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Volume 4 Issue 11– November 2015

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Volume 4 Issue 11– November 2015 Volume 4 Issue 6– June 2015 Volume 4 Issue 11– November 2015 Editorial Board American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) Dr. Moinuddin Sarker, Qualification :PhD, MCIC, FICER, Dr. June II A. Kiblasan MInstP, MRSC (P), VP of R & D Qualification : Phd Affiliation : Head of Science / Technology Specialization: Management, applied Team, Corporate Officer (CO) sciences Natural State Research, Inc. 37 Brown House Road (2nd Floor) Country: PHIILIPPINES Stamford, CT-06902, USA. Dr. Narendra Kumar Sharma Dr. Jonathan Okeke Qualification: PHD Affiliation: Defence Institute of Physiology Chimakonam and Allied Science, DRDO Qualification: PHD Specialization: Proteomics, Molecular Affiliation: University of Calabar biology, hypoxia Specialization: Logic, Philosophy of Country: India Maths and African Science, Country: Nigeria Prof. Dr. Shafique Ahmed Arain Qualification: Postdoc fellow, Phd Dr. ABDUL KAREEM Affiliation: Shah abdul Latif University Qualification: MBBS, DMRD, FCIP, FAGE Khairpur (Mirs), Affiliation: UNIVERSITI SAINS Malaysia Specialization: Polymer science Country: Malaysia Country: Pakistan Dr. Alcides Chaux Dr. sukhmander singh Qualification: MD Qualification: Phd Affiliation: Norte University, Paraguay, Affiliation: Indian Institute Of South America Technology, Delhi Specialization: Genitourinary Tumors Specialization : PLASMA PHYSICS Country: Paraguay, South America Country: India Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam Mondal Dr. Nwachukwu Eugene Nnamdi Qualification: Phd Qualification: Phd Affiliation: Rajshahi University, Affiliation: Michael Okpara University of Bangladesh Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria Specialization: Health and Epidemiology Specialization: Animal Genetics and Country: Bangladesh Breeding Country: Nigeria Volume-4 Issue-11 S.No. Manuscript Title Page No. 01. Design Analysis of a Locally Fabricated Palm Kernel Shells Grinding Machine 01-07 F. I. Apeh || B. S. Yahaya || F. Achema || M. O. Fabiyi || E. S. Apeh Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of TiO2 doped Zirconia Toughened Alumina 02. (ZTA) Ceramic Composites at different TiO2 contents 08-12 Sajib Aninda Dhar || Shoumya Nandy Shuvo || A.K.M.B. Rashid Optimization of the Production Mixture of Selected Raw Material for Plastic Production: A 03. Case Study of Louis Carter Plastic Manufacturing Industry 13-25 Okolie Paul Chukwulozie || Chukwuneke Jeremaih Lekwuwa || Okoli Ndubuisi Celestine|| Azaka Onyemazuwa Andrew Currency Recognition System Using Image Processing 04. S. M. Saifullah || AnikaRahmanAnanna || Md. Shakhawat Hossain || Md. Jaouad 26-32 Hossain|| Md. SaniatRahman Zishan Effects of Waste Glass (WG) on the Strength Characteristics of Cement Stabilized 05. Expansive Soil 33-41 I.A.Ikara || A.M.Kundiri || A.Mohammed Studies on Shelf-Life of Six Promising Mango (Mangiferindica L.) Cultivars under Favorable 06. Condition 42-46 K. Venkat Reddy Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructural Characterization of Carbon Steel Samples from 07. Three Selected Steel Rolling Plants 47-56 P. O. Atanda || A. A. Abioye || A. O. Iyiola Measurement of the viscosities of He, Ne and Ar for the determination of their gas – kinetic 08. diameters. 57-62 P.N. Ekemezie || E.E. Enekwechi || Odinma S.C 09. Development and Application of Geneva Mechanism for Bottle Washing. 63-73 Ujam, A. J || Ejeogo, G || Onyeneho, K. C Transport and Mechanical Characteristics of Corrosion-Inhibited High- Strength Self- 10. Compacting Concrete 74-78 Marva Blankson || Savaş Erdem || Ezgi Gürbüz 11. Design and Simulation of a Banking Network System 79-91 Abdul Hannan|| M.A.Jobayer Bin Bakkre || Rajib Chandra Ray || Md.Selim Hossain 12. An Intelligent Line Follower Using Ldr Sensor 92-102 Abdul Hannan || M.A. Jobayer Bin Bakkre || Md. Selim Hossain || Rajib Chandra Ray Cultivating Technological Innovation in the Mind 13. 103-108 PROF ANYATA BENEDICT U. || AKPAN PAUL P. || UNEKE LOUIS A. Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and Sub- 109-115 14. urban Environment for Port Harcourt, Nigeria Akujobi Ekeocha || Nosiri Onyebuchi || Achumba Ifenyinwa Hybridised Single-Phase Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Topology Using Reduced Number of 15. Power Switches 116-127 G. C. Diyoke ||O. A. Nwaorgu || I. K. Onwuka 16. Minimizing Corona on Power Distribution Lines Using Optimization by Graphical Method 128-134 Osita Oputa 17. Sequential Extraction Analysis of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in Cereals and Soils 135-139 Mohammed, S.S. || Abdullahi, M.A. || Imam, M. M. Assessment of Ni and Cd Bioavailability in soils around selected Automobile Workshops of 18. Kaduna, Nigeria. 140-142 Mohammed, S.S.|| Abdulmalik, I. A|| Yusuf, H. Secure SMS Mobile Transaction with Peer to Peer Authentication Design for Mobile 19. Government 143-149 Mohammad Khalaf Rahim Al-juaifari Use of Coke Oven Gas during shutdown period of Direct Reduced Iron Plant for Steam 20. Generation: Experimentation and Optimization 150-154 Harish C. Dalai || Dr. N.C.Nayak 155-162 21. Text Detection in Video Using Haar Wavelet Transformation and Morphological Operator Dinesh AnnajiKene || Dr. D. J. Pete 22. Strain Based Finite Element for Cylindrical Shell under Sinusoidal Loads 163-170 A. Mousa || Ahmed E. Al-Juaidi 23. A study of propagation path-loss models 171-175 Nwaokoro Amaka Ann || Emerole Kelechi Chukwunonyerem Status and Perceptions of the Application of Building Information Modeling for Improved 24. 