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Requirements, Design and Applications to Semantic Integration and Knowledge Discovery
Practical Ontologies: Requirements, Design and Applications to Semantic Integration and Knowledge Discovery by Daniela Rosu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Daniela Rosu 2013 Practical Ontologies: Requirements, Design and Applications to Semantic Integration and Knowledge Discovery Daniela Rosu Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto 2013 Abstract Due to their role in describing the semantics of information, knowledge representations, from formal ontologies to informal representations such as folksonomies, are becoming increasingly important in facilitating the exchange of information, as well as the semantic integration of information systems and knowledge discovery in a large number of areas, from e-commerce to bioinformatics. In this thesis we present several studies related to the development and application of knowledge representations, in the form of practical ontologies. In Chapter 2, we examine representational challenges and requirements for describing practical domain knowledge. We present representational requirements we collected by surveying current and potential ontology users, discuss current approaches to codifying knowledge and give formal representation solutions to some of the issues we identified. In Chapter 3 we introduce a practical ontology for representing data exchanges, discuss its relationship with existing standards and its role in facilitating the interoperability between information producing and consuming services. ii We also consider the problem of assessing similarity between ontological concepts and propose three novel measures of similarity, detailed in Chapter 4. Two of our proposals estimate semantic similarity between concepts in the same ontology, while the third measures similarity between concepts belonging to different ontologies. -
Hidden Meaning
FEATURES Microdata and Microformats Kit Sen Chin, 123RF.com Chin, Sen Kit Working with microformats and microdata Hidden Meaning Programs aren’t as smart as humans when it comes to interpreting the meaning of web information. If you want to maximize your search rank, you might want to dress up your HTML documents with microformats and microdata. By Andreas Möller TML lets you mark up sections formats and microdata into your own source code for the website shown in of text as headings, body text, programs. Figure 1 – an HTML5 document with a hyperlinks, and other web page business card. The Heading text block is H elements. However, these defi- Microformats marked up with the element h1. The text nitions have nothing to do with the HTML was originally designed for hu- for the business card is surrounded by meaning of the data: Does the text refer mans to read, but with the explosive the div container element, and <br/> in- to a person, an organization, a product, growth of the web, programs such as troduces a line break. or an event? Microformats [1] and their search engines also process HTML data. It is easy for a human reader to see successor, microdata [2] make the mean- What do programs that read HTML data that the data shown in Figure 1 repre- ing a bit more clear by pointing to busi- typically find? Listing 1 shows the HTML sents a business card – even if the text is ness cards, product descriptions, offers, and event data in a machine-readable LISTING 1: HTML5 Document with Business Card way. -
Le Microformat Hproduct C'est Quoi ? Pourquoi Utiliser Le Microformat
Apprendre à utiliser les microformats : hProduct 2017-02-21 23:02:01 Nicolaseo Le microformat hProduct c’est quoi ? hProduct est un microformat approprié pour publier et embarquer les données de vos produits. C’est une sorte de méta tags qui permet de structurer vos données pour permettre aux robots des moteurs de recherche de mieux référencer votre contenu. Pourquoi utiliser le microformat hProduct Le microformat hProduct est basé sur un ensemble de champs très important pour communiquer avec les robots des moteurs de recherche comme Google. Utiliser les {meta- tags|richsnippets|microformats} (et tout ce qui peut permettre aux moteurs de recherche de mieux classer votre contenu) vous apportera plus de visibilité sur internet grâce à un meilleur référencement de votre site et de son contenu. Comment utiliser le microformat hProduct Le schéma hProduct se compose de ce qui suit : hproduct brand. optionnel. texte. peut aussi utiliser hCard pour les fabricants. category. optionnel. texte. peut aussi utiliser rel-tag. ré-utilisé à partir de hCard. price. optionnel. floating point number. peut utiliser un format de devise. description. optionnel. texte. peut aussi inclure un marquage HTML valide. réutilisé à partir de hReview. fn. requis. texte. nom du produit ou titre. réutilisé de hCard. photo. optionnel. élément image ou lien. réutilisé de hCard. url. optionnel. href. peut contenir rel-tag rel=’product’. ré-utilisé de hCard. review. optionnel. hReview, ou hReview-aggregate. listing. optionnel. hListing, ou hListing-aggregate. identifier. optionnel. type. requis. – exemples : model mpn upc isbn issn ean jan sn vin sku value. requis. – l’étiquette peut être implicite. Détails des champs du microformat hProduct Les noms de classe category, fn, photo, url sont réutilisés à partir de hCard. -
