Biological Activities of Trifolium Pratense: a Review
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Cover Crops for Home Gardens West of the Cascades
Cover Crops for Home Gardens West of the Cascades WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION FACT SHEET • FS111E This fact sheet is one of a three-part series on cover crops for home gardeners. It focuses on choosing the best cover crops for gardens in Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascades. A companion fact sheet, Cover Crops for Home Gardens East of the Cascades, focuses on choosing the best cover crops for gardens in Washington and Oregon, east of the Cascades. The third fact sheet in this series, Methods for Successful Cover Crop Management in Your Home Garden, covers the management of garden cover crops, including planning, planting, managing nutrients, and terminating plants. What Is a Cover Crop? Table 1. Benefits of cover crops. • Replace soil organic matter Cover crops are plants grown to both cover and improve • Recycle nutrients the soil. They may be used as a living or dead mulch on the • Supply nitrogen (legumes only) soil surface, or they can be tilled into the soil as a “green manure.” Gardeners usually plant cover crops in the fall • Protect soil from rain and wind erosion for winter cover, but some gardeners also use cover crops • Reduce runoff and water erosion as part of a summer rotation. Cover crops can be any type • Reduce leaching of nutrients of plant but are generally grasses (including cereal grains), • Suppress weeds legumes, or grass/legume mixtures. Some non-legume • Break up compacted soil broadleaf plants can also be used. • Attract beneficial insects by providing pollen and nectar Why Grow a Cover Crop? • Reduce disease and nematodes Cover crops serve the gardener in many ways, typically by Cold-hardy cover crops protecting and improving the soil, suppressing weeds, and Gardeners usually plant these species in the fall as winter attracting beneficial insects (Table 1). -
Alfalfa and Cool-Season Clovers1 A
SS-AGR-173 Alfalfa and Cool-Season Clovers1 A. R. Blount and R. L. Stanley2 Cool-season legumes make the most of their growth in the observers and are environmentally acceptable as a source winter and spring when temperatures are too low for warm- of “natural,” slow-release nitrogen to reduce the potential of season forages to grow. Their growth is highly dependent nitrates in groundwater. on soil moisture, and therefore they can be grown in areas of the state where rainfall is sufficient to maintain good soil Alfalfa moisture—especially on soils with better-than-average soil Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is popularly known as “the moisture-holding capacity or where irrigation is available queen of forages” and is often the forage by which all and affordable. Use of adapted cool-season legumes in a other forages are judged. It is an erect, upright-growing livestock enterprise can reduce the need for stored feed perennial with many leafy stems arising from large crowns during the winter months when warm-season forages are at the soil surface. Alfalfa (Figure 1) has a long taproot, dormant. Cool-season legumes are high in quality and making it drought tolerant, and it may grow as tall as 24–36 result in improved animal performance, including growth, inches. Although called a warm-season legume by some milk production, conception rate, weaning weight, and (top growth is killed by a freeze), it has been placed with weaning percentages. Legumes have the ability to “fix” the cool-season legumes because in Florida it is planted nitrogen, and those adapted to Florida can add from 50 to at the same time as other cool-season legumes, and its 200 lb per acre of nitrogen for use by grasses growing in best production occurs during the spring. -
Small Broomrape Orobanche Minor
Small broomrape Other common names: none noted USDA symbol: ORMI Orobanche minor ODA rating: B Introduction: Small broomrape is one species in a large group of parasitic plants that attack a wide diversity of host species. Small broomrape is important because it attacks economically important legume crops. Broomrape seeds are like dust and easily contaminate seed lots that are shipped around the world. It is present in the Willamette Valley. Distribution: The first documented site in Oregon was in 1923 in Multnomah County. It can be found in several north Willamette Valley counties wherever clover seed crops are grown. Description: Annual; blooms within a week of plant emergence. Grows 6 to 12 inches tall. Like other parasitic plants, small broomrape lacks chlorophyll. The flower stalk is yellowish-brown, unbranched with a purplish tint. Leaves look like small triangular scales. Flowers pinkish, yellow or white in color and arranged in an elongated spike. Impacts: Upon germination, the first root attaches to and penetrates the root of the host plant, usually clover and other legumes, disrupting nutrients and water transport in the host root system. It has the ability to produce up to 500,000 seeds per plant that are dispersed by wind, tillage equipment, harvesters, commodity movement and animals. An uprooted flowering plant will continue to produce seed. Heavy infestations can cause severe crop damage that may result in nearly total crop failure. It is especially problematic in clover crops where the Orbanche seeds are hard to detect or remove during mechanical cleaning of harvested seed. Biological controls: None identified. Oregon Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Control Program Photos by Tom Forney, ODA 635 Capitol Street NE Salem, OR 97301 503-986-4621 www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/Weeds/Pages/Default.aspx Oct 2014 . -
