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House Dust Mites and Their Sensitivity to Wood Oils and Volatiles

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House Dust Mites and Their Sensitivity to Wood Oils and Volatiles J Wood Sci (2008) 54:1–9 © The Japan Wood Research Society 2007 DOI 10.1007/s10086-007-0921-9 REVIEW ARTICLE Yasushi Hiramatsu · Satoshi Shida · Yoshifumi Miyazaki House dust mites and their sensitivity to wood oils and volatiles Received: June 28, 2007 / Accepted: September 12, 2007 / Published online: December 28, 2007 Abstract Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, peren- because it is a potentially fatal disease.2,3,4 In Japan, 4%–6% nial rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis caused by the house dust of children and 3%–4% of adults, or about 4 million people mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatopha- in total, show symptoms of asthma.1 In 2000, the World goides farinae, which are dominant species in homes, have Health Organization reported that around the globe recently become serious health problems. Reducing the between 100 and 150 million people suffer from asthma and number of and exposure to mites and mite allergens are the this number is rising, and deaths from this condition exceed most important factors in preventing allergic diseases. 180 000 annually.3 Recently, the effects of essential oils of plants on house dust Indoor environmental pollutants are closely related to mites have received much attention with a view to produc- these allergic diseases. One of the most important produc- ing natural mite-killing agents. Essential oils and their com- ers of the allergens for these diseases are the house dust ponents of wood and their leaves have also received much mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermato- attention. In this article, we summarize the biology of house phagoides farinae, which are the dominant species in dust mites, mite allergens, and their concentration in homes, homes.5,6,7 and discuss the control of house dust mites by using plant Evaluations of serum-specifi c IgE antibody (sIgE ab) and wood extractives, especially in relation to the infl uence tests and skin tests showed that the allergen most frequently of essential oils and volatiles from wood on house dust sensitized was house dust mite.8–11 Measurements of sIgE ab mites. in the sera from 587 junior high school students with and without allergic diseases indicated that 48.9% of them had Key words House dust mite · Dermatophagoides pteronys- sIgE ab to house dust mite allergens.8 In the sera from 398 sinus · Dermatophagoides farinae · Essential oil · Wood adults with bronchial asthma and from 364 adults with volatiles atopic dermatitis, sIgE ab to house dust mite allergens was also measured, and 242 of the 398 (60.8%) asthma sufferers and 301 of the 364 (82.7%) with atopic dermatitis showed 9,10 Introduction positive results. Skin tests of 1912 outpatients treated in allergy clinics showed that about 40% of them had sIgE ab to house dust mite allergens.11 Around 30% of the Japanese population suffers from aller- The fi rst requirement for achieving environmental gic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, perennial rhinitis, control of the indoor environment is to identify and remove and atopic dermatitis, and these have become serious health 12,13 1 the source of the pollutants. This means the number of problems in recent years. Asthma is of particular concern live mites, the amount of mite feces and mite corpses, and the exposure to mites must all be reduced in order to prevent allergic diseases caused by house dust mites. It is known that housework, for example regular cleaning of Y. Hiramatsu (*) rooms and upholstered furniture, and washing bedding and Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, clothing is effective in reducing the number of mites and Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan 4,14–21 Tel. +81-29-829-8292; Fax +81-29-874-3720 mite allergens. However, such preventive measures e-mail: [email protected] require a great amount of time and effort, and a combina- S. Shida tion of several methods is required to control house dust The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan mites and improve indoor environments. Y. Miyazaki Keeping the relative humidity low is another effective Chiba University, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan way of controlling house dust mites,22–34 as is the use of 2 acaricides. In recent years, the use of oils and extractives almost no growth in the mite population in media kept of plants and wood on house dust mites as a possible way at 20° and 35°C, a result similar to that of Arlian and of killing mites has received much attention from the Wharton.65 viewpoint of the effective utilization of such plants and The development