Ganesh Kc Numerical Modeling of Groundwater in Kathmandu Valley

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Ganesh Kc Numerical Modeling of Groundwater in Kathmandu Valley Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento 2011 GANESH K.C. NUMERICAL MODELING OF GROUNDWATER IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL Funded by ERASMUS Mundus Mobility for life Project of the European Commission (EU) Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento 2011 GANESH K.C. Modelação numérica das águas subterrâneas no vale de Kathmandu, Nepal Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários realizada sob a orientação científica da Maria Teresa Condesso de Melo (orientador), Departamento de Departamento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro e de Celeste de Oliveira Alves Coelho (Co -Orientadora) , Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro . Financiadas pelo Erasmus Mundus para o Projeto de Mobilidade vida da Comissão Europeia (UE)) o júri Presidente Ana Isabel Couto Neto da Silva Miranda Professora Associada com Agregação no Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro Maria Teresa Condesso de Melo (Orientadora) Equiparada a Investigadora Auxiliar no Centro de Geo-Sistemas do Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa Celeste de Oliveira Alves Coelho (Co-Orientadora) Professora Catedrática no Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro (Co-Orientadora) Tibor Stigter Equiparado a Investigador Auxiliar no Centro de Geo-Sistemas do Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa Acknowledgement The dissertation is conducted for the master degree in Water Resouces Engineering at Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk Campus, Nepal. I would like to express my appreciation to the Erasmus Mundus M obility for Life Project coordinated by Center for TeleInfraStruktur, Aalborg University, Denmark which gave me oppertunity to conduct my dissertation in the University of Aveiro, Portugal. I would like to gratefully acknowledge University of Aveiro for the help and support. I am indebted to my supervisor Dr. Maria Teresa Condesso de Melo for her unceasing support, guidance and encouragement throughout my dissertation. I benefitted a lot from discussion I had with her owing to which I gained a deeper ins ight into and understanding of the groundwater modeling. I really appreciate her constructive critism and valuable advice which helped me to develop research and writing skills. I would like to thank co-supervisor Dr. Celeste Oliveira Alves Coelho for her valuable help during my dissertation. I would like to express my appreciate to Prof. Dr. Bhakta Bahadur Ale, coordinator of Erasmus Mundus Mobility for Life for home university and Prof. Dr. Ana Isabel Miranda, coordinator for host university for their encouragement and support. During my dissertation, International office of University of Aveiro specially Neil Power, Marta Pereira, Helena Barbosa and Lucia Avelar helped me a lot and is highly appreciated. I take this oppertunity to express my sincere th ank to Nepal Electricity Authority for providing me study leave during this period. To all my teacher in Water Resources Engineering Department of Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus specially Prof. Dr. Narendra Man Shakya as Coordinator and Supervisor, I would like to express deep respect of the help, encouragement and providing knowledge and skills. I am most thankful to Bishnu Prasad Pandey and Futuba Kazama of University of Yamanashi, Japan who help me by providing valuable data for my research. I would like to thank all my friends specially Ram Narayan shrestha, Tikaram Baral, Bhusan Acharya, Rupesh Mahat and Manoj shrestha for the help in collecting required data for the dissertation. Finally I would like to express deepest gratitute to my pa rents and family member for their sacrifice and tenderness of a lifetime. I devote, last but never the least, gratitute to my wife, Rekha Bista and my son for her patience, love and encouragement during my absent at the time of need. Palavras-chave modelo de fluxo subterrâneo, estado estacionário, vale de Katmandu, recarga subterrânea, balanço hídrico Resumo Foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico tridimensional de fluxo subterrâneo do vale de Katmandu (capital do Nepal) para avaliar o impacto da bombagem de água subterrânea sobre o padrão do fluxo de água subterrânea. Devido à escassez e contaminação da água de superfície, as águas subterrâneas constituem na região a principal fonte de água para abastecimento doméstico, agrícola e mesmo industrial. No entanto, a pesar da importância local das águas subterrâneas, a hidrogeologia do vale de Katmandu ainda não se encontra bem estudada. Sabe-se que devido à recarga limitada e à captação não regulamentada de águas subterrâneas, o nível piezométrico da r egião tem decaído rapidamente, para