Microformats and Microdata and SEO
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Requirements, Design and Applications to Semantic Integration and Knowledge Discovery
Practical Ontologies: Requirements, Design and Applications to Semantic Integration and Knowledge Discovery by Daniela Rosu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Daniela Rosu 2013 Practical Ontologies: Requirements, Design and Applications to Semantic Integration and Knowledge Discovery Daniela Rosu Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto 2013 Abstract Due to their role in describing the semantics of information, knowledge representations, from formal ontologies to informal representations such as folksonomies, are becoming increasingly important in facilitating the exchange of information, as well as the semantic integration of information systems and knowledge discovery in a large number of areas, from e-commerce to bioinformatics. In this thesis we present several studies related to the development and application of knowledge representations, in the form of practical ontologies. In Chapter 2, we examine representational challenges and requirements for describing practical domain knowledge. We present representational requirements we collected by surveying current and potential ontology users, discuss current approaches to codifying knowledge and give formal representation solutions to some of the issues we identified. In Chapter 3 we introduce a practical ontology for representing data exchanges, discuss its relationship with existing standards and its role in facilitating the interoperability between information producing and consuming services. ii We also consider the problem of assessing similarity between ontological concepts and propose three novel measures of similarity, detailed in Chapter 4. Two of our proposals estimate semantic similarity between concepts in the same ontology, while the third measures similarity between concepts belonging to different ontologies. -
Hidden Meaning
FEATURES Microdata and Microformats Kit Sen Chin, 123RF.com Chin, Sen Kit Working with microformats and microdata Hidden Meaning Programs aren’t as smart as humans when it comes to interpreting the meaning of web information. If you want to maximize your search rank, you might want to dress up your HTML documents with microformats and microdata. By Andreas Möller TML lets you mark up sections formats and microdata into your own source code for the website shown in of text as headings, body text, programs. Figure 1 – an HTML5 document with a hyperlinks, and other web page business card. The Heading text block is H elements. However, these defi- Microformats marked up with the element h1. The text nitions have nothing to do with the HTML was originally designed for hu- for the business card is surrounded by meaning of the data: Does the text refer mans to read, but with the explosive the div container element, and <br/> in- to a person, an organization, a product, growth of the web, programs such as troduces a line break. or an event? Microformats [1] and their search engines also process HTML data. It is easy for a human reader to see successor, microdata [2] make the mean- What do programs that read HTML data that the data shown in Figure 1 repre- ing a bit more clear by pointing to busi- typically find? Listing 1 shows the HTML sents a business card – even if the text is ness cards, product descriptions, offers, and event data in a machine-readable LISTING 1: HTML5 Document with Business Card way. -
Le Microformat Hproduct C'est Quoi ? Pourquoi Utiliser Le Microformat
Apprendre à utiliser les microformats : hProduct 2017-02-21 23:02:01 Nicolaseo Le microformat hProduct c’est quoi ? hProduct est un microformat approprié pour publier et embarquer les données de vos produits. C’est une sorte de méta tags qui permet de structurer vos données pour permettre aux robots des moteurs de recherche de mieux référencer votre contenu. Pourquoi utiliser le microformat hProduct Le microformat hProduct est basé sur un ensemble de champs très important pour communiquer avec les robots des moteurs de recherche comme Google. Utiliser les {meta- tags|richsnippets|microformats} (et tout ce qui peut permettre aux moteurs de recherche de mieux classer votre contenu) vous apportera plus de visibilité sur internet grâce à un meilleur référencement de votre site et de son contenu. Comment utiliser le microformat hProduct Le schéma hProduct se compose de ce qui suit : hproduct brand. optionnel. texte. peut aussi utiliser hCard pour les fabricants. category. optionnel. texte. peut aussi utiliser rel-tag. ré-utilisé à partir de hCard. price. optionnel. floating point number. peut utiliser un format de devise. description. optionnel. texte. peut aussi inclure un marquage HTML valide. réutilisé à partir de hReview. fn. requis. texte. nom du produit ou titre. réutilisé de hCard. photo. optionnel. élément image ou lien. réutilisé de hCard. url. optionnel. href. peut contenir rel-tag rel=’product’. ré-utilisé de hCard. review. optionnel. hReview, ou hReview-aggregate. listing. optionnel. hListing, ou hListing-aggregate. identifier. optionnel. type. requis. – exemples : model mpn upc isbn issn ean jan sn vin sku value. requis. – l’étiquette peut être implicite. Détails des champs du microformat hProduct Les noms de classe category, fn, photo, url sont réutilisés à partir de hCard. -
