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Characterization and Mapping of Plant Communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island, Antarctica Filipe De C

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Characterization and Mapping of Plant Communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island, Antarctica Filipe De C RESEARCH/REVIEW ARTICLE Characterization and mapping of plant communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island, Antarctica Filipe de C. Victoria,1 Marge´ li P. de Albuquerque,1 Antonio B. Pereira,1 Felipe N.B. Simas,2 Adriano A. Spielmann3 & Carlos E.G.R. Schaefer2 1 National Institute of Antarctic Science and Technology for Environmental Research, Federal University of Pampa, Sa˜ o Gabriel 97300, Brazil 2 Soil Department, Federal University of Vic¸osa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Campus Universita´ rio, Vic¸osa 36570, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3 Botany Laboratory, Biology Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cuiaba´ 79070, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Keywords Abstract Plant communities mapping; lichens; mosses; flowering plants; Antarctic. King George Island is the largest island and the principal area used for research bases in Antarctica. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Poland, Russia, South Correspondence Korea and Uruguay have permanent open bases on this island. Other countries Filipe de C. Victoria, Antarctic Plant Studies have seasonal summer stations on different parts of this island, which Core, Federal University of Pampa, Antoˆ nio demonstrates that human impact is strong on King George Island relative Trilha Avenue, 1847, Sa˜ o Gabriel 97300, RS, to other areas in the maritime and continental Antarctica. The objective of Brazil. E-mail: filipevictoria@unipampa. this work was to present a phytosociological approach for ice-free areas of edu.br Hennequin Point, eastern coast of Admiralty Bay, King George Island. The study started with the classification and description of the plant communities based primarily on phytosociological and biodiversity data. The area was mapped using an Astech Promark II† DGPS, yielding sub-metric precision after post-processing with software. The plant communities were described as follows: (1) lichen and moss cushion formation; (2) moss carpet formation; (3) fellfield formation; (4) grass and cushion chamaephyte formation; and (5) Deschampsia AntarcticaÁlichen formation. Characterizations and distribu- tions of the plant communities are presented on a map at a scale of 1:5000. The plant communities found at Hennequin Point, in general, differ from those found in other areas of the Admiralty Bay region, probably because of the concentration of skua nests in the area and the relief singularities. We conclude by highlighting the importance of the study of plant species found in the ice- free areas of the Antarctic with respect to environmental monitoring and for evaluating global climate and environmental changes. The Antarctic flora is composed mainly of bryophytes and Several studies, such as those by Bednarek-Ochyra lichen species adapted to short summers and low et al. (2000), Ochyra et al. (2008), Putzke & Pereira temperatures (Putzke & Pereira 2001). Such climatic (2001), Redo´ n (1985) and Øvstedal & Lewis-Smith conditions inhibit the reproductive cycle, limiting the (2001), have contributed to a fairly good understanding diversity and the gene pool, especially for flowering of the species composition and structure of the plant and plants (Pereira & Putzke 1994; Vincent 2000). The lichen communities in ice-free areas of the maritime Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica Desv.) and Antarctica. However, there are very few maps showing the Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis [Kunth.] the spatial distribution of such communities. Based on Bartl.) are the only native angiosperms growing in satellite images, Furmanczyk & Ochyra (1982) produced Antarctica, but are restricted to the maritime Antarctica, a map of moss distribution for the south-western shore of which experience a shorter daylight period, warmer Admiralty Bay, King George Island. Although this has temperatures and higher water availability in comparison been very useful in orientating botanic studies in this to continental Antarctica. area, the broad mapping scale limits its practical use in Polar Research 2013. # 2013 F.C. Victoria et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 1 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Polar Research 2013, 32, 19261, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.19261 (page number not for citation purpose) Plant communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island F.C. Victoria et al. monitoring and ecological studies. Victoria et al. (2009) tinental Antarctica. According to data sets from 1982 to produced a finer scale map of