Aplicativos Agregadores De Informação Jornalística Para Dispositivos Móveis: Uma Exploração Pela Teoria Ator-Rede

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Aplicativos Agregadores De Informação Jornalística Para Dispositivos Móveis: Uma Exploração Pela Teoria Ator-Rede UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Artes e Letras Aplicativos agregadores de informação jornalística para dispositivos móveis: Uma exploração pela Teoria Ator-Rede Ivan Satuf Rezende Tese para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação (3º ciclo de estudos) Orientador: Prof. Doutor João Manuel Messias Canavilhas Covilhã, Julho de 2016 ii Agradecimentos Agradeço à Faculdade de Artes e Letras, ao Labcom.IFP e ao Banco Santander pela atribuição da “Bolsa Santander Universidades” no ano letivo 2012/2013. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) e ao Ministério da Educação do Brasil pela concessão de bolsa de “Doutorado Pleno no Exterior” entre os anos letivos 2013/2014 e 2015/2016. Ao professor Dr. João Canavilhas pela dedicação dispensada à orientação desta tese e por minha integração a outros projetos científicos correlatos ao percurso do doutoramento. Ao professor Dr. Paulo Serra, que na condição de diretor do Doutoramento em Ciências da Comunicação, sempre prestou o apoio necessário em assuntos institucionais. Ao professor Dr. Marcos Palacios, Catedrático Visitante em Ciências da Comunicação na Universidade da Beira Interior, pelo auxílio na fase de elaboração do projeto de pesquisa. A todos os professores e colegas da Universidade da Beira Interior que assumiram papéis determinantes no desenvolvimento e acompanhamento desta investigação. À minha família, em especial Cibele, Fátima e Igor pelo apoio e incentivo em todas as etapas do doutoramento. iii iv Resumo A agregação de informação jornalística é um fenômeno emergente no jornalismo móvel caraterizada pela proliferação de aplicativos móveis (apps) desenvolvidos para selecionar e organizar conteúdos adaptados a smartphones e tablets. O avanço tecnológico impõe novas questões à investigação acadêmica, principalmente quando os aplicativos agregadores são comparados com as já tradicionais plataformas de agregação na web. Ao contrário dos computadores pessoais, dispositivos móveis são aparelhos de conexão permanente - tecnologias “always-on” (Baron, 2008; Turkle, 2011) – que se beneficiam de recursos com potencial inovador, como o sistema de geolocalização (GPS) e a tela sensível ao toque (Palacios et al, 2015). Estas e outras características dos novos meios agem sobre as funcionalidades dos aplicativos agregadores e a observação sistemática do fenômeno indica a ocorrência de alterações significativas na noção tradicional de informação jornalística. Diante das evidências, esta tese investiga as transformações da informação jornalística nos aplicativos agregadores para dispositivos móveis. A partir de uma revisão crítica das teorias do jornalismo, o estudo sustenta a necessidade de explorar novas abordagens capazes de lidar com a emergência do “jornalismo pós-industrial” (Anderson, Bell, & Shirky, 2012). A suposta centralidade dos jornalistas e das redações profissionais é questionada para incorporar elementos historicamente negligenciados pelos investigadores. Desta forma, a exploração dos aplicativos agregadores é realizada a partir da Teoria Ator-Rede (Callon, 1999; Law, 1991; Latour, 2012), aporte teórico-metodológico que defende a simetria generalizada entre entidades humanas e não-humanas. O princípio da simetria permite compreender as entidades heterogêneas que atuam sobre a informação jornalística nos aplicativos. O estudo é desenvolvido a partir de 28 aplicativos agregadores. A metodologia é realizada em três etapas sucessivas descritas pela Teoria Ator-Rede: “desdobramento”, “estabilização” e “composição”. As duas primeiras descrevem minuciosamente as entidades presentes no objeto de estudo e identificam tendências que confirmam a transformação da noção de informação jornalística nos aplicativos agregadores a partir de três vetores: os algoritmos, a interface com as redes sociais e a curadoria. A terceira etapa organiza os aplicativos em um quadro taxonômico construído a partir de quatro categorias: API (Application Programming Interface), curadoria, sistema de agregação e sistema de personalização. Palavras-chave Agregação de Notícias; Jornalismo Móvel; Informação Jornalística; Teoria Ator-Rede. v vi Abstract News aggregation is an emerging phenomenon in mobile journalism characterized by the proliferation of mobile applications (apps) designed to select and organize content tailored to smartphones and tablets. Technological advances imposes new questions to academic research, especially when aggregators applications are faced with the already traditional web aggregation platforms. Unlike personal computers, mobile devices are permanent connection devices - "always-on" technologies (Baron, 2008; Turkle, 2011) - that benefit from features with innovative potential, as the geolocation system (GPS) and the touch screen (Palacios et al, 2015). These and other features of the new media acting upon the features of aggregators applications and the systematic observation of the phenomenon indicates the occurrence of significant changes in the traditional notion of journalistic information. Based on this evidence, this thesis investigates the transformations of journalistic information aggregators in applications for mobile devices. From a critical review of the journalism theories, the study reinforces the need to explore new approaches able to cope with the emergence of the "post-industrial journalism" (Anderson, Bell, & Shirky, 2012). The presumed centrality of journalists and professional relationship is challenged to incorporate elements historically neglected by the researchers. Thus, the exploitation of aggregators applications is carried out from the Actor-Network Theory (Callon, 1999; Law, 1991; Latour, 2012), a theoretical and methodological approach that advocates the general symmetry between human and non-human entities. The symmetry principle allows understanding the heterogeneous entities that act on the journalistic information on the apps. The study is developed based on 28 aggregators applications. The methodology is carried out in three successive steps described by the Actor-Network Theory: "outspread," "stabilization" and "composition". The first two meticulously describes the entities present in the object of study and identify trends that support the transformation of the notion of journalistic information aggregators on the applications from three vectors: the algorithms, the interface with social networks and curation. The third stage organizes the aggregators apps in a taxonomic framework constructed from four categories: API (Application Programming Interface), curation, aggregation system and personalization system. Keywords News Aggregation; Mobile Journalism; Journalistic Information; Actor-Network Theory. vii viii Índice INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................ 1 PARTE I ENQUADRAMENTO TEÓRICO .................................................................... 7 Capítulo 1 - Comunicação, tecnologia e dispositivos móveis ...................................... 9 Introdução................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Comunicação e tecnologia: a ubiquidade como ideologia ............................. 10 1.1.1 Ambientes midiáticos .................................................................... 11 1.1.2 A aceleração tecnológica ................................................................ 16 1.2 Jornalismo móvel: da prática à investigação acadêmica .............................. 23 1.2.1 O que é jornalismo móvel? .............................................................. 26 1.2.2 Como o jornalismo móvel se desenvolveu ao longo do tempo? ................... 27 1.2.3 Evidências da subárea acadêmica de jornalismo móvel ........................... 33 1.2.4 Organização do estudo do jornalismo móvel: objetos e métodos ................ 35 1.3 Os aplicativos no ecossistema móvel ...................................................... 37 1.3.1 Os elementos do ecossistema móvel .................................................. 39 1.3.2 Aplicativos móveis ........................................................................ 45 Capítulo 2 – Agregadores de notícia .................................................................. 53 Introdução.............................................................................................. 53 2.1 Agregadores de notícia: origens e tipologia .............................................. 53 2.1.1 Agregação automática ................................................................... 55 2.1.2 Agregação social .......................................................................... 56 2.1.3 Agregação profissional ................................................................... 57 2.1.4 Agregação mista .......................................................................... 58 2.2 Os dilemas sobre a agregação de notícias ................................................ 61 2.2.1 Consumo autorreflexivo ................................................................. 62 2.2.2 Questões legais ............................................................................ 63 2.2.3 Isomorfismo e degradação do conteúdo .............................................. 64 2.3 Apps: agregadores nos dispositivos móveis ............................................... 65 Capítulo 3 – Informação Jornalística ................................................................. 71 Introdução.............................................................................................
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