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Description of Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Epiphytic Lichens

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Description of Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Epiphytic Lichens Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Thesis No. 1348 Description of spatial and temporal distributions of epiphytic lichens by Håkan Lättman Linköping University and Södertörn University College LiU–Tek–Lic–2008:6 Front cover: Ramalina fastigiata (rosettbrosklav) photo by the author © Håkan Lättman 2008 ISBN 978–91–7393–967–6 ISSN 0280–7971 Printed by LiU-Tryck Linköping, Sweden, 2008 Avdelning, Datum Institution Date 2008–04–11 Biology, IFM Språk Rapporttyp ISBN 978–91–7393–967–6 Language Report category ____________________________________________ Svenska/Swedish X Licentiatavhandling _________ X Engelska/English Examensarbete C-uppsats ISRN D-uppsats _________________________________________________________________ _ ________________ Övrig rapport Serietitel och serienummer ISSN 0280–7971 Linköping studies in science and technology, _ ________________ LIU–TEC–LIC–2008:6 Thesis No. 1348 URL för elektronisk version ____________________________________ Titel/Title Description of spatial and temporal distributions of epiphytic lichens Författare/Author Håkan Lättman Sammanfattning/Abstract Lichens are, in most cases, sensitive to anthropogenic factors such as air pollution, global warming, forestry and fragmentation. Two studies are included in this thesis. The first is an evaluation of the importance of old oak for the rare epiphytic lichen Cliostomum corrugatum (Ach.) Fr. This study analysed whether C. corrugatum was limited by dispersal or restricted to tree stands with an unbroken continuity or the substrate old oaks. The results provide evidence that the investigated five populations in Östergötland, Sweden, of C. corrugatum exhibit substantial gene flow, an effective dispersal and a small genetic variation between the sites. Most of the genetic variation was within the populations. Thus, C. corrugatum is more dependent of the substrate old oaks, rather than limited by dispersal. The second study investigated possible range shift of some common macrolichens, due to global warming, from 64 sites in southern Sweden comparing the two years 1986 and 2003. The centroid of three lichen species had moved a significant distance, all in a north east direction: Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. and Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson and M. J. Lai on the tree species Juniperus communis L. (50 and 151 km, respectively) and H. physodes on Pinus sylvestris L. (41 km). Considering also the non-significant cases, there is strong evidence for a prevailing NE direction of centroid movement. Nyckelord/Keyword centroid, continuity, direction, dispersal, ecological continuity, establishment, global change, global warming, habitat availability, lichen, movement, range shift 1 Abstract Lichens are, in most cases, sensitive to anthropogenic factors such as air pollution, global warming, forestry and fragmentation. Two studies are included in this thesis. The first is an evaluation of the importance of old oak for the rare epiphytic lichen Cliostomum corrugatum (Ach.) Fr. This study analysed whether C. corrugatum was limited by dispersal or restricted to tree stands with an unbroken continuity or the substrate old oaks. The results provide evidence that the investigated five populations in Östergötland, Sweden, of C. corrugatum exhibit substantial gene flow, an effective dispersal and a small genetic variation between the sites. Most of the genetic variation was within the populations. Thus, C. corrugatum is more dependent of the substrate old oaks, rather than limited by dispersal. The second study investigated possible range shift of some common macrolichens, due to global warming, from 64 sites in southern Sweden comparing the two years 1986 and 2003. The centroid of three lichen species had moved a significant distance, all in a north east direction: Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. and Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson and M. J. Lai on the tree species Juniperus communis L. (50 and 151 km, respectively) and H. physodes on Pinus sylvestris L. (41 km). Considering also the non-significant cases, there is strong evidence for a prevailing NE direction of centroid movement. 2 Table of contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF PAPERS.................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 4 LICHENS ............................................................................................................................................... 4 DISPERSAL STRATEGIES........................................................................................................................ 4 HUMAN-INDUCED THREATS ON LICHENS .............................................................................................. 4 Air pollution.................................................................................................................................... 4 Global warming .............................................................................................................................. 5 Forestry........................................................................................................................................... 5 Fragmentation ................................................................................................................................ 5 OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................................... 6 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................. 7 STUDY SITES......................................................................................................................................... 7 Paper I ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Paper II........................................................................................................................................... 7 STUDIED SPECIES.................................................................................................................................. 8 Paper I ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Paper II........................................................................................................................................... 9 LABORATORY METHODS..................................................................................................................... 10 Paper I .......................................................................................................................................... 10 ANALYSES.......................................................................................................................................... 10 Paper I .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Paper II......................................................................................................................................... 10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 12 Paper I .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Paper II......................................................................................................................................... 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... 14 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 15 PAPER I................................................................................................................................................ 18 PAPER II .............................................................................................................................................. 40 3 List of papers The following papers are included in the thesis and are referred in the text by their Roman numerals. Paper I Habitat availability is likely to limit the occurrence of the rare lichen Cliostomum corrugatum. Manuscript. Paper II Spatio-temporal range shift of epiphytic lichens within a distribution area. Manuscript. 4 Introduction Lichens Lichen symbiosis always consists of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. In some cases, both algae and cyanobacteria are present together with the fungus. The nature of the symbiotic relationship has been under consideration. Questions have been raised whether it is a mutualistic symbiosis or parasitic. It appears that the fungus sometime acts like a parasite on algae and cyanobacteria; in other cases it is not. Algae and cyanobacteria live in either facultative or obligate association together with the fungus.
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