the moss communities in 2002, acquired at the Brazilian Comandante Ferraz the south-west of Admiralty Bay for monitoring the Station (Setzer et al. 2004), the mean air temperature succession of plant communities colonizing this area. varies from 6.48C in July to 2.38C in February. Positive High-resolution vegetation mapping is critical for a air temperatures occur from November until March. better understanding of the impacts of environmental Mean annual precipitation is 366.7 mm rainfall equiva- factors that control vegetation development, allowing for lent, falling as snow and rain. During the last decade, the future monitoring of these communities. The ex- there has been an increase in mean annual temperature tremely dynamic aspect of geomorphic surfaces and of 0.2Á0.68C, contributing significantly to the retreat of related soils under periglacial and paraglacial conditions glaciers over this period in the Admiralty Bay region results in a high variation in plant communities within (Rakusa-Suszczewski et al. 1993). the scale of a metre. Differences in species composition The main objective of this work is the first character- can be found within a small area (Victoria et al. 2009) ization and fine-scale mapping of the plant communities due the heterogeneity in terrain, microtopography, sub- colonizing Hennequin Point, along the eastern coast of strate type and soil chemistry in small ice-free areas. This Admiralty Bay, King George Island (628 03? 40??628 05? makes map scale a very important factor to be considered 40?? S and 588 23? 30??588 24? 30?? W; Fig. 1). By helping when producing a cartographic base for future monitor- in the monitoring studies of plant communities in the ing studies. area, this will aid the evaluation of the environmental The maritime Antarctic zone is characterized by higher impacts that are occurring with the expansion of ice-free mean air temperatures and water availability than con- areas in Antarctica. Fig. 1 Studied area. (a) Antarctica, with an arrow pointing to the location of the South Shetland Islands, (b) King George Island, with ice-free areas indicated in grey, and (c) the study area of Hennequin Point, in Admiralty Bay. 2 Citation: Polar Research 2013, 32, 19261, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.19261 (page number not for citation purpose) F.C. Victoria et al. Plant communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island Methods acquired in the summer of 2008, generating the final map presented here at a scale of 1:10 000. During the 2004/05 austral summer, a detailed mapping The description and classification of the plant and characterization of plant communities was carried communities were based on Lewis-Smith & Gimingham out on Hennequin Point, on the eastern coast of (1976), Pereira & Putzke (1994) and Redo´n (1985). The Admiralty Bay (Fig. 1). The area studied comprises identification of bryophytes was based on Ochyra et al. 2 approximately 3.06 km of ice-free terrain and is com- (2008) and the lichens on Øvstedal & Lewis-Smith posed of tholeithic basalt, andesites and volcanic tuffs, (2001), Olech (1996) and Spielmann & Pereira (2012). with a north-eastÁsouth-west axis of 3.6 km. The area In the cases of some Bryum species, there has been a studied is less than 1 km wide. The relief ranges from 0 to change in genus allocation and the names follow the more than 300 m a.s.l. recent literature (Spence 2005, 2007). The species names Phytosociological surveys were undertaken using the were updated based on the names in databases available quadrat method of Braun-Blanquet (1964), using 25 on the internet, such as W3Tropicos (www.tropicos.org) 25 cm quadrats launched randomly (in a total of 206 for mosses and Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum. quadrats sampled) for recording the frequency and org) for lichens. All species and survey data are available coverage degree of each species identified. The selection at the Federal University of Pampa Herbaria, Campus Sa˜o of the sites was subjectively based on the extent of Gabriel. vegetation cover and its diversity, which was previously The place-names presented in this work follow the evaluated by assessing its physiognomy and location. The official nomenclature presented by Simo˜ es (2004). percentage frequency and cover were determined as proposed by Gimingham & Lewis-Smith (1970) and Lewis-Smith (1972). To assess the importance of each Results and discussion species identified in the surveys, an index of ecological The terrestrial plant communities of the maritime significance (IES) was calculated (Lara & Mazimpaka Antarctica can be generically divided into two basic 1998). Statistical analyses were applied, using the soft- types: (1) those comprising only cryptogams and (2) ware EstimateS 8.2, to obtain the phytosociological those comprising both cryptogams and phanerogams, parameters (diversity, maximum diversity and equabi-
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