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The Environmental Public Health Has Become a Prominent, but Complex and Multi- Dimensional Issue on the Public Policy Agenda of States and International Organizations

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The Environmental Public Health Has Become a Prominent, but Complex and Multi- Dimensional Issue on the Public Policy Agenda of States and International Organizations CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The environmental public health has become a prominent, but complex and multi- dimensional issue on the public policy agenda of states and international organizations. This transformation after a long period of benign neglect, began in Rio in 1992.The issue of the environment is today perceived not simply as a narrow ecological problem of how to ensure a symbiotic and congruent inter-face between man and the environment. It is more than that. Its inner core has psychological, political, developmental, sociological and scientific ramifications, all of which are anchored to the new concept. The metaphor sustainable development emanated from the Report tiled “Our Common Future” prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). This report, also known as the Brundtland Report, recognized that many development activities in many nations, especially in developing countries, were leaving growing numbers of people poor and vulnerable, while at the same time degrading their environment. The report then concluded that a new path for development would be needed to sustain human progress not just in a few places for a few years but globally in the future. This conclusion led the Report to focus on issues such as, population, energy, industry, human settlement and quality of life as contained in Agenda 21. Throughout history, the environment and natural resources have played a defining role in social, political and economic transformations. They have also being a major contention in characterizing Africa as a continent in crisis(Opara,2008a,Opara and Gerhard,2008).The environment has been at the receiving end and over burdened with aftermath of the excesses of humans in their struggle for survival. Environment is a complex weave of physical, 1 chemical and biotic factors that interact with each other and impact upon all living things and their surroundings. It is a life supporting system for human existence and survival as well as provides required for socio-economic progress (UNDP, 2001). Environment is the source of global economy that must be protected and managed sustainable. All efforts directed at managing and administering the environment is to ensure the continued existence of the biological diversity entities on the earth of which humans are the prime species and without it, which humans cannot exist (Aluko, 2001). Nigeria is a country with productive and diverse ecosystems including mangroves, rainforest, savanna as well as wetlands. Nigeria is a country with productive and diverse ecosystems including mangroves, rainforest, savanna as well as wetlands. Port Harcourt, the study area is the capital of Rivers State Nigeria, with area coverage of about 12,000Ha (NDDC, 2003). The population of the area is estimated at 1,200,000 million using a projection of 2.8 percent growth rate of the 1991 population figure (NPC, 1991). The area is an important industrial and commercial center with a number of flourishing industries such as National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria (NAFCON), Eleme Petrochemicals Company Limited, Port Harcourt Refining Company Limited etc. The presence of potential energy from oil and natural gas has made Port Harcourt to become one of Nigeria’s most important industrial cities. Gobo (1998) reveals the average atmospheric temperature to be 25.50 oC in the rainy season and 30.0 oC in the dry season. The daily relative humidity values range from 55.50 percent in dry season to 96.00 percent in rainy season. Rainfall in the area averages 2500mm annually. The rainfall pattern shows two identifiable seasons; the rainy season (April to October) and the relatively short dry season (November to March).Port Harcourt lies along the Bonny River and is located in the Niger Delta. 2 The Niger Delta area is the hardest hit of environmental destruction arising from oil production. Port Harcourt Metropolis in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is the fourth largest urban centre of the country. It possesses substantial natural resources prominent among which are major oil and gas deposits in the Niger Delta region of the country, a variety of solid minerals, good agricultural land and water resources, a large labour force and a vibrant private sector. Average daily waste (refuse) generated in Port Harcourt ranged between 900 to 1350 metric tons (RSESA, 2005). The agency charged with the responsibility of solid waste management in Port Harcourt is Rivers State Environmental Sanitation Authority (RSESA). The agency created refuse collection centers / points within the metropolis and evacuate it to designated government approved dumpsites. Composition of waste generated include; Garbage (41%), paper and plastics (35%), scrap metal and glass (15%), construction waste (4%), sludge (3%) and expired chemical wastes and drugs (2%) (RSESA, 2005). The Niger Delta environment, as a resource and a