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UNIVERSITY of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Evolving Perspectives On UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Evolving perspectives on urban wildlife and their implications for policy-making in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island by Pooja Kumar A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN ISLAND STUDIES CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND JUNE, 2020 © POOJA KUMAR 2020 Abstract This research explores how apparent challenges to good urban wildlife conservation and management in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, CanadA are shaped by the phenomenon of islandness. The work focuses on a Foucauldian case study of Charlottetown in the context of Prince Edward Island. It includes a narrow theoretical comparison between Charlottetown and Denver, Colorado, to bring islandness into clearer view. The case study describes some distinct ways of human thought about and behavior towards wild nonhumans that influence wildlife governance in Charlottetown: using, getting rid of, helping, learning about, and being humane towards wild nonhumans. The Denver parallel brings to the fore the question of whether any level of government on Prince Edward Island holds wildlife in the public trust. Overall, the research suggests that the resolution of human-human conflicts about wild nonhumans and human-wildlife conflicts in Charlottetown should involve informal public trust managers on Prince Edward Island. ii Acknowledgments I owe this thesis to the understanding, dedication, and support of my supervisor, Dr. Marina SilvA-Opps, and to the interest and patience of my supervisory committee members, Dr. Carolyn Peach Brown, and Dr. Godfrey Baldacchino. I am indebted to Dr. Mark Lapping for making the time to read this thesis during a global pandemic and for offering up his knowledge and thoughts as my external examiner. I am also indebted to the family members, co-workers at the Government of Prince Edward Island, faculty members, and kindred spirits who supported me in all the ways they could come up with as I fumbled my way slowly and hesitantly through the research process. In particular, thank you to Dr. Pete Hay (who encouraged me to study what I felt like), to Dr. Greg Cronin (who helped me get a sense of what applied ecology can be about), and to Receiver Coffee (As pleasant a place to be as there could be). Thank you also to the staff at the University of Prince Edward Island’s Robertson Library, the City of Charlottetown’s Planning and Heritage Department, and the Government of Prince Edward Island’s Government Services Library and Public Archives and Records Office: for storing, finding, and sharing many documents that inform this thesis. Finally, thank you to the Carnegie Foundation, Dr. Peter and Mrs. Donna Meincke, the Government of Prince Edward Island, the University of Prince Edward Island, and my parents for the financial contributions that helped me to reside on Prince Edward Island while doing this work. iii Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... iii List of tables ............................................................................................................. viii List of figures .............................................................................................................. ix List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research subject .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research context ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research location ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Researcher subjectivity and motivation ....................................................................................... 9 1.5 Document overview ................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2.0 Literature review ............................................................................ 17 2.1 Human values about wild nonhumans ...................................................................................... 17 2.2 Knowledge about wild nonhumans on islands and in urban areas ........................................... 23 2.3 Urban interactions between humans and wild nonhumans ...................................................... 34 2.4 Questions and hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3.0 Approach ........................................................................................ 39 3.1 Research design ......................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Analytic methods ....................................................................................................................... 44 3.3 Data types .................................................................................................................................. 47 3.4 Data limits and challenges ......................................................................................................... 48 3.5 Data collection and organisation ............................................................................................... 51 3.6 Reflexivity .................................................................................................................................. 54 3.7 Limits of research scope ............................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 4.0 Governance context ....................................................................... 58 4.1 Jurisdiction over wildlife and land ............................................................................................. 58 4.2 Relative spatial scale ................................................................................................................. 67 4.3 Wild species in Charlottetown ................................................................................................... 69 4.4 Wild species in Denver ............................................................................................................... 74 4.5 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 76 iv Chapter 5.0 Charlottetown ................................................................................ 77 5.1 Overview of analytic process ..................................................................................................... 77 5.2 Humans have to use wild nonhumans ....................................................................................... 83 5.2.1 The Island ........................................................................................................................................ 83 5.2.2 The City ........................................................................................................................................... 93 5.3 Humans have to get rid of wild nonhumans .............................................................................. 97 5.3.1 The Island ........................................................................................................................................ 97 5.3.2 The City ......................................................................................................................................... 102 5.4 Humans have to learn about wild nonhumans ..................................................................................... 114 5.4.1 The Island ...................................................................................................................................... 114 5.4.2 The City ......................................................................................................................................... 121 5.5 Humans have to help wild nonhumans survive .................................................................................... 125 5.5.1 The island ...................................................................................................................................... 125 5.5.2 The City ......................................................................................................................................... 138 5.6 Humans have to behave humanely towards wild nonhumans ............................................................. 150 5.6.1 The Island ...................................................................................................................................... 150 5.6.2 The City ......................................................................................................................................... 156 5.7 Other factors that influence the discourses .......................................................................................... 157 5.7.1 Organisational shifts ....................................................................................................................
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