valores que revelam a não sustentabilidade da captação deste recurso de água. Dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos foram integrados para desenvolver um modelo hidrogeológico conceptual do sistema aquífero do vale de Katmandu, que foi a base para o desenvolvimento do modelo numérico. O sistema aquífero foi modelado numericamente utilizando o programa MODFLOW 4.2, em estado estacionário e definindo três camadas , duas correspondentes ao aquífero da base e ao aquífero mais sup erficial, e a terceira a um nível de baixa condutividade hidráulica e com um comportamento de aquitardo. Foi utilizado o programa MODPATH para simular os sentidos e direcção preferenciais de fluxo subterrâneo. A área total do modelo é de cerca de 327 km 2 e foi dividida em células de aproximadamente 18,330 m2. Os limites do modelo foram deli mitados com com base em mapas topográficos e o modelo digital do terreno extraído a partir de uma imagem raster. Os parâmetros hidráulicos do sistema aquífero foram atribuídos com base nos valores de estudos anterior es e foram ajustado s durante a calibração do modelo. O mecanismo de recarga foi considerado como principal entrada directa de água no aquífero e dá-se por infiltração da água das chuvas. Utilizou-se o método do balanço hídrico recomendado pela FAO para determinar o valor de recarga anual de água subterrânea. O modelo foi calibrado a partir de valores de níveis água subterrânea medidos nos furos de bombagem e que são monitorizados. A modelação do fluxo subterrâneo em estado estacionário permitiu determinar gradientes hidráulicos, velocidades aparentes e padrões de fluxo no interior da área de estudo. O modelo foi utilizado para simular em regime estacionário as condições de bombagem em 2001 e 2009, pretendendo-se com este exercício demonstrar o impacto da captação de água subterrânea na região. As análises da sensibilidade permitiram determinar quais os parâmetros mais importantes para o modelo e quais aqueles que necessitam de serem melhor estudados. Este modelo de fluxo tem associadas uma série de incertezas resultantes da simplificação de dados de entrada e condições de contorno que foi preciso fazer para poder simular um caso de estudo tão complexo, da utilização de dados com pouca qualidade e da falta de caracterização detalhada das condições hidrogeológicas. É por isso importante ter em conta estas limitações a quando da interpretação e extrapolação dos resultados deste exercício de modelação. Keywords model of groundwater flow, steady state, the Kathmandu valley, groundwater recharge, water balance Abstract We developed a three dimensional numerical model of groundwater flow in the valley of Kathmandu ( capital of Nepal) to assess the impact of groundwater pumping on the flow pattern of groun dwater. The scarcity and contamination of surface water, groundwater in the region constitute the main source of water supply for domestic, agricultural and even industrial. However, despite the importance of local groundwater hydrogeology of the Kathmandu valley is still not well studied. It is known that due to limited recharge and unregulated abstraction of groundwater, the groundwater level in the region has declined rapidly to values that show the unsustainability of the capture of this water resource. Geologic and hydrologic data were integrated to develop a conceptual hydrogeologic model of the aquifer system of the Kathmandu valley, which was the basis for the development of the numerical model. The aquifer system was modeled numerically using the program MODFLOW 4.2, steady state and defining three layers, two corresponding to the aquifer base and the more shallow aquifer, and the third level of a low hydrauli c conductivity and with an attitude of aquitar d. MODPATH program was used to simulate the sense and direction of preferential groundwater flow. The total area of the model is approximately 327 km2 and is divided into cells of about 18.330 m2. The boundaries were marked with the model based on topog raphic maps and digital terrain model extracted from a raster image. The hydraulic parameters of the aquifer system were assigned based on values from previous studies and were adjusted during model calibration. The reloading mechanism was considered as the main direct entry of water into the aquifer and occurs by infiltration of rainwater. We used the water balance method recommended by FAO to determine the value of annual recharge of groundwater. The model was calibrated with values measured groundwater levels in boreholes and pumping stations that are monitored . The modeling of groundwater flow in steady state allowed us to determine hydraulic gradients, apparent velocities and flow patterns within the study area. The model was used to simulate stea dy state conditions of pumping in 2001 and 2009, intending with this exercise to demonstrate the impact of abstraction of
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