron desarrollados por reconocidos especialistas, han sido recopilados para su publicación en este volumen. Es por ello que este número especial se publica en forma bilingüe, en inglés y en español, para llegar a la mayor cantidad de público interesado en estos temas. La dirección de REDES asume este emprendimiento conjunto con el convencimiento de que los materiales que se presentan podrán ser de interés para los investigadores y especialistas dedicados a estos temas, los funcionarios encargados de las políticas para la ciencia y la tecnología, y, muy especialmente, para los lectores que no están co- múnmente familiarizados con los actuales problemas que se le plan- tean al desarrollo CyT en nuestro continente. Nos felicitamos por haber sido escogidos por la Oficina de Cien- cia y Tecnología de la OEA como medio para la difusión de estos docu- mentos. Este hecho nos da una pauta de la consolidación de REDES como un instrumento de comunicación entre las personas atentas a los problemas de la relación entre la ciencia y la sociedad. ❏ Mario Albornoz-Pablo Kreimer I REDES 5 Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación para generar y difundir know-how Jacqueline Bourdeau*, Jesús Vázquez-Abad** y Laura Winer** Los países miembros de la Organización de Estados Americanos llevan a cabo un pro- ceso de desarrollo, implementación y uso de tecnologías de la información y las teleco- municaciones encaminado al desarrollo colectivo de esos países. El Plan de Acción elaborado por la Cumbre de las Américas, en diciembre de 1994, expresó el vigoroso compromiso por parte de los gobiernos de las Américas de satisfacer las necesidades que sus respectivos países tuvieran en materia de infraestructura de la información. Para lo- grar esta meta, es necesario contar con recomendaciones para la acción que orienten las iniciativas conjuntas que esos gobiernos han de emprender. Las recomendaciones que se formulan en este documento están basadas en estudios y datos recogidos en el cam- po y hacen referencia a iniciativas en marcha dentro de la comunidad de la OEA, así como en otras regiones del mundo. 1. Tecnologías, temas y necesidades en relación con la Autopista de la Información 1.1. Tecnologías de conexión en red La Autopista de la Información (AI) conecta redes interoperables, entre las cuales se incluyen redes telefónicas, por cable y de compu- tadoras, y brinda a los usuarios la posibilidad de contar con un acce- so rápido, multimodal y global. En consecuencia, las personas y las áreas que carecen de acceso a redes individuales tampoco tienen a su alcance los privilegios que ofrece la AI. Es necesario que existan in- fraestructuras, oportunidades de acceso y servicios eficaces y ade- * Universidad de Quebec. ** Universidad de Montreal. I REDES 7 Jacqueline Bourdeau, Jesús Vázquez-Abad y Laura Winer cuados con el fin de asegurar la equidad. Los obstáculos que deberán salvarse para que se logre una interconexión sin fisuras incluyen los estándares que no son interoperables, las regulaciones restrictivas y los sistemas tarifarios complejos para los diferentes servicios. Si bien el objetivo que deberá alcanzarse en el largo plazo es sin duda una capacidad universal de ancho de banda completo, tanto entre puntos múltiples como de múltiples direcciones, es posible realizar im- portantes avances en el corto y mediano plazo. En los casos en que el tendido de cables o alambres resulta imposible, poco confiable o excesivamente costoso (como suele ocurrir en países poco desarro- llados y en áreas remotas) las tecnologías inalámbricas y móviles pue- den constituir una buena solución. Los satélites, el cable de fibra óptica y la digitalización, que hicieron posible la convergencia de tex- to, sonido, imagen y video, son avances tecnológicos que desempe- ñaron un papel fundamental en lo que se refiere al desarrollo de la AI. El desafío que ahora se presenta es el de lograr integrar las redes te- lefónicas, de cable, satelitales e inalámbricas en una red universal e interoperable. Esta infraestructura hace posible la colaboración entre los pueblos y las organizaciones, a través de su acceso común a in- formación global que se encuentra en un espacio virtual compartido. Entre las aplicaciones de tecnologías de conexión en red que tienen potencial comercial podemos mencionar la fabricación distribuida. Por ejemplo, el Mustang que la Ford produjo en 1994 fue diseñado en Mi- chigan, los ensayos destructivos se llevaron a cabo en Inglaterra, los modelos se construyeron en Italia y finalmente fue evaluado por gru- pos motivacionales en el mundo entero. El potencial de las tecnologías de conexión en red no radica sólo en el envío electrónico de mensajes o en la recuperación de informa- ción, sino también en su utilización con el fin de construir en forma co- lectiva herramientas de información, tales como bases de datos. 1.2. Tecnologías de colaboración Para que exista colaboración en la AI se requiere que haya comu- nicación y coordinación. Las tecnologías de colaboración se definen como aquellos procesos asistidos o mejorados por herramientas tecno- lógicas. Las herramientas tecnológicas incluyen el correo electrónico, las conferencias por medio de computadoras, software para trabajo en grupo y audio y video conferencias. La telecomunicación multimedia hace posible la colaboración en virtud de la comunicación multimodal, I 8 REDES Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación… tanto sincrónica como asincrónica. Entre las herramientas de coordi- nación se incluyen la planificación del trabajo en grupo, el estableci- miento de cronogramas para grupos, la gestión de proyectos distribuida, aplicaciones y herramientas de navegación compartidas; la función de estas herramientas consiste en ayudar a gestionar las in- terdependencias que surgen entre las personas cuando realizan un trabajo en un marco de colaboración. Es probable que el concepto de “colaboración” pase a convertirse en la próxima tendencia fundamen- tal en el campo de la computación. La puesta en práctica de este con- cepto implica la creación de una infraestructura distribuida y avanzada, así como la posibilidad de acceder a ella; infraestructura que emplearía tecnología de información multimedia con el fin de su- perar las limitaciones en materia de tiempo y espacio y que asistiría el trabajo intelectual en grupo. Las personas que trabajan en un marco de colaboración desarrollan dependencias mutuas que tienen que ver con varios elementos: conocimientos, capacidades, recursos e in- fraestructuras. Debe brindarse la posibilidad de colaborar de manera formal e informal, puesto que
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