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Xerox Unhrortry Microfilms 300 North ZM B Road Ann Aibor, Michigan 40100 ELLINGSEN INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the moat advanced technological meant to photograph and reproduce th ii document have been used, the quality it heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. * \ The following, explanation of techniques Is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Paga(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing paga(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the pegs in the adjacent frame. ■ 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued egain — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could ba made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox UnhrortRy Microfilms 300 North ZM b Road Ann Aibor, Michigan 40100 ELLINGSEN. Inger Johanne, 1944- COMPARISON OF ACTIVE AND QUIESCENT PROTONYMPHS OF THE AMERICAN HOUSE-DUST MITE. The Ohio State University* Ph.D.* 1974 Biology Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED, COMPARISON OF ACTIVE AND QUIESCENT PROTONYMPHS OF THE AMERICAN HOUSE-DUST MITE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Inger Johanne Ellingsen, Cand. mag., Cand. real., M. S. The Ohio State University 1971* Reading Committee: Approved by Professor G. W. Wharton Professor F. W. Fisk Ad/M Advisor Professor R. P. Holdsworth Department of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X would like to thank my advisor, Professor G. W. Wharton, for guidance and encouragement throughout the investigation and preparation of this manuscript, and for assisting me in preparing programs for drawing graphs by the aid of a programable calculator. Thanks are due to the Department of Entomology for generously supporting me as a teaching associate during my stay at The Ohio State University. The Acarology Laboratory is acknowledged for providing facilities for the investigation and the use of drawings by Dr. W. Bruce. Special thanks are due to Professor F. W. Fisk and Professor R. P. Holdsworth for serving on my reading committee and for their review and criticism of the manuscript. VITA February 13, 1944............Born, Namsos, Norway 1966 ........ ...............Cand. mag. The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway January, 1969.. .......... Cand. real. The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 1969-1970................... Lektor at Tromso Gymnas Tromso, Norway 1971 ........................ M.S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1974................... Teaching Associate at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Fecundity, aphid consumption and survival of the aphid predator Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae)". Nor. Entomol. Tidsskr. 16: 91-95, 1969. "Effect of constant and varying temperature on development, feeding and survival of Adalia bipunctata L. CCol., Coccinellidae)". Nor. Entomol. Tidsskr. 16: 121-125, 1969. Holdsworth, R. P., Jr. and I. J. Ellingsen. "Role of stigmaeid mites in the biological control of European red mited in Ohio apple orchards." Proc. N. C. Branch, Entomol. Soc. Am. 28: 104-105, 1973. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology Studies on biological control. Professor R. P. Holdsworth Studies on acarology. Professor G. W. Wharton. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............. ii VITA................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES....................................... vi LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES.......................... vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................ 1 II IDENTIFICATION OF A LONGTERM QUIESCENT PROTONYMPH................................ 9 Introduction. ........... ...... 9 M e t h o d s .................................. 11 Results and Interpretations............. 12 III OXYGEN CONSUMPTION.......................... 21 Introduction.............................. 21 M e t h o d s ............................. 22 R e s u l t s .................................. 23 Interpretations ......................... 23 IV WATER B A L A N C E .............................. 27 Introduction.............................. 27 Methods . .......................... 30 R e s u l t s .................................. 33 Water mass of quiescent protonymphs at zero water vapor activity .... 33 Water mass of active and quiescent protonymphs at 0.75 water vapor a c tivity............................ 3*1 Tritium loss and decrease in specific activity at av ** 0.75 of active and quiescent protonymphs . * 34 Interpretations . ....................... 59 TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONT'D. Page CHAPTER V DISCUSSION.......... 69 LITERATURE CITED .................................. 77 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. - Quiescent protonymphs and tritonymphs collected from the top of the culture j a r . .............................. 19 2. Dry weights of active and quiescent protonymphs killed in various ways .... 20 3. Oxygen consumption by active and quiescent protonymphs at a„ = 0.7S and 2 5 ° C ................... 26 4. Mean masses (in yg) of quiescent proto­ nymphs in zero water vapor activity . at 25°C................. 35 5. Quiescent protonymphs: mean measurements of water mass, tritium content and specific activity at a^ = 0.75 and 25 C. 41 6. Active protonymphs: mean measurements for change in water mass, tritium content.and specific activity at a = 0.75 and 25°C...................... v . 43 7. Dead quiescent protonymphs (frozen for 24 hours): mean measurements of tritium content at ay = 0.75 and 25°C............. 44 8. First order rate' constants for tritium loss, km., and decrease in specific activity, k , Cboth with percentage of explained smms of squares of variation) at av = 0.75 and 25 C ........ 60 9. Half-lives............... "67 10. Constant rates of sorption (m_ = k m . x at a„ = 0.75 and 25°C. ........ 68 V vi ’ LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES Plate Page I* • The protonymph CA) and the tritonymph (B) of the American house-dust mite. Arrows are pointing to the genital field..................... 15 Figure 1* Water loss in quiescent protonymphs at 0.00 water vapor activity and 25 C. The mites were assumed to die at day 19 so observations preceding day 19 are considered separately as live mites and observations succeeding day 19 as dead ............ 36 2. Water mass of active and quiescent protonymphs at 0.75 water vapor activity and 2 5 ° C ................................ 38 3. Tritium loss in active protonymphs in an untritiated atmosphere of 0.75 water vapor activity and 25°C. Data from two separate experiments are plotted. ......................... 45 4. Decrease in specific activity in active protonymphs in an untritiated . atmosphere of 0.75 water vapor activity and 25 C ....................... 47 5.. Tritium loss in quiescent protonymphs in an untritated atmosphere of 0.75 water vapor activity and 25°C. The regression line is drawn according to a one rate model.......... 49 6. Tritium loss in quiescent protonymphs in an untritiated atmosphere of 0.75 water vapor activity and 25 C. The regression line is drawn according to a changing rate at day 16 ............... 51 vii Decrease in specific activity of quiescent protonymphs in an untritiated atmosphere of 0 .75 water vapor activity and 25 C. The regression line is drawn according to a one rate model................. Decrease in specific activity of quiescent protonymphs in an untritiated atmosphere of 0.75 water vapor activity and 25°C. The regression lines are drawn according to a change in rate at day 16. Tritium loss in dead quiescent mites (frozen for 24 hours) in an un­ tritiated atmosphere of 0.75 water vapor activity and 25°C............. viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The .life-cycle of arthropods consists of embryonic development within an egg and a series of instars that culminate in the adults. In the mite group Acaridei the overt preadult instars may include a larva, a protonymph, a deutonymph and a tritonymph. Each of these instars appears to consist of an active and an intermediate inactive period. If we consider the time periods and processes within one instar they are: a pharate period during which the newly formed instar is located within the cuticle of the pre­ ceding instar; the pharate period ends by the process of ecdysis when the new instar emerges and the
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