of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae is wood.35–61 also greatly infl uenced by relative humidity.23,25–29,65,66 The In this article, we summarize the life cycle of house dust mites are 70%–75% water by weight, and they obtain water mites, the house dust mite allergen concentrations in homes, and maintain their water balance primarily by absorbing and means of controlling house dust mites using plant and water vapor from the air.65,66 Matsumoto et al.23 showed that wood extractives, especially essential oils and volatiles from the periods in the life cycles of D. pteronyssinus and D. wood. farinae varied with relative humidity, using measurements at 61%, 76%, and 86% RH. Dermatophagoides pteronyssi- nus had its shortest development time, 37.1 days, at 76% RH, and the development times were 44.4 days at 61% RH Life cycle of house dust mites and 41.1 days at 86% RH, a little longer than the fi gure for 76% RH. Dermatophagoides farinae had its shortest devel- The house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus opment time, 39.6 days, at 76% RH; other development and Dermatophagoides farinae are arthropods belonging times were 70.7 days at 61% RH, and 50.9 days at 86% RH, to the phylum Arthropoda, class Arachinida, order Acari, much longer than the fi gure at 76% RH. At 36% RH, all and family Pyroglyphidae. The class Arachinida consists of of the D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae mites died before the spiders, scorpions, and similar organisms that are not closely protonymphal stage. related to insects. They have eight legs and are oval-shaped, Studies on mass culture of the mites have reported and there is no clear boundary between their cephalotho- that almost no population growth was observed at 20%– raxes and abdomens. The length of the adult mites of D. 61% RH (D. pteronysissinus) and 20%–55% RH (D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae is 0.3–0.4 mm. The life cycle of farinae).22,25–29 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was more these two mite species is made up of fi ve stages: egg, larva, susceptible to desiccation than D. farinae.23,26–29 protonymph, tritonymph, and adult.62 The optimum development conditions for D. pteronys- sinus and D. farinae have been found to be 20°–25°C, 65%–85% relative humidity (RH),22–24,26–29 25°C under House dust mite allergen concentrations in homes 75%–76% RH,22,23 and 25°C under 60%–76% RH,23,24 and their seasonal variation from studies on mass culture and individual rearing. Under these conditions, the development times from egg to adult Many species of mites live in houses, but Dermatophagoides of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae are about 30–40 days pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae are the domi- and 30–45 days, respectively, and the longevity of mating nant species, constituting over 70% or so of the total mite adults of these species is about 1–4 months and 2–3 months, population.67–86 House dust mites feed principally on human respectively.23 Two or three eggs are produced per day per skin scales and other organic detritus.87,88 This means they female for D. pteronyssinus while D. farinae females thrive in fl ooring, bedding, mattresses, and sofas,72–77,89–91 produce one or two eggs per day. The total numbers of because these are areas where humans stay for a long eggs produced per female during the reproduction period time. Thus, the mite allergen content is high in these are 40 to 100 for D. pteronyssinus and 50 to 80 for D. areas.84,92–100 farinae.23 In Japanese houses, there is a high mite population The development of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae is density in fl ooring, especially in carpets and tatami greatly infl uenced by temperature.63,64 Arlian et al.63 and mats.72–74,89,90,101 Studies on mite population densities in Arlian and Dippold64 showed that the duration of the life homes have shown that the numbers of mites is 193– cycle of these species varied inversely with temperature, for 3098 m−2 for carpets and 18–171 m−2 for tatami mats, but temperatures of 16°, 25°, 30°, and 35°C. At 16°C, the eggs only 3–48 m−2 for wooden fl ooring.74,75,77,89,90,101 The surface of of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae developed to adults in a wooden fl ooring is fl at and easy to clean, and the wood is period of 122.8 days (D. pteronyssinus) and 140.1 days (D. dry, making it unsuitable as mite habitat. These physical farinae). In contrast, at 35°C, the developmental times for properties of wood help to suppress the number of mites the species were 15.0 and 22.1 days, respectively. and mite allergens on wooden fl ooring. It was reported The percentage of the mites that developed from eggs to that the number of mites on a fl oor decreased sharply when adults was also infl uenced by temperature.
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