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Political Party Development in Post-War Societies

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CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/2133 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Political Party Development in Post-War Societies: The Institutionalization of Parties and Party Systems in El Salvador and Cambodia Jeroen de Zeeuw A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Department of Politics and International Studies February 2009 “Just as men bear all their lives the mark of their childhood, so parties are profoundly influenced by their origins” Duverger, Political Parties, p.xxiii Contents List of Tables, Boxes and Figures iv List of Acronyms v Acknowledgements x Abstract xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Study Post-War Party Development? 1 1.2 Theoretical Foundations 3 1.3 Hypotheses and Research Questions 9 1.4 Research Design and Methods 12 1.5 Key Concepts 19 1.6 Chapter Outline 21 2 Parties and Party Systems in Established and New Democracies 23 2.1 Variety in Origins and Development of Political Parties 24 Party Origins and Development in Established Western Democracies 26 Party Origins and Development in the Developing World 30 Conclusion 36 2.2 Functions, Organizations and Types of Political Parties 37 Party Functions 37 2.3 Party Institutionalization 50 2.4 Interaction between Parties: The Party System 56 Different Methods for Counting and Classifying 57 Consolidated Party Systems 62 Unconsolidated Party Systems 68 Conclusion 73 2.5 Party System Institutionalization 76 2.6 Theoretical Explanations of Party and Party System Development 82 The Electoral Competition Approach 83 The Sociological Approach 85 The Institutionalist Approach 87 Evaluation of the Three Approaches 93 2.7 Conclusion 96 3 The Development of Parties and Party Systems in Post-War Societies 99 3.1 What the Conflict Literature Says –Or Doesn’t Say– About Political Parties 100 Political Parties and Conflict Causation 103 Political Parties and Conflict Settlement 109 Political Parties and Post-War Transition 112 Political Parties and Post-Conflict Democratization 117 Conclusion 130 3.2 Post-Conflict Environments: Definition, Characteristics and Political Context 133 ‘Post-Conflict’: An Accepted Misnomer? 133 i ii Contents Variation in Intensity, Nature and Ending of War 139 The Adverse Post-War Environment for Party Development 142 3.3 Political Parties in the Aftermath of War: Types and Institutionalization 146 3.4 Post-War Party Systems: Types and Institutionalization 152 3.5 Introduction to Case Studies 163 4 Post-War Party Politics in El Salvador: The Institutionalization of Polarized Pluralism 165 4.1 Introduction 166 4.2 Conflict Background and Early Party Development 167 4.3 The Peace Process 175 4.4 Post-Conflict Elections (1992-2008) 179 Municipal Elections 181 Legislative Assembly Elections 182 Presidential Elections 183 4.5 Institutionalization of Individual Parties 184 Systemness 185 Decisional autonomy 192 Value infusion and Reification 195 4.6 El Salvador’s Polarized Pluralist Party System 198 4.7 Institutionalization of the Party System in El Salvador 205 4.8 Explaining Party and Party System Institutionalization in El Salvador 211 The Limits of the Electoral and Sociological Approaches 211 The Greater Relevance of the Institutionalist Approach… 215 …and Particularly of War-Related Institutional Factors 217 The Role of International Actors 223 4.9 Conclusion 225 5 Post-War Party Politics in Cambodia: The Institutionalization of a Dominant-Authoritarian Party System 228 5.1 Introduction 229 5.2 Conflict Background and Early Party Development 231 5.3 Imposing Peace 240 5.4 ‘Post-Conflict’ Elections (1993-2008) 245 National Assembly Elections 246 5.5 Institutionalization of Individual Parties 251 Systemness 252 Decisional Autonomy 258 Value Infusion and Reification 260 5.6 Cambodia’s Dominant-Authoritarian Party System 263 5.7 Institutionalization of the Party System in Cambodia 271 5.8 Explaining Party and Party System Institutionalization in Cambodia 276 The Limits of the Electoral and Sociological Approaches 276 The Greater Relevance of the Institutionalist Approach… 280 …and Particularly of War-Related Institutional Factors 283 The Role of International Actors 290 5.9 Conclusion 293 6 Cross-National Patterns and the Impact of War 296 Contents iii 6.1 Political Parties: Different Backgrounds, Similar Gaps in Institutionalization 297 6.2 Party Systems: Different Make-Up, Similar Outcome 300 6.3 Impact of War... 303 … On Parties 304 … And On Party Systems 309 6.4 Scope of Findings 313 6.5 Conclusion 316 7 Conclusion 318 7.1 Main Findings 