Where Is the Semantic Web? – an Overview of the Use of Embeddable Semantics in Austria
Where Is The Semantic Web? – An Overview of the Use of Embeddable Semantics in Austria Wilhelm Loibl Institute for Service Marketing and Tourism Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria [email protected] Abstract Improving the results of search engines and enabling new online applications are two of the main aims of the Semantic Web. For a machine to be able to read and interpret semantic information, this content has to be offered online first. With several technologies available the question arises which one to use. Those who want to build the software necessary to interpret the offered data have to know what information is available and in which format. In order to answer these questions, the author analysed the business websites of different Austrian industry sectors as to what semantic information is embedded. Preliminary results show that, although overall usage numbers are still small, certain differences between individual sectors exist. Keywords: semantic web, RDFa, microformats, Austria, industry sectors 1 Introduction As tourism is a very information-intense industry (Werthner & Klein, 1999), especially novel users resort to well-known generic search engines like Google to find travel related information (Mitsche, 2005). Often, these machines do not provide satisfactory search results as their algorithms match a user’s query against the (weighted) terms found in online documents (Berry and Browne, 1999). One solution to this problem lies in “Semantic Searches” (Maedche & Staab, 2002). In order for them to work, web resources must first be annotated with additional metadata describing the content (Davies, Studer & Warren., 2006). Therefore, anyone who wants to provide data online must decide on which technology to use. -
Data Models for Home Services
__________________________________________PROCEEDING OF THE 13TH CONFERENCE OF FRUCT ASSOCIATION Data Models for Home Services Vadym Kramar, Markku Korhonen, Yury Sergeev Oulu University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering Raahe, Finland {vadym.kramar, markku.korhonen, yury.sergeev}@oamk.fi Abstract An ultimate penetration of communication technologies allowing web access has enriched a conception of smart homes with new paradigms of home services. Modern home services range far beyond such notions as Home Automation or Use of Internet. The services expose their ubiquitous nature by being integrated into smart environments, and provisioned through a variety of end-user devices. Computational intelligence require a use of knowledge technologies, and within a given domain, such requirement as a compliance with modern web architecture is essential. This is where Semantic Web technologies excel. A given work presents an overview of important terms, vocabularies, and data models that may be utilised in data and knowledge engineering with respect to home services. Index Terms: Context, Data engineering, Data models, Knowledge engineering, Semantic Web, Smart homes, Ubiquitous computing. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, a use of Semantic Web technologies to build a giant information space has shown certain benefits. Rapid development of Web 3.0 and a use of its principle in web applications is the best evidence of such benefits. A traditional database design in still and will be widely used in web applications. One of the most important reason for that is a vast number of databases developed over years and used in a variety of applications varying from simple web services to enterprise portals. In accordance to Forrester Research though a growing number of document, or knowledge bases, such as NoSQL is not a hype anymore [1]. -
978-3-642-23300-5 6 Chapter.Pd
The Problem of Conceptual Incompatibility Simon Mcginnes To cite this version: Simon Mcginnes. The Problem of Conceptual Incompatibility. 1st Availability, Reliability and Security (CD-ARES), Aug 2011, Vienna, Austria. pp.69-81, 10.1007/978-3-642-23300-5_6. hal-01590394 HAL Id: hal-01590394 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01590394 Submitted on 19 Sep 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License The Problem of Conceptual Incompatibility Exploring the Potential of Conceptual Data Independence to Ease Data Integration Simon McGinnes Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [email protected] Abstract. Application interoperability and data exchange are desirable goals, but conventional system design practices make these goals difficult to achieve, since they create heterogeneous, incompatible conceptual structures. This conceptual incompatibility increases system development, maintenance and integration workloads unacceptably. Conceptual data independence (CDI) is proposed as a way of overcoming these problems. Under CDI, data is stored and exchanged in a form which is invariant with respect to conceptual structures; data corresponding to multiple schemas can co-exist within the same application without loss of integrity. -