State of New York City's Plants 2018
STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species. -
Species Lists
Appendix D: Species Lists Appendix D: Species Lists In this appendix: Great Lakes Fish Species Gravel Island NWR Gravel Island and Green Bay NWRs Harbor Island NWR Huron NWR Michigan Islands NWR (National Wildlife Refuge = NWR, Refuge) Great Lakes Fish Species Common Name Scientific Name Present/Absent Regional/State Status Lake Lake Huron Lake R3-Conservation Priority in Region 3 Michigan Superior E- Federal Endangered T-Federal Threatened SE-State Endangered ST-State Threatened SSC-State Special Concern Acipenseridae R3 (rare/declining, recreational/ Acipenser Lake sturgeon x x x economic value, tribal trust), SSC fulvescens (WI), ST (MI) Amiidae Bowfin Amia calva x x Catostomidae Catostomus White sucker x x x commersoni Catostomus Longnose sucker x x x catostomus Centrarchidae Ambloplites Rockbass x x x rupestris Micropterus Smallmouth bass x x x dolomieui Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus x x x Clupeidae Dorosoma Gizzard shad # x x x cepedianum Alosa Alewife # x x pseudoharengus Cyprinidae Carp # Cyprinus Carpio x x x Esocidae Northern pike Esox Lucieus x x x Muskellunge Esox masquinongy x x x Gadidae Burbot Lota lota x x x Gobiidae Neogobius Round goby # x x x R3 (nuisance) melanostomus Moronidae White bass Morone chrysops x x Osmeridae Rainbow smelt # Osmerus mordax x x x Percichthyidae White perch # Morone americana x x x Gravel Island, Green Bay, Harbor Island, Huron, and Michigan Islands NWRs/Comprehensive Conservation Plan 221 Appendix D: Species Lists Common Name Scientific Name Present/Absent Regional/State Status Percidae R3 (rare/declining, -
Illinois Exotic Species List
Exotic Species in Illinois Descriptions for these exotic species in Illinois will be added to the Web page as time allows for their development. A name followed by an asterisk (*) indicates that a description for that species can currently be found on the Web site. This list does not currently name all of the exotic species in the state, but it does show many of them. It will be updated regularly with additional information. Microbes viral hemorrhagic septicemia Novirhabdovirus sp. West Nile virus Flavivirus sp. Zika virus Flavivirus sp. Fungi oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma ulmi late blight Phytophthora infestans white-nose syndrome Pseudogymnoascus destructans butternut canker Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Plants okra Abelmoschus esculentus velvet-leaf Abutilon theophrastii Amur maple* Acer ginnala Norway maple Acer platanoides sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus common yarrow* Achillea millefolium Japanese chaff flower Achyranthes japonica Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens climbing fumitory Adlumia fungosa jointed goat grass Aegilops cylindrica goutweed Aegopodium podagraria horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium crested wheat grass Agropyron cristatum wheat grass Agropyron desertorum corn cockle Agrostemma githago Rhode Island bent grass Agrostis capillaris tree-of-heaven* Ailanthus altissima slender hairgrass Aira caryophyllaea Geneva bugleweed Ajuga genevensis carpet bugleweed* Ajuga reptans mimosa -
FORAGE LEGUMES Clovers, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Cicer Milkvetch, Crownvetch and Alfalfa
FORAGE LEGUMES Clovers, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Cicer Milkvetch, Crownvetch and Alfalfa Craig C. Sheaffer Nancy J. Ehlke Kenneth A. Albrecht Jacob M. Jungers Minnesota Agricultural Jared J. Goplen Experiment Station Station Bulletin 608-2018 Forage Legumes Clovers, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Cicer Milkvetch, Crownvetch and Alfalfa Craig C. Sheaffer Nancy J. Ehlke Kenneth A. Albrecht Jacob M. Jungers Jared J. Goplen Station Bulletin 608-2018 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station University of Minnesota Saint Paul, Minnesota The University of Minnesota shall provide equal access to and opportunity in its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, gender, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. Editors Craig Sheaffer, Nancy Ehlke, and Jacob Jungers are agronomists with the University of Minnesota Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics in the College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Jared Goplen is an Extension Educator in Crops for University of Minnesota Extension. Kenneth Albrecht is an agronomist with the University of Wisonsin’s Department of Agronomy. Acknowledgments This publication is a revision of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 597-1993, Forage Le- gumes, orginally issued in 1993 and then updated in 2003 and then again in 2018. The editors of this third edition gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the coauthors of the original publication: Harlan Ford, Neal Martin, Russell Mathison, David Rabas and Douglas Swanson. Publications editing, design and development for the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station is by Shelly Gustafson, experiment station communications specialist. Photos are by Dave Hansen or Don Breneman. -
Sweet Clover Poisoning