176-182 Building Projects Delivery in Nigeria S.C Ugochukwu || S.C Akabogu || K.C Okolie American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2015 American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-4, Issue-11, pp-01-07 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access Design Analysis of a Locally Fabricated Palm Kernel Shells Grinding Machine F. I. Apeh, B. S. Yahaya, F. Achema, M. O. Fabiyi and E. S. Apeh Engineering Materials Research Department, Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, KM 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria ABSTRACT :The technological advancement of any nation have been influenced and uplifted by the extent to which it can usefully harness and convert its mineral and local resources into household products and as such, the need to design an implements for their production. Design analysis of a fabricated palm kernel shells grinding machine using locally sourced materials was carried out. The machine was designed and fabricated from locally available materials for grinding palm kernel shell and likely limestone as well as animal bones into small particle size of less 425µm or greater than. The grinding process was achieved by the use of hammers in the grinding chamber with a three phase 75hp motor as prime mover. The design analysis carried out on the palm kernel shells grinding machine showed that the machine has a grinding efficiency of 97.9%, grinding capacity of 625kg/hr., percentage recovery of the material (palm kernel shell) is 92.6% and fineness modulus of 0.39. Keywords - Design Analysis, Fine Particles, Grinding Efficiency, Grinding Machine, Palm Kernel Shell I. INTRODUCTION A grinding machine is a complex mechanism designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces or to the required sizes. There are different types of grinding machines for various materials processing. Historically, grinding mills or grinding machines were powered manually (mortar and pestle), or by using working animal (horse mill), wind (wind mill) or water (water mill), but in the recent time, it is been powered by A.C or D.C power supply. Grinding of solid matters occurs under mechanical forces that trench the structure by overcoming the interior bonding forces. After grinding, the state of the solid is changed; the grain size, the grain size disposition and of which the grain shape are also affected [1]. Palm kernel shells (PKS) are fibrous, tough and hard material that covers the palm nut after the removal of oil rich outer cover. It has been found that, the shell contains some chemical, physical and mechanical properties that make it very useful in some other areas of applications [2]. The ash generated from burning off palm kernel shells has been found to be a good binder when mixed with appropriate ratio to ordinary Portland cement [3]. Palm kernel shells are also used as bio-carbon in water treatment plant [4]. A typical palm kernel shell has the following chemical and physical properties: the chemical properties are; Calcium Oxide (CaO)-8.786%, Silicon Oxide (SiO2)- 54.81%, Potassium Oxide (K2O)- 6.254%, Magnesium Oxide (MgO)- 6.108%, Iron oxide (Fe2O3) - 0.362%, Alumina (Al2O3)-11.40% and the physical properties are; moisture content - 6.11%, ash content - 8.6%, bulk density{(wet and dry),- 7.40kg/m3and - 9.24kg/m3 respectively}, porosity {(wet and dry) - 28% and - 65% respectively}[5,6]. Palm kernel shell has been found to have a calorific value of 5.2MWh/MT [7]. The desire to design and fabricate PKS grinding machine was borne out of the needs to develop indigenous technological innovation for processing of semi raw materials. The PKS grinding machine was designed for processing or grinding palm kernel shells into the required particle size. The main aim of this work is to grind palm kernel shells so that it can be mixed with clay (powder) during nodulization process for the production of pozzolana cement. During the process, the PKS serves as fuel and subsequently became binder after ball milling. The machine is of hammer mill type of which the hammers are mounted on a shaft in the chamber for the milling operation. The hammers revolve at high speed in the chamber and as the hummers hit the dry shells repeatedly, the materials are reduced to the required particle size. The machine is incorporated with an adjustable separator for possible regulation of the PKS particle size during the operation. It is powered with 75hp electric motor of 1,440 rpm. The design and fabrication of this machine tend to solve and encourage the use of locally available raw materials and boost capacity building in the area of machine construction for their application in relevant field. www.ajer.org Page 1 Design Analysis of a Locally Fabricated Palm… II. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Design Analysis In carrying out the design, all the various components that require proper calculation were considered.
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