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1 Vittra Fruntimmer Vittra fruntimmer 1 skrifter utgivna av avdelningen för litteratursociologi vid litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen i uppsala, 45 2 ann öhrberg Vittra fruntimmer Författarroll och retorik hos frihetstidens kvinnliga författare gidlunds förlag 3 Doktorsavhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i litteraturvetenskap framlagd vid Uppsala universitet vt 2001. Abstract Öhrberg, Ann, 2001: Vittra fruntimmer. Författarroll och retorik hos frihetstidens kvinnliga författa- re (Swedish Women Writers 1720–1772. Rhetorical and Sociological Perspectives). Written in Swedish with an English summary. Skrifter utgivna av Avdelningen för litteratursociologi vid Litteraturveten- skapliga institutionen i Uppsala 45. 420 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-7844-330-x This dissertation deals with Swedish women writers during the so called Age of Liberty (1720–1772). A total of 141 female authors of printed texts are presented, the majority unmentioned in earlier re- search. The study is focused on two forms of literature: occasional poetry (poems that were written for special occasions such as weddings and funerals) and political texts (general political texts as well as texts discussing women’s issues). A number of authors are discussed more thoroughly, for example the occasional poets Charlotta Frölich, Hedvig Paqvalin and Charlotta Löfgren, and a group of political authors, such as Sweden’s first female journalist, Anna Margareta von Bragner and two female mem- bers of the Gyllenborg family, that was part of the Swedish elite. Two chapters are devoted to Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, one of Sweden’s most successful authors during the Age of Liberty. The dissertation is based on gender theory. A double approach is used: a sociological perspective is combined with rhetorical analysis. The sociological perspective reveals that women writers often played an active role in the public sphere, but they also met with great difficulties. Apart from legal and political restrictions, women were denied higher education. One important factor which favoured women writers’ activities was the old ideal of the noblewoman, still present in Sweden in the Age of Liberty, whereby women from the upper classes should be active in a variety of ways, including parti- cipating in representative contexts. The social position of the writers is of utmost importance to explain why women writers could act the way they did. One major result in the investigation is that female political authors as well as occasional poets acted on behalf of their households and networks. The term “social obligation” is introduced for literature that was written mainly out of social purpose. Using a distinction between power and authority one also can point out that although women writers had no formal or legal authority during this period, they could gain social authority and they did have power. The rhetorical analyses of texts show that women writers were skilled in the art of rhetoric and also reveals that there are no significant differences between texts written by female authors if one compare with texts written by male authors. One explanation to this is the paradoxical nature of classical rhe- toric: it had its roots in public life, to which women were denied access, nevertheless it was possible to learn rhetorical methods and techniques without higher education, for example by imitation. Few women writers challenge existing gender-ideals in their texts. But on the other hand, only a handful of the texts written by female authors show signs of humility, and in these rare examples it is brought on by genre or social inferiority. Women writers did not apologize for their literary activity. And just by going public, they crossed the narrow boundaries that (on a symbolic and normative level) were commonly set for women. Keywords: gender history, sociology of literature, rhetoric, Swedish eighteenth-century literature, occasional poetry, political culture, women’s issues, Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht Ann Öhrberg, Department of Literature, Uppsala University, Slottet ing. A0, S-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden Omslag: Grevinnan Ulla Tessin vid sitt skrivbord. Akvarell av Olof Fridsberg. © Ann Öhrberg 2001 isbn 91-7844-330-x, issn 0349-1145 Fingraf tryckeri, Södertälje 2001 4 Till Johanna 5 6 Förord Att skriva en avhandling är inte bara resultatet av den enskilde avhandlingsförfat- tarens vedermödor utan i hög grad även en kollektiv process. Jag har haft turen att befinna mig i forskningssammanhang som givit rika möjligheter att skapa kon- takter med goda läsare och diskussionspartners. Det är många som skall tackas för att detta projekt roddes i land, först och främst min handledare Marie-Christine Skuncke. Hennes kunskap om 1700-talet – inte bara det svenska – är imponeran- de, hennes entusiasm smittande. Under arbetets gång har hon utan att förtröttas bidragit med noggranna läsningar och skarpsynta kommentarer. Min examinator och andre handledare Johan Svedjedal har med sin högt uppdrivna känsla för vetenskaplig exakthet och hederlighet lärt mig mycket. Ett tack också till Marga- retha Fahlgren som var min handledare i avhandlingsarbetets inledande fas, och då stödde mina första stapplande steg. Ett antal personer har under olika stadier i arbetet läst mina manus och då kommit med värdefulla reflexioner. Goda råd rörande sakfrågor och historiska förhållanden har lämnats av Birgitta Ericsson. Bo Bennich-Björkman har med sin unika bokhistoriska kompetens bidragit med kunskap rörande allt från 1700- talets censur av litteratur till obskyra dåtida yrkesepitet. Ett stort tack riktas också till Margareta Björkman, Anna Cullhed, Birgitta Holm, Eva Jonsson, Åsa Karls- son och Ingeborg Nordin Hennel som alla tagit sig tid att läsa olika delar av ma- nus och lämnat nyttiga påpekanden. Lars Burman opponerade förtjänstfullt på min licentiatavhandling. Inte minst vill jag här tacka mina feministiska och litte- ratursociologiska kollegor: Marika Andræ och Annika Olsson. Avhandlingsarbe- tet igenom har Marika och Annika läst och kommenterat och de har genom sitt aldrig sviktande engagemang och sina kloka synpunkter givit både råd och stöd. Ett varmt tack riktas också till min mentor Anne-Sofie Gräslund som alltid tagit sig tid att diskutera, inte i första hand själva avhandlingen, men de problem som uppstått i samband med arbetet. Många goda idéer har fötts i olika kreativa seminariemiljöer, först och främst vid den egna institutionen. Men jag vill dessutom nämna andra för mig givande träffpunkter och diskussionsfora. Det tvärvetenskapliga genushistoriska semina- riet och det tvärvetenskapliga 1700-talsseminariet har varit två sådana miljöer, bägge i Uppsala. En annan viktig mötesplats, men då utanför akademien, har varit ”soffeministerna”. För alla de goda synpunkter som lämnades vid min slutventilering tackar jag mina opponenter: Anna Cullhed, Magnus Ekblad, Nils Ekedahl, Paula Henrik- son, Janne Lindqvist och Petra Söderlund. För snabb och effektiv korrektur- läsning tackar jag Marika Andræ, AnnaCarin Billing, Jenny Björklund, Paula Henriksson, Eva Jonsson, Maria Karlsson, Sigrid Klaman, Annika Olsson och Petra Söderlund. Ett tack riktas också till Jan Murray som språkgranskat min summary. 7 Personalen på de arkiv och bibliotek jag besökt eller haft kontakt med har med sin kompetens och hjälpsamhet varit av största betydelse för att mitt arbete. Ett särskilt tack riktas här till personalen på Kungliga biblioteket i Stockholm och Carolina Rediviva i Uppsala. Arbetet har gjorts lättare genom ekonomiska bidrag från Fredrika-Bremer- Förbundet och Karl och Betty Warburgs fond för litteraturhistorisk forskning. Generös ekonomiska hjälp till tryckningen har lämnats av Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf VI Adolfs Fond för svensk kultur samt Sven och Dagmar Saléns stiftelse. Annika Olsson har betytt mycket för mig i sin dubbla roll som vän och kolle- ga. Arbetet har gått så oändligt mycket lättare tack vare henne. Så har till exempel ensamheten vid den egna datorn kunnat brytas av nästan dagliga telefonsamtal med diskussioner om lunch (nudlar eller tonfisk?), dagens kultursida, politik, bäs- ta TV-såpan och annat av vikt (som avhandlingsarbetet). Ett varmt tanke riktas också till mina andra vänner, unga som gamla, ingen nämnd och ingen glömd. De verkar förunderligt nog ha stått ut med att jag hört av mig med otillständig oregel- bundenhet. Till sist vill jag rikta ett tack till de personer utan vilka den här avhandlingen aldrig hade blivit skriven: min familj. Min far Kjell Öhrberg var den som med sin kärlek till det svenska 1700-talet först väckte min egen nyfikenhet och han har stöttat mig arbetet igenom. Min mor såg avhandlingsarbetet påbörjas, men fick aldrig uppleva dess slutförande. Jag hoppas och tror att hon hade varit nöjd med slutresultatet – det var hon som en gång i tiden satte Simone de Beauvoirs Det andra könet i mina händer. Johanna min kloka, starka och numera vuxna dotter tillägnar jag denna avhandling. Hon har hjälpt mig att komma ihåg vad som är väsentligt här i livet. Till slut ett tack till min make och bästa vän Claes Göran Aurell vars uppmuntran och stöd betyder allt. Björnäs 12 mars 2001 Ann Öhrberg 8 Innehåll Inledning .......................................................................................... 13 Att skriva ett gynæceum, 15 / Kön och historia, 17 / Makt, kön och his- toria, 20 / Den klassiska retoriken, 22 / Kön och retorik, 24 / Urvals- principer: termerna litteratur, vitter och författare, 26 / Kvinnliga förfat- tare under den nordenflychtska eran: källor för inventeringen och tidigare forskning, 28 / Avhandlingens
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