Where Is the Semantic Web? – an Overview of the Use of Embeddable Semantics in Austria
Where Is The Semantic Web? – An Overview of the Use of Embeddable Semantics in Austria Wilhelm Loibl Institute for Service Marketing and Tourism Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria [email protected] Abstract Improving the results of search engines and enabling new online applications are two of the main aims of the Semantic Web. For a machine to be able to read and interpret semantic information, this content has to be offered online first. With several technologies available the question arises which one to use. Those who want to build the software necessary to interpret the offered data have to know what information is available and in which format. In order to answer these questions, the author analysed the business websites of different Austrian industry sectors as to what semantic information is embedded. Preliminary results show that, although overall usage numbers are still small, certain differences between individual sectors exist. Keywords: semantic web, RDFa, microformats, Austria, industry sectors 1 Introduction As tourism is a very information-intense industry (Werthner & Klein, 1999), especially novel users resort to well-known generic search engines like Google to find travel related information (Mitsche, 2005). Often, these machines do not provide satisfactory search results as their algorithms match a user’s query against the (weighted) terms found in online documents (Berry and Browne, 1999). One solution to this problem lies in “Semantic Searches” (Maedche & Staab, 2002). In order for them to work, web resources must first be annotated with additional metadata describing the content (Davies, Studer & Warren., 2006). Therefore, anyone who wants to provide data online must decide on which technology to use. -
Microformats the Next (Small) Thing on the Semantic Web?
Standards Editor: Jim Whitehead • [email protected] Microformats The Next (Small) Thing on the Semantic Web? Rohit Khare • CommerceNet “Designed for humans first and machines second, microformats are a set of simple, open data formats built upon existing and widely adopted standards.” — Microformats.org hen we speak of the “evolution of the is precisely encoding the great variety of person- Web,” it might actually be more appropri- al, professional, and genealogical relationships W ate to speak of “intelligent design” — we between people and organizations. By contrast, can actually point to a living, breathing, and an accidental challenge is that any blogger with actively involved Creator of the Web. We can even some knowledge of HTML can add microformat consult Tim Berners-Lee’s stated goals for the markup to a text-input form, but uploading an “promised land,” dubbed the Semantic Web. Few external file dedicated to machine-readable use presume we could reach those objectives by ran- remains forbiddingly complex with most blog- domly hacking existing Web standards and hop- ging tools. ing that “natural selection” by authors, software So, although any intelligent designer ought to developers, and readers would ensure powerful be able to rely on the long-established facility of enough abstractions for it. file transfer to publish the “right” model of a social Indeed, the elegant and painstakingly inter- network, the path of least resistance might favor locked edifice of technologies, including RDF, adding one of a handful of fixed tags to an exist- XML, and query languages is now growing pow- ing indirect form — the “blogroll” of hyperlinks to erful enough to attack massive information chal- other people’s sites. -
Data Models for Home Services