Tantek Çelik HTML5 Now a Step-By-Step Tutorial for Getting Started Today Tantek Çelik
<!DOCTYPE html> <meta charset= "utf-8"><title>HTML5 Now</title> <hgroup> <h1> HTML5 </h1> N <h2> OW A STEP-BY-STEP TUtoRIAL FOR GETTING STARTED TODAY </h2> </hgroup> <div class= "vcard"> <a href= "http://tantek.com" class= "url fn"> TANTEK ÇELIK </a> <div> EXTENDED REFERENCE GUIDE HTML5 NOW A STEP-BY-STEP TUtoRIAL FOR GETTING STARTED TODAY TANTEK ÇELIK HTML5 Now A Step-by-Step Tutorial for Getting Started Today Tantek Çelik New Riders 1249 Eighth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 510/524-2178 Fax: 510/524-2221 Find us on the web at www.newriders.com To report errors, please send a note to [email protected] New Riders is an imprint of Peachpit, a division of Pearson Education Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Senior Editor: Karyn Johnson Production Editor: Hilal Sala Copy Editor: Kelly Anton Technical Editor: Ben Ward Interior Design and Composition: Andreas deDanaan Presentation Graphics and Design: Coley Wopperer Author Photo: Matt Nuzzaco Cover Design: Mimi Heft Cover Production: Andreas deDanaan Video Production and Direction: Mary Sweeney Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For information on getting permission for reprints and excerpts, contact [email protected]. Notice of Liability The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book, neither the author nor Peachpit shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the computer software and hardware products described in it. -
Microformats, Metadata
Microformats, Metadata April 29, 2013 1 Introduction 1.1 Content • What are microformats? • Why to use microformats? • How to replace microformats? • Advantages of microformats to own markup. • Disadvantages of microformats.. • Common used microformats • Microformats design patterns. • Resources on microformats. 1.2 What are microformats? • The way how to add simple markup into human readable information to allow computer processing. { acquiring data from documents { indexing { searching { storing { cross-referencing • Microformats are elements of a semantic markup using a plain old semantic (X)HTML (POSH) { Why has been the HTML designed at CERN (Conseil Europ´eenpour la Recherche Nucl´eaire(http://dg-rpc.web.cern.ch/dg-rpc/Scale. html)) v in the year 1991? 1 1.3 Example of Microformat <ol class='xoxo'> <li>Prvn´ıbod <ol> <li>Podbod a</li> <li>Podbod b</li> </ol> </li> <li>Druh´ybod <ol compact="compact"> <li>Podbod c</li> <li>Podbod d</li> </ol> </li> </ol> 1.4 Why to use microformats? Microformats combines some trends: • next logical step in web-design and information architecture progress • the manner how can people and organisations publish semantically rich content without dependency on centralized services • "agreement", that the traditional meta data either failed or their adoption took too long, so there has been a need of a different solution. { microformats use the meta data. :-) • Use of (X)HTML for data. 1.5 How can be microformats replaced? (1) • Including data in own formating in a different namespace { XHTML + Voice Profile (http://www.voicexml.org/specs/multimodal/ x+v/12/) { (X)HTML + SVG { XLink { XHTML+RDF { ... 1.6 How can be microformats replaced? (2) • Advantages: { easy visualisation (direct support in browsers, using CSS for exam- ple), { independent on centralized services. -
REST in Practice
REST in Practice Jim Webber, Savas Parastatidis, and Ian Robinson Beijing · Cambridge · Farnham · Köln · Sebastopol · Tokyo REST in Practice by Jim Webber, Savas Parastatidis, and Ian Robinson Copyright © 2010 Jim Webber, Savas Parastatidis, and Ian Robinson. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Simon St.Laurent Indexer: Lucie Haskins Production Editor: Rachel Monaghan Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Copyeditor: Audrey Doyle Interior Designer: Ron Bilodeau Proofreader: Rachel Monaghan Illustrator: Robert Romano Production Services: Newgen North America Printing History: September 2010: First Edition. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc., REST in Practice, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and au- thors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 978-0-596-80582-1 [M] C o n t e n t s Foreword . -
Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies
