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Check List 10(5): 1061–1070, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution PECIES S OF A preliminary checklist of the cardinalfishes ISTS L (Actinopterygii:1 Gobiiformes:2 Apogonidae) of Singapore Heok Hee Ng * and Kelvin K. P. Lim 1 c/o Lee Kong Chian Natural [email protected] Museum, 6 Science Drive 2, #03­01, Singapore 117546. 2 Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, 6 Science Drive 2, #03­01, Singapore 117546. * Corresponding author. Email: Abstract: We record the presence of 35 cardinalfish species from the marine watersApogon of Singaporecrassiceps basedApogonichthyoides on a review timorensisof existing Jaydialiterature lineata andNectamia examination similis of museumSiphamia specimens. tubifer Another 13 species previously recorded as occurring in Singapore are considered doubtful records. Five of the 35 species reported here ( , , , , and ) are new records for Singapore, while another four species have not been encountered in more than a century. DOI: 10.15560/10.5.6643 Introduction specimens not readily identifiable as coming from The family Apogonidae (cardinalfishes) is a circum­ Singapore, and those based on specimens of unknown tropical group found primarily in marine environments. provenance are considered separately in Table 1. We also They are one of the largest groups of reef fishes in the did not use unpublished museum records for which the Indo­Pacific, with about two­thirds of the 270 or so species provenance of the specimens could not be identified (i.e. known in the family being found there. Cardinalfishes are the specimens could have been purchased from markets easily distinguished by their distinctly separate dorsal fins or ornamental fish exporters, but not necessarily caught, (with the first consisting of six to eight spines), two anal Resultsin Singapore). spines, relatively large eyes and mouth, and preopercle with a ridge preceding the margin. They are primarily nocturnal, and predominantly consist of micropredators We record 35 species of cardinalfishes from or piscivores. Singapore waters, with another 13 speciesApogon being Despite its ubiquity in Indo­Pacific waters, the crassicepsconsideredApogonichthyoides doubtfully occurring timorensis (Table 1). Jaydia Five lineataspecies cardinalfishes of Singapore have been poorly studied, Nectamiaare recorded similis from SingaporeSiphamia for tubiferthe first time: with the only comprehensive checklist being those of , , , Bleeker (1860b), who recorded 30 species, and Fowler , and . The degree of (1938), who recorded 32 species. The objective of this uncertainty surrounding the occurrence and identity of study is to reassess the status of Singapore’s cardinalfish some of the cardinalfish species treated here renders fauna with the view of producing an annotated checklist further survey and study of Singapore’s cardinalfish that incorporates recent changes to cardinalfish Annotatedfauna necessary. checklist of the cardinalfishes of Singapore Materialclassification. and Methods Apogon crassiceps The present checklist was compiled from the 1. Garman, 1903. examination of museum specimens (deposited in the Dusky Red Cardinalfish Zoological Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum Figure 1 of Biodiversity Research, National University of Material examined:Apogon crassicepsZRC 29504 (n=1); ZRC 40666(n=2); Singapore), correspondence with local divers, as well et al.as Pulau Hantu. specimen­based records in the literature. Nomenclature Remarks: was described as having and classifications of the fishes follow Mabuchi two scales between the lateral line and the first dorsal fin. (2014), with common names following those of Kuiter Our specimen exhbits one largeA. scale coccineus and one smaller scale and Kozawa (2001). All material examined in this study between theA. crassicepslateral line and first dorsal fin, a character is deposited in the Zoological Reference Collection, found in most members of the species complex Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Singapore (to which belongs; Greenfield and Schaefer, (ZRC). 2001; Greenfield and Randall, 2004). This species is known We consider records to be verifiable only if there from the eastern Andaman Sea to the Line and Tuamotu is physical evidence such as specimen(s), drawing(s) islands, and from Australia to Japan and the Ogasawara or photograph(s) to substantiate the presence of a Islands (Allen and Erdmann 2012), and represents a new cardinalfish speices in Singapore. Records based on record for Singapore. 