__________________________________________PROCEEDING OF THE 13TH CONFERENCE OF FRUCT ASSOCIATION Data Models for Home Services Vadym Kramar, Markku Korhonen, Yury Sergeev Oulu University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering Raahe, Finland {vadym.kramar, markku.korhonen, yury.sergeev}@oamk.fi Abstract An ultimate penetration of communication technologies allowing web access has enriched a conception of smart homes with new paradigms of home services. Modern home services range far beyond such notions as Home Automation or Use of Internet. The services expose their ubiquitous nature by being integrated into smart environments, and provisioned through a variety of end-user devices. Computational intelligence require a use of knowledge technologies, and within a given domain, such requirement as a compliance with modern web architecture is essential. This is where Semantic Web technologies excel. A given work presents an overview of important terms, vocabularies, and data models that may be utilised in data and knowledge engineering with respect to home services. Index Terms: Context, Data engineering, Data models, Knowledge engineering, Semantic Web, Smart homes, Ubiquitous computing. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, a use of Semantic Web technologies to build a giant information space has shown certain benefits. Rapid development of Web 3.0 and a use of its principle in web applications is the best evidence of such benefits. A traditional database design in still and will be widely used in web applications. One of the most important reason for that is a vast number of databases developed over years and used in a variety of applications varying from simple web services to enterprise portals. In accordance to Forrester Research though a growing number of document, or knowledge bases, such as NoSQL is not a hype anymore [1]. -
Microformats Cheat Sheet
Elemental Microformats Design Patterns tom eview Datetime Pattern esume XFN VoteLinks microformats.org hR hR hCard hCalendar rel="contact" rel="parent" rev="vote-for" <abbr hA rel="acquaintance" rel="spouse" class="foo" • adr rev="vote-against" + country-name title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ" rel="friend" rel="kin" rev="vote-abstain" • extended-address rel="met" rel="muse" >Human Date Time</abbr> + post-office-box rel="co-worker" rel="crush" Rel-Nofollow + postal-code rel="colleague" rel="date" rel="nofollow" Include Pattern • street-address + locality rel="co-resident" rel="sweetheart" <object Rel-Tag class="include" + region rel="neighbor" rel="me" rel="tag" • type rel="child" type="text/html" • affiliation Rel-Directory (Draft) data="#idref" ¤ author rel="directory" /> + best × + bookmark (rel) Rel-License + bday <a class="include" • • category rel="license" href="#idref">...</a> + + class × contact Compound Microformats + description + dtend + dtreviewed hCard hCalendar hResume (Draft) × dtstart class="vcard" class="vevent" class="hresume" × dtstamp class="adr" class="category" rel="tag" class="affiliation" (hcard) duration class="type" class="class" class="education" (hcalendar) • education [work|home|pref|postal|dom|intl] class="description" • email class="experience" (hcalendar) • type class="post-office-box" class="dtend" (ISO Date) class="publication" (citation) • value class="street-address" class="dtstamp" (ISO Date) class="skill" rel="tag" × entry-content class="extended-address" class="dtstart" (ISO Date) class="summary" • entry-summary -
978-3-642-23300-5 6 Chapter.Pd
The Problem of Conceptual Incompatibility Simon Mcginnes To cite this version: Simon Mcginnes. The Problem of Conceptual Incompatibility. 1st Availability, Reliability and Security (CD-ARES), Aug 2011, Vienna, Austria. pp.69-81, 10.1007/978-3-642-23300-5_6. hal-01590394 HAL Id: hal-01590394 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01590394 Submitted on 19 Sep 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License The Problem of Conceptual Incompatibility Exploring the Potential of Conceptual Data Independence to Ease Data Integration Simon McGinnes Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland [email protected] Abstract. Application interoperability and data exchange are desirable goals, but conventional system design practices make these goals difficult to achieve, since they create heterogeneous, incompatible conceptual structures. This conceptual incompatibility increases system development, maintenance and integration workloads unacceptably. Conceptual data independence (CDI) is proposed as a way of overcoming these problems. Under CDI, data is stored and exchanged in a form which is invariant with respect to conceptual structures; data corresponding to multiple schemas can co-exist within the same application without loss of integrity. -
Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0
Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0 John Allsopp Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0 Copyright © 2007 by John Allsopp All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-59059814-6 ISBN-10 (pbk): 1-59059-814-8 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail [email protected],or visit www.springeronline.com. For information on translations, please contact Apress directly at 2560 Ninth Street, Suite 219, Berkeley, CA 94710. Phone 510-549-5930, fax 510-549-5939, e-mail [email protected], or visit www.apress.com. The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work. -