FOUNDATIONS OF SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES Linked Data and Applications Sebastian Rudolph Agenda 1 Linked (Open) Data 2 Semantic Web and HTML RDFa Microformats Google Knowledge Graph 3 OWL Applications OWL DL Application EDF Energy OWL Profile Application BBC World Cup Semantic Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Industry 4 Summary TU Dresden Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 2 of 51 Agenda 1 Linked (Open) Data 2 Semantic Web and HTML RDFa Microformats Google Knowledge Graph 3 OWL Applications OWL DL Application EDF Energy OWL Profile Application BBC World Cup Semantic Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Industry 4 Summary TU Dresden Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 3 of 51 Data in the Web • more and more data is available in the Web for programmatic access • often specified using Semantic Web Standards, e.g., the following Linking Open Data (LOD) Initiative http://www.w3.org/wiki/SweoIG/TaskForces/ CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData • using APIs, e.g. via JSON/REST • Semantic Web technologies simplify the integration of data from different sources • combination of data leads to deeper insights TU Dresden Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 4 of 51 Linked Data in the Web 01.05.2007 Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/ TU Dresden Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 5 of 51 Linked Data in the Web 31.03.2008 ECS Sem- South- Web- ampton Central updated Music- Doap- Audio- brainz space Flickr Scrobbler QDOS exporter SIOC profiles BBC BBC Magna- SW Later + John Onto- tune Conference Jamendo Peel world TOTP FOAF Corpus profiles Open- Guides Geo- names Revyu DBpedia US RDF Book Census Mashup World Data NEW! Fact- DBLP book lingvoj riese Berlin NEW! RKB Euro- Explorer stat flickr Gov- Wiki- Open wrappr Track company Cyc DBLP Hannover W3C Project WordNet Guten- berg Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. -
Starting to Cook a Coaching Dialogue System in the Olympus Framework
Starting to Cook a Coaching Dialogue System in the Olympus framework Joana Paulo Pardal and Nuno J. Mamede Abstract This paper presents the COOKCOACH, a system that guides the user while cooking a recipe during a spoken dialogue coaching session. We describe our expe- rience creating the first version of our coaching dialogue system that helps the user cook a selected dish. We use the CMU dialogue systems framework OLYMPUS. The main challenge we faced was the change of paradigm: instead of the system being driven by the user, the user is guided by the system. The result is a system capable of dictating generic tasks to the user. The methodology allows us to create different systems in diverse domains for similar guidance tasks that support the user while s/he performs some procedural task. The use of ontologies to facilitate the creation of new systems is briefly explored. Key words: Coaching, Ontologies, Cooking, Knowledge Acquisition, Interface Design, Human-Human Dialogue Corpora 1 Introduction Everyone needs to eat. Most of us need to cook. Once in a while, or daily. Whether we like it or not. However, most cooking books scatter the related knowledge across different sections assuming a common level of expertise. This means that an unex- perienced cook needs to navigate the cooking book to find all s/he needs, to cook what s/he has in mind. It also means that an experienced cook will read superfluous information s/he might already know. It is also a scenario where the person needs to stop what s/he is doing to read and handle the book, shifting focus from the task and Joana P. -
Web Standards.Pdf
BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS® Sikos, Ph.D. RELATED Web Standards Web Standards: Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML gives you a deep understand- ing of how web standards can be applied to improve your website. You will also find solutions to some of the most common website problems. You will learn how to create fully standards-compliant websites and provide search engine-optimized Web documents with faster download times, accurate rendering, lower development costs, and easy maintenance. Web Standards: Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML describes how you can make the most of web standards, through technology discussions as well as practical sam- ple code. As a web developer, you’ll have seen problems with inconsistent appearance and behavior of the same site in different browsers. Web standards can and should be used to completely eliminate these problems. With Web Standards, you’ll learn how to: • Hand code valid markup, styles, and news feeds • Provide meaningful semantics and machine-readable metadata • Restrict markup to semantics and provide reliable layout • Achieve full standards compliance Web standardization is not a sacrifice! By using this book, we can create and maintain a better, well-formed Web for everyone. CSS3, and XML CSS3, Mastering HTML5, US $49.99 Shelve in Web Development/General User level: Intermediate–Advanced SOURCE CODE ONLINE www.apress.com www.it-ebooks.info For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks and Contents at a Glance links to access them. www.it-ebooks.info Contents at a Glance About the Author................................................................................................