1061 Ng and Lim | Cardinalfishes of Singapore Table 1. SCIENTIFICDubious NAME records of cardinalfishes from Singapore.COMMON NAME REMARKS Apogonichthyoides taeniatus (Cuvier, 1828) Two­belt Cardinalfish Known only from the Red SeaA. cantoris and western or A. timorensisIndian Ocean (Gon Jaydia poeciloptera and Randall 2003); record by Steindachner (1870) is likely misidentification of J.either lineata Jaydia novaeguineae (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1828) Pearly­finned Cardinalfish Not encountered in Singapore waters since Károli (1882); likely misidentification of J. lineata Ostorhinchus apogonides (Valenciennes, 1832) New Guinea Cardinalfish Not encountered in Singapore waters since Bleeker (1860b); likely misidentification of (see Gon 1996) Ostorhinchus aureus (Bleeker, 1856) Plain Cardinalfish Not encountered in Singapore waters since Károli (1882) (Lacepède, 1802) Ring­tail Cardinalfish Record based on photograph of specimen purportedly from Ostorhinchus chrysotaenia Singapore in Debelius (2001), who did not indicate Singapore as a locality from which photographs in the bookO. cavitensis were taken Ostorhinchus cyanosoma (Bleeker, 1851) High­fin Cardinalfish Record by Khoo and Tay (1990) not substantiated by photographs or specimens; likely misidentification of O. cavitensis Ostorhinchus hoevenii (Bleeker, 1853) Orange­lined Cardinalfish Record by Low and Chou (1994) not substantiated by photographs or specimens; likely misidentification of Ostorhinchus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1854) Flag­fin Cardinalfish Weber and de Beaufort’s (1929) record not based on material Ostorhinchus sealei (Valenciennes, 1832) Moluccan Cardinalfish Not encountered in Singapore waters since Bleeker (1860a) Ostorhinchus thermalis(Fowler, 1918) Cheek­bar Cardinalfish Record by Low and Chou (1992) not substantiated by photographs or specimens; Pristiapogon fraenatus Species recorded as Apogon melanorhynchos (Cuvier, 1829) Masked Cardinalfish Weber and de Beaufort’s (1929) recordA. melanorhynchos not based on material (Valenciennes, 1832) Tapered­line Cardinalfish Amia melanorhynchos by Bleeker (1858); none of extant Bleeker specimensP. fraenatus of agree with the illustration of in Bleeker (1875–76: Pl. 343, Fig. 1), which is that of (see Fraser & Lachner, Rhabdamia gracilis 1985); record considered dubious due to uncertainty in identity and lack of corroborating material (Bleeker, 1856) Slender Cardinalfish Not encountered in Singapore waters since Károli (1882) Apogonichthyoides melas 2. (Bleeker, 1848). BlackApogon Cardinalfish melas Figure 2 Amia melas —Bleeker 1860b: 48; Weber and de ApogonBeaufort niger 1929:non 3=09; Herre andet Myers al. 1937: 24. —Fowler 1938: 131. Figure 1. Apogon crassiceps ( Döderlein)—Ng 1994: 326. , ZRC 29504, 39.7 mm SL; Pulau Hantu. Material examined: ZRC 29503 (n=1); ZRC 40994 (n=2); Pulau Hantu. ZRC 35362 (n=1); ZRC 53656(n=1); Pulau Semakau. ZRC 38119 (n=1); Labrador Beach. ZRC 53645 (n=1); Marina Bay. ZRC 53648 (n=1); Seletar RiverApo­ gonichthyoidesmouth. ZRC 7660 (n=1); Punggol. et al. Remarks: The assignment of this species in follows that of Mabuchi (2014). Apogonichthyoides niger 3. Apogon niger (Döderlein in Steindachner & Döderlein, 1883). Black­finned Cardinalfish —Gon 2000: 3. Figure 2. Apogonichthyoides melas Material examined: None. Material from Singapore listed in Gon (2000). , ZRC 53645, 90.5 mm SL; Marina Bay. Apogonichthyoides timorensis Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui. 4. (Bleeker, 1854). TimorApogon Cardinalfish melas non et al. Figure 3 ( Bleeker)—Tan 2010: 139. Material examined: ZRC 53595 (n=1); ZRC 53596 as(n=1); A. melas Marina Bay. et al. A. timorensis Remarks: This speciesA. melas was previouslyvs. misidentified by Tan (2010), but can be distinguished from in lacking ( having) the Figure 3. Apogonichthyoides timorensis pale­edged black spot at the base of the second dorsal fin (Allen and Erdmann 2012). This is the first record of this , ZRC 53596, 92.8 mm SL; Marina species from Singapore. Bay. Photograph courtesy of Tan Heok Hui. 1062 Ng and Lim | Cardinalfishes of Singapore Archamia bleekeri 5. (Gunther, 1859). Bleeker’sApogon Cardinalfish macropterus non FigureApogon 4 lineolatus non ( Cuvier)—Bleeker 1860b: 31, 48. Archamia lineolata (non Cuvier)—Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 347. Archamia goni ( Cuvier)—Herre and Myers Archamia1937: 25;macroptera Fowler 1938:non 133. Figure 6. Cheilodipterus quinquilineatus Archamia bleekeri—Kuiter and Kozawa 2001: 104. ( Cuvier)—Chua 2002: 108. , ZRC 30661, 42.8 mm SL; Pulau Hantu. —Gon and Randall 2003: 19; Allen Cheilodipterus lineatus non and Erdmann 2012: 373. Material examined: ZRC 53655 (n=2); ZRC 53657 Apogon macrodon ( Forsskål)—Bleeke 1860b: (n=4); Marina East. ZRC 53589 (n=1); East Coast Park. Amia47. melanurus ZRC 46479 (n=4); Pulau Ubin: Tanjong Chek Jawa. ZRC Cheilodipterus lineatus—Weber and de Beaufort 1929: 363. 36679–36681 (n=3); ZRC 41760 (n=1); ZRC 46538 (n=1); Cheilodipterus macrodon—Fowler 1938: 130.
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    Singapore Land Reclamation Goal of Modelling Study

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