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Embryogenesis of Hemicycliophora Epicharoides Loof, 1968 (Nematoda: Hemicycliophorinae), and Description of the Male 1 N

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Embryogenesis of Hemicycliophora Epicharoides Loof, 1968 (Nematoda: Hemicycliophorinae), and Description of the Male 1 N Reproduction, Pathogenicity/Meloidogyne hapla: Santo, Hackney 87 TABLE 1. Reproduction and pathogenicity of three isolates of Meloidogyne hapla Race A on Concord grape after 6 months, and chromosomal analysis of the isolates. Source of Fresh Final no. of Chromosomal populations M. hapla root larvae/pot b present in isolates ° isolate" weight (g)b (in 1,000's) 15 16 17 No nematodes 195.4 x .... Alfalfa 206.6 x 1.9 y + -- + Red currant 183.1 x 15.0 x + -- + Concord grape 122.7 y 20.7 x + + -- • Initial population, 1,000 nematodes/pot. bAverage of 10 replicates. Values in each column not followed by the same letter differ significantly (P ,~ 0.01) according to Duncan's multiple-range test. c+ = chromosomal population present. - = none present. isolates in reproduction on Concord grape. 4. MICHELL, R. E., R. B. MALEK, D. P. The Concord grape isolate differed from the TAYLOR, and D. I. EDWARDS. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. other two isolates in pathogenicity and I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. chromosome number. Although the alfalfa 5:41-44. and red currant isolates both contained 5. OGBUJI, R. O., and H. J. JENSEN. 1974. chromosomal populations of M. hapla race Two pacific northwest biotypes of Meloidogyne A, they differed in their ability to reproduce hapla reproduce on corn and oat. Plant Dis. Rep. 58:128-129. on Concord grapes. These results indicate 6. STURHAN, D. 1971. Biological Races. In: that field populations of M. hapla vary in Plant parasitic nematodes, Vol. II. (B. M. Zucker- ability to parasitize Concord grapes. man, W. F. Mai and R. A. Rhode, eds.), pp. 51-71. Academic Press, New York. 7. TRIANTAPHYLLOU, A. C. 1963. Polyploidy LITERATURE CITED and parthenogenesis in the root-knot nematode, 1. FAULKNER, L. R., and F. D. McELROY. Meloidogyne arenaria, J. Morphol. 113:489-499. 1964. Host range of northern root-knot nematode on 8. TRIANTAPHYLLOU, A. C. 1966. Polyploidy irrigated crop plants and weeds in Washington. and reproductive patterns in the root-knot nematode Plant Dis. Rep. 48:190-193. Meloidogyne hapla. J. Morphol. 118:403-414. 2. HACKNEY, R. W. 1977. Identification of 9. TRIANTAPHYLLOU, A. C., and HEDWIG field populations of Meloidogyne spp. by chromo- HIRSCHMANN. 1966. Gametogenesis and repro- some number. J. Nematol. 9:248-249. duction in the wheat nematode, Anguina tritici. 3. JENKINS, W. R. 1964. A rapid centrifugal- Nematologica 12:4~7-442. flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Dis. Rep. 48:692. Embryogenesis of Hemicycliophora epicharoides Loof, 1968 (Nematoda: Hemicycliophorinae), and Description of the Male 1 N. Vovlas and R. N. Inserra 2 The description of Hemicycliophora southern Italy, are described herein for the epicharoides Loof, 1968 (4), was based on first time. Also described is embryogenesis females only. Males recently collected from of this species. sand dunes at Rosa Marina (Brindisi), in Specimens were extracted from sand by Cobb's decanting and sieving method (2), Received for publication 19 March 1979. iPublication of the research program C.N.R. (Italy) fixed in hot 4% formalin and 1% propionic "Promozione, qualith dell'ambiente, zoocenosi terrestri." acid, and processed to dehydrated glycerin Series AP. 2Nematologists, Laboratorio di Nematologia agraria, Con- following Seinhorst's method (5). siglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy. The Eggs were maintained at 20-24 C in authors thank M. W. Brzeski, A. Morgan Golden, and A. C. Tarjan for critically reading the manuscript. cavity slides filled with distilled water. The 88 Journal of Nematology, Volume 12, No. 1, January 1980 A C ~l ,ii/:;~ E B E H FIG. 1. A-G) Hemicycliophora epicharoides. A-B) Anterior and posterior portion of female body. G--D) Juvenile anterior and posterior region (second stage). E) Male copulatory apparatus. F, H) Male anterior and posterior region. G) Male lateral field. Embryogenesis of Hemicycliophora: Vovlas, Inserra 89 FIG. 2. A-I) Embryogenic development of H. epicharoides. A) One-cell stage. B) Two-cell stage; S = anterior cell; P = posterior cell. C) Four-cell stage. D) Multicellular stage. E) Morula stage. F) Gastrula. G) First-stage juvenile. H) Molting first-stage juvenile. I) Second-stage juvenile. (Figs. A-H with the same magnification). 