system, is threatened. Unsuitable large-scale exploitation of ecosystems for strictly economic ends is resulting in disastrous outcomes in which the environment and agricultural productivity is degraded and the benefit proves illusory (Opara, 2003). The most serious of our environmental problems can be found in the Niger-Delta where, as a result of exploration and exploitation of petroleum oil and gas, the surrounding areas have been adversely polluted (Babalola,1985, Onu and Opara, 2001, Opara, 2008b). Apart from problems associated with oil spills there is the problem of gas flaring. Nigeria currently flares 53% of the gas produced and responsible for 28% of the gas being flared in the world (Okebukola, 2001). Nigerians and the Nigerian environment as a result of gas flaring and oil spills have suffered from acid rain, desertification, chronic health problems, greenhouse effect, and 3 depletion of ozone layer etc (Nosike and Opara, 2003). The trends of environmental abuse in the country suggest that humans are probably heading towards ecological destruction. The concern resonates with the aim of this research which of necessity, critically and frankly reviews the environmental public health implications of indiscriminate waste disposal and its psychological undertone as well as suggest ways of tackling the problem adequately. However, the metropolis tremendous potential for growth and sustainable development is yet to be fulfilled probably due to the many constraints posed by macroeconomic management. Obviously, damage to the environment as a result of oil and industrial activities is seen as a damage to the quality and quantity of the ecosystem, which is detrimental not only to human health but also to other resources embedded in it. Thus, the various stringent and welfare dissipating macroeconomic management policies put in place have been a key constraint for people to exhibit an environmentally healthy and sustainable development friendly behaviour Indeed, indiscriminate refuse dumping has become a common feature of most African towns and cities since the recent past. Inhabitants in the urban areas tend to dump refuse (waste) as if it has no implications on their community health and social welfare. In Port Harcourt Metropolis, population surges has given rise to a heavily built up environment wherein houses are most closely built than before, which has then resulted in the dumping of more refuse on the streets. Port Harcourt metropolis, the study area has continued to witness an increase in the disposal of household refuse carelessly on the road sides, drains bank of the streams and in public places. Inhabitants of Port Harcourt metropolis tend to dump refuse as if it has no implications on their community health and social welfare. Inadequate management of wastes, besides posing severe environmental health risk on human populations, is also 4 capable of inflicting permanent damage on the ecological systems. Considering the magnitude of waste released daily into the environment and, considering the fact that there appears to be no serious organized programme for the efficient management and disposal of these waste, in spite of their environmental effects on human health, there is need for an understanding of the dynamics that are essential for the explanation of the trends and emerging disease epidemics on the human environment, in order to ensure the evolution of effective government and public polices and programmes towards control To help individuals and groups to acquire an awareness of the total environment and its problems is one of the six cardinal objectives of environmental education. People need to be aware of the implications of their actions on the environment, most especially as it affects their health. Thousands of lives are lost every year to environment-related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, malaria fever, typhoid fever, river blindness and so on. Majority of people live in filthy, cockroaches, rats, and mosquitoes-infected environment. The air, which is an unavoidable source of life, has been polluted with chemicals, pathogens or offensive odour. Seepage from refuse dumps often pollutes the underground and surface water. The environment is “sick” and the sicknesses are less than natural but the effect of human activities. There has been global concern about the quality of environment in which human beings live. Many international conferences, workshops and seminars have been held on the impact of degraded environment on human beings and the need to promote environmental qualities. It is a known fact that human health is contingent among other things, on the quality of air he breathes, the food he eats, the water he drinks and the environment in which he lives. Indeed, Nigeria is not left out among the committee of nations that are showing great concern for environmental matters. 5 Successive governments at Federal and State levels demonstrated their concern for human health and the environment through enactment of laws and promulgation of decrees that compel people to clean and respect the environment. In not too distant past, sanitary inspectors or public health inspectors promoted environmental health among Nigerians. In 1984, there was an introduction of monthly environmental sanitation to ensure clean environment.
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