GREENING FEDERAL FACILITIES an Energy, Environmental, and Economic Resource Guide for Federal Facility Managers and Designers
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DOE/GO-102001-1165 GREENING FEDERAL FACILITIES An Energy, Environmental, and Economic Resource Guide for Federal Facility Managers and Designers SECOND EDITION Greening Federal Facilities An Energy, Environmental, and Economic Resource Guide for Federal Facility Managers and Designers SECOND EDITION “Then I say the earth belongs to each ... generation during its course, fully and in its own right, no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the course of its own existence.” Thomas Jefferson, September 6, 1789 Produced for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Federal Energy Management Program Produced by: BuildingGreen, Inc., Brattleboro, Vermont Under: NREL Subcontract No. AAR-0-29469-01 DOE Prime Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 Edited by: Design and Imagesetting by: Alex Wilson, BuildingGreen, Inc. Joy Wallens-Penford May 2001 i Contents About the Contributing Organizations .......... iv Part IV BUILDING DESIGN Acknowledgments ............................................ v 4.1 Integrated Building Design ................... 38 Executive Summary ....................................... vii 4.1.1 Passive Solar Design ................... 40 4.1.2 Daylighting Design ...................... 42 Part I RATIONALE 4.1.3 Natural Ventilation ..................... 44 4.2 Building Envelope .................................. 46 1.1 A Tour of the Guide .................................. 2 4.2.1 Windows and Glazing Systems ... 48 1.2 Purpose ..................................................... 4 4.2.2 Insulation ..................................... 50 1.3 Current Federal Regulations ................... 6 Part V Part II ENERGY SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY DECISION-MAKING 5.1 Energy and Conservation Issues ........... 54 2.1 Green Teams – Innovations in 5.2 HVAC Systems........................................ 56 Planning, Design, and Operation .......... 10 5.2.1 Boilers .......................................... 58 2.2 Economic and Environmental Analysis .. 12 5.2.2 Air Distribution Systems ............ 60 2.3 Green Procurement ................................ 14 5.2.3 Chillers ......................................... 62 2.4 Alternative Financing ............................ 16 5.2.4 Absorption Cooling ...................... 66 5.2.5 Desiccant Dehumidification ........ 68 Part III 5.2.6 Ground-Source Heat Pumps ....... 70 SITE AND LANDSCAPE ISSUES 5.2.7 HVAC Technologies to Consider ...72 3.1 Land-Use Planning and Transportation... 20 5.3 Water Heating ........................................ 74 3.2 Site Selection and Site Planning ........... 22 5.3.1 Heat-Recovery Water Heating .... 76 3.3 Building Placement and Orientation 5.3.2 Solar Water Heating.................... 78 on a Site .................................................. 24 5.4 Lighting................................................... 80 3.4 General Landscaping Principles............ 26 5.4.1 Linear Fluorescent Lighting ....... 82 3.5 Stormwater Management ...................... 28 5.4.2 Electronic Ballasts....................... 84 3.6 Plantings in the Sustainable Landscape .. 30 5.4.3 Compact Fluorescent Lighting ... 86 3.7 Water Use in the Landscape .................. 32 5.4.4 Lighting Controls ........................ 88 3.8 Chemical Use in the Landscape ............ 34 5.4.5 Exterior Lighting ......................... 90 5.5 Office, Food Service, and Laundry Equipment .............................................. 92 ii 5.5.1 Office Equipment ......................... 94 Part VII 5.5.2 Food Service/Laundry Equipment . 96 MATERIALS, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND RECYCLING 5.6 Energy Management .............................. 98 5.6.1 Energy Management and 7.1 Material Selection ................................ 152 Control Systems......................... 100 7.1.1 Writing Green Specifications .... 154 5.6.2 Managing Utility Costs ............. 102 7.1.2 Structural Building Components 156 5.7 Electric Motors and Drives .................. 104 7.1.3 Wood Products ........................... 158 5.7.1 High-Efficiency Motors ............. 106 7.1.4 Low-Slope Roofing ..................... 160 5.7.2 Variable-Frequency Drives ....... 108 7.1.5 Floor Coverings.......................... 162 5.7.3 Power Factor Correction ........... 110 7.1.6 Paints and Wall Coverings ........ 164 5.7.4 Energy-Efficient Elevators........ 112 7.1.7 Contract Furnishings ................ 166 5.8 Electrical Power Systems..................... 114 7.2 Operational Waste Reduction 5.8.1 Power Systems Analysis............ 116 and Recycling ........................................ 168 5.8.2 Transformers.............................. 