Rdfa Versus Microformats: Exploring the Potential for Semantic Interoperability of Mash-Up Personal Learning Environments
RDFa versus Microformats: Exploring the Potential for Semantic Interoperability of Mash-up Personal Learning Environments Vladimir Tomberg, Mart Laanpere Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. This paper addresses the possibilities for increasing semantic interoperability of mash-up learning environments through the use of automatically processed metadata associated with both learning resources and learning process. We analyze and compare potential of two competing technologies for this purpose: microformats and RDFa. 1 Introduction Mash-up Personal Learning Environments have become a fast developing trend in the world of technology-enhanced learning, partly because of their flexibility and lightweight integration features. Although it is quite easy to aggregate the RSS feeds from the blogs of learners, it is more difficult to get an overview of course and its learning activities. A course is not just a syllabus, it also involves various dynamic processes that can be described in many aspects. The course always has certain learning goals, a schedule that consists learning activities (assignments, discussions), registered participants like teachers and students, and different types of resources. It would be useful, if we would be able to extract such information also from mash-up personal learning environments (just like it can be done in traditional Learning Management Systems) and allow exchanging it between the course participants. Today for semantic tagging of Web content in general and learning content as special case various technologies are used. But there are no tools and ways exist for semantic annotation of learning process that takes place in a distributed network of mash-up personal learning environments. -
Tantek Çelik HTML5 Now a Step-By-Step Tutorial for Getting Started Today Tantek Çelik
<!DOCTYPE html> <meta charset= "utf-8"><title>HTML5 Now</title> <hgroup> <h1> HTML5 </h1> N <h2> OW A STEP-BY-STEP TUtoRIAL FOR GETTING STARTED TODAY </h2> </hgroup> <div class= "vcard"> <a href= "http://tantek.com" class= "url fn"> TANTEK ÇELIK </a> <div> EXTENDED REFERENCE GUIDE HTML5 NOW A STEP-BY-STEP TUtoRIAL FOR GETTING STARTED TODAY TANTEK ÇELIK HTML5 Now A Step-by-Step Tutorial for Getting Started Today Tantek Çelik New Riders 1249 Eighth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 510/524-2178 Fax: 510/524-2221 Find us on the web at www.newriders.com To report errors, please send a note to [email protected] New Riders is an imprint of Peachpit, a division of Pearson Education Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Senior Editor: Karyn Johnson Production Editor: Hilal Sala Copy Editor: Kelly Anton Technical Editor: Ben Ward Interior Design and Composition: Andreas deDanaan Presentation Graphics and Design: Coley Wopperer Author Photo: Matt Nuzzaco Cover Design: Mimi Heft Cover Production: Andreas deDanaan Video Production and Direction: Mary Sweeney Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For information on getting permission for reprints and excerpts, contact [email protected]. Notice of Liability The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book, neither the author nor Peachpit shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the computer software and hardware products described in it. -
From Atom's to OWL S: the New Ecology of The
mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project From Atom's to OWL's: The new ecology of the WWW Jim Hendler [email protected] http://www.cs.umd.edu/~hendler mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project From Atom*s to OWL§s: The new ecology of the WWW Jim Hendler [email protected] http://www.cs.umd.edu/~hendler * syntax § semantics mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project Syntax to Semantics mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project Acknowledgements • In preparing this talk I have mostly ignored the advice of a great many people including Tim Berners-Lee, Dan Connolly, Wendy Hall, Eric Miller, Brand Nieman, Bijan Parsia, Guus Schreiber, Nigel Shadbolt, and Frank VanHarmelen • I owe much to my research group – Details at http://www.mindswap.org/ (Our Semantic Web Portal) XML 2005 mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project The Web used to be easy (ca. 1990) • Documents (HTML) – Emacs or vi via some cutting and pasting and it showed in your browser - woohoo! • And Links (HTTP) – Install LibWWW, customize parameters, and you were up and running - woohoo! XML 2005 mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project But that didn't last long… (ca 2000) © Commerce One and Addison-Wesley, 2001 XML 2005 mindswap maryland information and network dynamics lab semantic web agents project Excelsior … • Syndication – Atom, JSON,