Pandit et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Research Paper A SYSTEM FOR PALM COLOR ANALYSIS IN HEALTHCARE Dr. Hardik B. Pandit and Prof. Dipti Shah

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Department of Computer Science, Sardar Patel Univeristy, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Gujarat. 388 120 (India) ABSTRACT This research paper explains a prototype based on digital image processing and analysis in field of healthcare. In medical science, color of human palm is carefully observed by doctors to get primary idea about health of the patient. Different colors of palm specify certain diseases. Human eye has limitation in identification of colors and resolution. Computer can help here to analyze color of human palm using digital image processing techniques. The working prototype is fully automatic, i.e. there is no human intervention in the process of color analysis. The paper also discusses results achieved by this prototype. KEY WORDS Digital image processing, color image processing, palm color analysis, healthcare INTRODUCTION • When the skin on the surface of the palm and The field of medical science is widely growing. especially the thenar and hypothenar There are so many tests which help medical eminences and the fingertips appears practitioners to diagnose patient’s disease. One of congested red, this is commonly due to these techniques is palm color analysis. Different cirrhosis of the liver or cancer of the liver [2]. colors of human palm give idea about health status of • The palm that first appears red and gradually the person. The color of a normal palm is a light red changes to dark purple is usually a sign of or pinkish red with a shiny, smooth texture. If the heart disease. It is an indication that the color appears either darker or lighter than normal, disease is worsening. An excessively red this may indicate that the condition of health is palm indicates a tendency for apoplexy [2]. abnormal. Following are examples of abnormal palm • If the whole palm of a hypertensive patient colors [2]: appears black like tea, this is forewarning of (i) Pale White: cerebral haemorrhage. If the skin of red palm • A palm appearing pale white in colour is soft as satin, this indicates a tendency indicates anaemia or possibly occult bleeding. towards rheumatic fever. In general in [2]. Chinese medicine, red indicates the presence • If the palm looks white, this usually indicates of heat. As the red becomes darker, this lung disease or inflammation in the body [2]. indicates that heat is being complicated by (ii) Blue: stagnation and statis [2]. • A Blue palm usually indicates intestinal (vi) Purple: obstruction [2]. • When the subcutaneous tissue of the palm (iii) Green: shows prune coloured purple, it indicates • A Palm with a dark green colour usually serious infectious shock [2]. indicates obstruction in the circulation of the (vii) Grey: blood [2]. • Thin Cigarette-ash like spots on the palm are • A greenish palm that is not dark may indicate sign of heart disease in a heavy smoker [2]. anaemia or spleen /stomach disease [2]. (viii) Black: (iv) Yellow: • A palm that looks black is often seen in • A sallow yellow palm usually indicates kidney disease [2]. chronic disease. This is because chronic • If the central part of the palm looks brownish disease typically affects the spleen and –black, this often indicates gastrointestinal stomach. Yellow is the colour of earth and disease [2]. the spleen and stomach pertain to earth. In • A dark purple of black colour appearing from this case, the spleen and stomach are vacuous the wrist to the hypothener eminence is a sign and weak [2]. of low back disease due to wind. The same • A palm with a bright, golden yellow colour is colour may also appear on the medical side of often seen in the liver disease accompanied the foot and ankle [2]. by jaundice. In this case, there is Following are two sample images which show liver/gallbladder damp heat [2]. abnormal colouring and surfaces of palm. The • If the palm skin grows thicker, stiffer and is diseases associative with each palm are named to dry with a light yellow, shiny, smooth surface give idea about relationship between palm and this is called palm calcar keratosis [2]. diseases. Figure 1 shows symptoms of Raynaud’s • A palm that looks yellowish brown and has syndrome in human palm. no sheen indicates the possibility of cancer [2]. (v) Red: • A palm with Red, net like capillaries often

appears with Vitamin C deficiency. (a) The acute phase, (b) Primary Rayna ud’s showing severe syndrome, occasionally • If the whole palm is covered with dark red or blanching of the tip of progresses to fingerprint purple spots, this is usually seen in liver one finger ulceration or even gangrene disease [2]. Figure 1: Raynaud’s Syndrome in Human Palm [1]

Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue I/Jan.-March,2014/30-32 Pandit et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Figure 2 shows cases of Hypercarotenaemia. In this (the point with highest value of y-coordinate) of case, a yellowish discoloration is seen but not like palm region in vertical direction is also jaundice. obtained. Save this point as “max_y”. 3. For each column of pixels follow the direction shown in figure. The first point of the palm region encountered would be the leftmost point (the point with minimum value of x- coordinate). Save this point as “min_x”. Proceeding in the same fashion, the last point (the point with highest value of x-coordinate) of palm region in vertical direction is also Figure 2: Hypercarotenaemia [1] obtained. Save this point as “max_x”. Thus, one can understand the importance of palm in 4. Get four end points of palm region leftmost identification and prediction of diseases in medical point = x-coordinate of min_x; rightmost point science. = difference between x-coordinates of max_x A prototype is developed which analyzes human and min_x; topmost point = y-coordinate of palm for its color without human intervention. The min_y; bottommost point = difference between algorithm for the same is discussed in this paper. y-coordinates of max_y and min_y. Work Contribution Crop the rectangle using these four points, which will To start the process of palm color analysis, the palms touch the four boundaries of palm. of left and right hands are scanned through flat bed Result of algorithm-1 scanner. The images are uploaded to the prototype for The result of algorithm for cropping of palm is shown further processing. An algorithm for extraction of in figure 4. palm from rest of the image [3] is executed to separate the palm from its background. Since the analysis is to be done for only palm region, to reduce the pixel to be processed and to simplify the processing, the resulting images after applying palm extraction algorithm [3] are cropped using cropping algorithm. The goal of cropping is to get the four points shown in figure 3 named topmost point, bottommost point, leftmost point, and rightmost point. Using these four points, image is cropped. To understand the cropping algorithm properly, consider the image displayed in following figure 3 for Fig 4: Result of Cropping Algorithm reference. Palm color analysis To analyze the color of palm, the prototype analyzes color of each pixel on the region of palm. In the cropped image of palms, there are only two sets of pixels: (i) Yellow pixels with RGB component value (255, 255, 0) and (ii) Non-yellow pixels which are the pixels of palm. The prototype analyzes only non-yellow pixels. Following algorithm is designed and implemented for palm color analysis. Algorithm-2: Palm Color Analysis Input: Output image of algorithm 1. Steps: 1. Get the color of pixel in terms of RGB component values. Fig 3: Points and Directions of interest for 2. Compare the value of each component with the CropAlgorithm value stored in knowledge base. While Cropping algorithm is as follows: comparing value of each component consider Algorithm 1: Cropping of Palm from rest of the the deviation for each component as stored in area knowledge base as mentioned in section 4.2 of Input: Output image of palm extraction algorithm. chapter 4. Steps: 3. If the match is found, consider this pixel as the 1. Define max_x = max_y = (0,0) and min_x = pixel of mentioned color and increase the min_y = (image_width, image_height) as initial counter for this color by one (the counter for values for rightmost point, bottommost point, each color is initialized by 0). The value of leftmost point, and topmost point respectively. counter for each color will give number of 2. For each row of pixels follow the direction pixels with respective color. shown in figure. The first point of the palm 4. Count the percentage of pixels with each color. region encountered would be the topmost point If the percentage of pixels found with given (the point with minimum value of y- color is less than 5%, the case is not considered. coordinate). Save this point as “min_y”. If the percentage of pixels found with given Proceeding in the same fashion, the last point color is between 5% to 10%, then the level of Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue I/Jan.-March,2014/30-32 Pandit et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 disease is 0, which shows probability of is easy to overcome the limitations of human eye for disease. If the percentage of pixels found with color identification and getting better assistance in given color is between 11% to 30, then the level decision making activity by medical practitioners. of disease is 1, which shows initial stage of REFERENCES disease related to respective color. If the 1. Graham Douglas, Fiona Nicol, Colin Robertson – percentage of pixels found with given color is “Macleod’s Clinical Examination”, twelfth edition, Elsevier publication, ISBN: 9780443068485 more than 30%, then there are strong chances of 2. Xiao-Fan Zong, Gary Liscum – “Chinese Medical materialization of the disease associated with Palmistry-Your Health in Your Hand”, Blue Poppy Press, respective color. ISBN: 0-938185-64-3 Result of algorithm 2 3. Hardik Pandit, Dipti Shah, “The Model for Extracting a Portion of a Given Image Using Color Processing”, Figure 5 shows the output of the process of palm International Journal of Engineering Research & color analysis. There are three major components of Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 1 Issue 10, output. (i) The input and output images, (ii) the December- 2012. statistical analysis, and (iii) textual prediction. 4. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods - “Digital Image Processing” second edition, Pearson Education, ISBN: 81- 7808-629-8 5. B. Chanda, D. Datta Majumder – “Digital Image Processing and Analysis” second edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, ISBN: 978-81-203-4325-2 6. Kenneth A. Kozar – “Humanized Information Systems Analysis and Design”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, ISBN: 0-07-035600-9 7. Bill Evjen, Scott Hanselman, Devin Rader – “Professional ASP.NET 3.5 (SP1) in C# and VB”, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, ISBN: 978-81-265-2104-3

Figure 5 (a) and (b): Result of Palm Color Analysis • The input and output images: the output of palm color analysis is shown in pictorial format for both the palms. The images of left and right palms are colored according to the color of pixels at respective places. The displayed color in output image and original color of respective pixels is mentioned in neighboring table on the same page. This component gives visual effect of any abnormality found in palm. Simply, if in output image any region of palm is found colored differently, user should refer the neighboring table to get the meaning. • The statistical analysis: the table displayed in the right side shows statistical description of palm color analysis. The table explains meaning of each color painted in output image by giving actual color name of that region. The table also shows number of pixels found with each color. In the end, the table shows percentage of pixels found with each color. Based on these values only, the predictions are made by the prototype. • Textual Prediction: the output screen also has a section named “Conclusion of Analysis”, which displays the prediction made by the prototype in textual format. The predictions contain the name of the disease if found, its stage, and if necessary it gives advice. CONCLUSION Conclusion of this research work is shown in figure 5 (a) and (b). The prototype is working successfully to analyze palm color. It gives results which are easy to understand by the user. Thus, using this prototype it Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue I/Jan.-March,2014/30-32