118 7.3 Construction Waste Management ....... 170 5.8.3 Microturbines ............................ 120 7.4 Deconstruction ...................................... 172 5.8.4 Fuel Cells ................................... 122 Part VIII 5.8.5 Photovoltaics .............................. 124 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 5.8.6 Wind Energy .............................. 126 8.1 Indoor Air Quality ................................ 176 5.8.7 Biomass Energy Systems .......... 128 8.2 Controlling Soil Gases .......................... 178 5.8.8 Combined Heat and Power ....... 130 8.3 Controlling Biological Contaminants .. 180 8.4 Productivity in the Workplace ............. 182 Part VI WATER AND WASTEWATER 8.5 Noise Control and Privacy ................... 184 6.1 Water Management .............................. 134 Part IX 6.2 Toilets and Urinals ............................... 136 MANAGING BUILDINGS 6.3 Showers, Faucets, and Drinking 9.1 The Role of Operations & Fountains .............................................. 138 Maintenance (O&M)............................. 188 6.4 Electronic Controls for Plumbing 9.2 Building Commissioning ...................... 190 Fixtures ................................................. 140 9.3 Maintaining Healthy Indoor 6.5 Reclaimed Water .................................. 142 Environments ....................................... 192 6.6 Graywater Collection and Use ............. 144 9.4 Leased Buildings .................................. 194 6.7 Rainwater Harvesting .......................... 146 9.5 Measuring and Monitoring Benefits ... 196 6.8 On-site Wastewater Treatment 9.6 Setting Standards and Training .......... 198 Systems ................................................. 148 9.7 Employee Incentive Programs ............. 200 iii About the Contributing Organizations U.S. Department of Energy – The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contributes to the welfare of the Nation by providing resources to achieve efficiency in energy use, diversity of energy sources, a more productive and competitive economy, improved environmental quality, and a secure national defense. DOE provides scien- tific and technical information and educational resources to Federal agencies and the public. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy leads the Nation to a stronger economy, a cleaner environment, and a more secure future through the development and deployment of sustainable energy technologies. Federal Energy Management Program – The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) reduces the cost of government by advancing energy efficiency, water conservation, and the use of solar and other renewable energy. FEMP accomplishes its mission by creating partnerships, leveraging re- sources, transferring technology, and providing training and support. Each of these activities is directly related to achieving not only the goals set forth in legislation and Executive Orders, but also those that are inherent in sound management of Federal financial and personnel resources. BuildingGreen, Inc. – BuildingGreen, Inc., provides information on green building to architects, build- ers, facility owners, and facility managers. BuildingGreen publishes the monthly newsletter Environmental Building News; the Green Building Advisor, a software tool for identifying strategies for greening buildings; and GreenSpec, a directory of green building products. ENSAR Group, Inc. – ENSAR Group, Inc., is an international design consulting firm, based in Boulder, Colorado, specializing in sustainable building development. ENSAR has led the design of many extremely en- ergy-efficient federal buildings. ENSAR coordinates many sustainable design activities, including the develop- ment of this publication. Greening America – Greening America is a nonprofit foundation that educates the public and private sectors about energy-efficient and environmentally sound design, innovation, and technology. Greening America, which had its genesis in the Greening of the White House, produces videos, publications, online technical re- sources, and other materials that show practical examples of how sound energy and environmental decision- making makes good economic sense. Sustainable Systems, Inc. – Sustainable Systems, Inc., is a consulting firm that is dedicated to imple- menting the principles of sustainability in development. Multi-disciplinary teams of technical professionals, social scientists, economists, and business administrators address problems—from community development to technological issues—from the viewpoint of minimizing the resource and environmental impacts of the activities of its clients, without compromising quality of life. Disclaimer This document was prepared by BuildingGreen, Inc., under the direction of ENSAR Group, Inc., and the U.S. Department of Energy. A significant portion of