90 Journal o[ Nematology, Volume 12, No. 1, January 1980 slides were enclosed in Petri dishes lined egg stage are completed 38--44 hours after with moist filter paper to retard evapora- egg laying. The morula and gastrula stages tion. are respectively attained 60-66 hours and Hemicycliophora epicharoides Loof, 1968 about 90 hours after deposition. At 114 MALE (3 specimens; Fig. 1 E-H). hours the gastrula differentiates into two Measurements: L ---- 0.79 mm (0.75- zones, a light one which gives rise to the 0.82); a -~ 35 (33-38); b = 5.9 (5.5-6.2); c esophagus, and a dark zone giving rise to -- 7.7 (7-8.7); c' = 5.6 (5.5-5.8); guber- the intestine. The first-stage juvenile ap- naculum = 10/~m; spicules -- 50 /~m (48- pears at about 138 hours, and molts at 174 52); anterior-end excretory-pore distance = hours to the second-stage juvenile. This 152/xm (146-158). hatches 222 hours (9-10 days) after egg Description: Body bent ventrally. An- deposition. The double cuticle of the nules 1.7 /~nl wide; lateral field 5 ~m wide second-stage juvenile becomes evident with 2 longitudinal striae. Lip region shortly after emergence from the egg and is rounded, offset, annulation indistinct. typically infolded posteriorly (Figs. I C-D, Esophagus degenerate. Hemizonid distinct, 2 I). In other characteristics the second-stage three annules long and five annules (14/zm) juvenile is similar to the adult female. anterior to excretory pore. Testis single, Van Gundy (6) demonstrated that H. outstretched, occupying about 32 % of body. arenaria egg development required 3-5 days Bursa large, edge crenate. Spicules J-shaped. at 28-30 C, which is half the time recorded Gubernaculum linear, proximal end thick- in this study. It is probable that higher tem- ened. Anal tubercle 10 t~m long with small peratures speed egg development in H. mucro posteriorly. Ventral body wall in- arenaria. Whether the same may happen wardly curved anterior to anal tubercle. with H. epicharoides at higher temperatures Tail terminus annulation irregular. remains to be ascertained. FEMALE (40 specimens; Fig. 1 A-B): In Italy, H. epicharoides has been found Italian specimens only. associated with halophilic plants and Measurements: L = 0.99 mm (0.89- Juniperus macrocarpa (S. g: S.) in sand 1.20); a = 20 (18-24); b = 5.7 (5.7-5.9); c dunes; it has been reported in the rhizo- = 12 (11-13); V = 87 (86-88); stylet = 96 sphere of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in France /~m (87-101); Rex = 36 (33-38); Rst = 19 (3). (18-21); KVan = 12 (11-15); RV = 35 (32-38); Ran = 25 (21-28); K = 180 (178- LITERATURE CITED 187); VL/VB = 2.9 (2.6-3.2); VL/anB = 3.4 (3.2-3.6). 1. BRZESKI, M. W. 1974. Taxonomy of Hemi- The Italian specimens of H. epicharoides cycliophorinae (Nematoda, Tylenchida). Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln. 154.237-330. differ from those discribed by Loof (1968) 2. COBB, N. A. 1918. Estimating the nema popula- (4) and Brzeski (1974) (1) by longer body tion of soil. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Agric. and stylet. In other characteristics they Technol. Circ. I, 48 p. agree closely with the descriptions by those 3. GERMANI, G., and M. LUC. 1973. Contribution authors. h l'6tude du genre Hemicycliophora De Man, 1921 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) comparant la Embryogenesis (Fig. 2 A-I): Single-cell description de cinq nouvelles esp6ces. Cah. H. epicharoides eggs measure 107/~m (103- ORSTOM S~r. Biol. 21:67-84. 112) × 36/~m (34-38) and are covered with 4. LOOF, P. A. A. 1968. Taxonomy of Hemicyclio- a gelatinous substance which makes them phora species from west and central Europe (Nematoda: Criconematoidea). Meded. Land- adhere to the substrate. The first egg bouwhogesch. Wageningen 68(14):1-43. cleavage is equatorial and completed 10-12 5. SEINHORST, J. w. 1966. Killing nematodes for hours after deposition. Two blastomeres of taxonomic study with hot f.a. 4 : I. Nema- different size (S and P, Fig. 2 B) are pro- tologica 12:178. duced. The four-cell stage is attained 30-34 6. VAN GUNDY, S. D. 1959. The llfe history of Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski (Nematoda: hours postdeposition. The third and the Criconematidae). Proc. Helminthol. Soc. following divisions up to the multicellular Wash. 26:67-72. .
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