319 7.2 Implications for Theory 322 7.3 Implications for Policy and Practice 328 7.4 Suggestions for Further Research 332 Appendix I Interview Strategies and Structure 336 Appendix II List of Interviews 344 Appendix III Election Results El Salvador, 1982 – 2006 350 Appendix IV Election Results Cambodia, 1993 – 2008 354 Appendix V Total ODA Disbursements to El Salvador (USD million) (1992 – 2007) 356 Appendix VI Total ODA Disbursements to Cambodia (USD million) (1991- 2007) 358 References 360 List of Tables, Boxes and Figures Table 2.1 Functions of Political Parties 39 Table 2.2 Gunther and Diamond’s Typology of Parties 46 Table 2.3 Sartori’s Integrated Typology of Party Systems 72 Table 3.1 Selected Data on ‘Post-War’ (and ‘Lapsed Post-War’) Countries (1989-2008) 136 Table 3.2 Party Systems in Post-War Countries (1989-2008) 155 Table 5.1 Voter Registration and Turn-out in Cambodia (1993-2008) 275 Table III.1 Results Legislative Elections El Salvador (1982-1991) 350 Table III.2 Results Legislative Elections El Salvador (1994-2006) 350 Table III.3 Results Municipal Elections El Salvador (1994-2006) 351 Table III.4 Results Presidential Elections El Salvador (1984-1989) 351 Table III.5 Results Presidential Elections El Salvador (1994-2004) 351 Table IV.1 Results Parliamentary Elections Cambodia (1993 – 2008) 354 Table IV.2 Results Municipal Elections Cambodia (2002 – 2007) 355 Box 2.1. Classification for Consolidated Party Systems 64 Box 2.2. Classification for Unconsolidated Party Systems 69 Figure 4.1 Results Municipal Elections in El Salvador (1994-2006) 182 Figure 4.2 Results Legislative Elections in El Salvador (1994-2006) 183 Figure 4.3 Results Presidential Elections in El Salvador (1994-2004) 184 Figure 5.1 Results National Assembly Elections in Cambodia (1993-2008) 249 Figure 5.2 Results Commune Council Elections in Cambodia (2002-2007) 250 iv List of Acronyms Text presented in italics provides the name in the original language. ADB Asian Development Bank ADHOC Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association ALN Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance Alianza Liberal Nicaragüense ANEP National Association of Private Enterprise (El Salvador) Asociación Nacional de la Empresa Privada ANS National Sihanoukist Army (Cambodia) Armée Nationale Sihanoukienne APC All People’s Congress (Sierra Leone) ARENA Nationalist Republican Alliance (El Salvador) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AV Alternative vote BLDP Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party (Cambodia) BPR Revolutionary Popular Block (El Salvador) Bloque Popular Revolucionario BV Block vote CA Constituent Assembly CBC Christian Base Communities (El Salvador) Comunidades Eclesiasticas de Base CCE Central Elections Council (El Salvador) CD Democratic Convergence (El Salvador) Convergencia Demócrata CD Democratic Change (El Salvador) Cambio Democratico CDRI Cambodian Development Resource Institute CDU United Democratic Centre (El Salvador) Centro Democrático Unido CEC Commune Election Committee (Cambodia) CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CNDD-FDD National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Burundi) CPK Communist Party of Kampuchea (Cambodia) CPN-M Communist Party of Nepal–Maoist CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal–Unified Marxist Leninist CPP Cambodian People’s Party COENA National Executive Committee COMFREL Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia CSJ Court of Justice Corte Suprema de Justicia DK Democratic Kampuchea DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EG Encounter for Guatemala Encuentro por Guatemala v vi List of Acronyms EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ERP People’s Revolutionary Army (El Salvador) Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo EUEOM European Union Election Observation Mission FAL Armed Forces of Liberation (El Salvador) Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación FALANGE Wars of Elimination Anti-Communist Liberation Armed Forces (El Salvador) Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Anticomunista de Guerras de Eliminación FAPU United Popular Action Front (El Salvador) Frente de Acción Popular Unificada FARN Armed Forces of National Resistance (El Salvador) Fuerzas Armadas de Resistencia Nacional FARO Agrarian Front of the Eastern Region (El Salvador) Frente Agrario de la Región Oriental FDC Forum for Democratic Change (Uganda) FDR Democratic Revolutionary Front (El Salvador) Frente Democrático Revolucionario FE Faith and Hope party (El Salvador) FES Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FMLN Farabundo
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