Beef Cattle Handbook BCH-3415 Product of Extension Beef Cattle Resource Committee Adapted from the Cattle Producer’s Library Sweet Clover Poisoning I. A. Schipper, Veterinarian, North Dakota State University Sweet clover poisoning is a problem of varying frequen- dicoumarin will interfere with the metabolism and syn- cy and intensity in livestock wherever sweet clover thesis of vitamin K. Vitamin K is essential to liver synthe- grows. The toxic compound produced in sweet clover sis of four components (prothrombin, and factors VII, IX, prevents normal blood clotting resulting in hemorrhages X) necessary to the prevention of seepage of blood from and associated symptoms. the circulatory system and to establish the clotting of The preliminary symptoms include stiffness, lame- blood expelled by injury or surgery. ness, dull attitude, and swellings beneath the skin Vitamin K1 is found in green plants such as alfalfa. (hematomas or blood clots) over all parts of the body, Vitamin K2 is formed by the microflora of the digestive but primarily at the hips, brisket, or neck. The mucous tract. These two sources are normally sufficient to pro- membranes may be pale—indicating that anemia exists. vide the requirements of cattle. Menadione (vitamin K3) Hemorrhage decreases the quantity of red blood cells is a synthetic compound that may be used as a feed available to transport oxygen to the body and carbon supplement or injectable product to counteract vitamin dioxide to the lungs. This results in varying degrees of K deficiency. respiratory stress, depending on the amount of red Not all moldy sweet clover is toxic, and the absence blood cell loss and physical exertion of the animal. -
The Biology of Trifolium Repens L. (White Clover)
The Biology of Trifolium repens L. (White Clover) Photo: Mary-Anne Lattimore, NSW Agriculture, Yanco Version 2: October 2008 This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the Australian environment. For information on the Australian Government Office of the Gene Technology Regulator visit <http://www.ogtr.gov.au> The Biology of Trifolium repens L. (white clover) Office of the Gene Technology Regulator TABLE OF CONTENTS PREAMBLE ...........................................................................................................................................1 SECTION 1 TAXONOMY .............................................................................................................1 SECTION 2 ORIGIN AND CULTIVATION ...............................................................................3 2.1 CENTRE OF DIVERSITY AND DOMESTICATION .................................................................................. 3 2.2 COMMERCIAL USES ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 CULTIVATION IN AUSTRALIA .......................................................................................................... 4 2.3.1 Commercial propagation ..................................................................................................5 2.3.2 Scale of cultivation ...........................................................................................................5 -
Trifolium Douglasii House Douglas' Clover Fabaceae - Pea Family Status: State Endangered, BLM Sensitive, USFS Sensitive Rank: G2 / S1
Trifolium douglasii House Douglas' clover Fabaceae - pea family status: State Endangered, BLM sensitive, USFS sensitive rank: G2 / S1 General Description: Nonrhizomatous (occasionally reported to be rhizomatous) perennial from a thick taproot, usually hairless; stems generally several, erect, simple or with a few branches, 4-8 dm tall. Leaves compound; leaflets 3, linear to oblong-elliptic, 4-10 cm long, the margins very finely serrated to spiny. Petioles usually shorter than the stipules. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm long, adnate to the petiole most of their length, the margins finely serrated. Floral Characteristics: Heads axillary as well as terminal and long-pedunculate, spherical to ovoid-cylindric, about 3 cm thick, as long to nearly twice as long, with 50-200 flowers, and not subtended by an involucre. Flowers erect, spreading, or the lowest reflexed, 14-20 mm long, reddish purple. Calyx 1/2 Illustration by Jeanne R. Janish, to 3/5 as long as the corolla, hairless, the tube with 17-25 ©1961 University of Washington nerves. Upper pair of calyx teeth broader than the lower 3 and Press usually conspicuously curved downward. Sinuses between the lateral teeth deeper than that between the upper pair. Blooms June to July. Fruits: Pods usually 1-seeded. Identification Tips: Distinguished from other species of Trifolium by its perennial habit, flowers lacking a true involucre, 3 leaflets, and hairless calyx tube generally with 20 prominent nerves. The plants are usually over 5 dm tall, and the flower heads are elongate, usually 3-5 cm long but not as thick. Range: Historically from Spokane Co., WA, to Baker Co., OR, east to adjacent ID. -
White Sweetclover Melilotus Albus Medik
MN NWAC Risk Common Name Latin Name (Full USDA Nomenclature) Assessment Worksheet (04-2017) White Sweetclover Melilotus albus Medik. (from itis.gov) (synonyms: Melilotus alba Medik.) USDA Plants considers Melilotus albus to be part of Melilotus officinalis) Original Reviewer: Laura Van Riper Affiliation/Organization: Minnesota Original Review: (07/25/2017) Department of Natural Resources Species Description: • Sweetclover is being evaluated due to its invasiveness in natural areas. • Sweetclover invades and degrades native grasslands by overtopping and shading native sun-loving plants thereby reducing diversity. It grows abundantly on disturbed lands, roadsides and abandoned fields. • Native to Europe it was brought to the U.S. in the late 1600s and still used today as a forage crop and soil enhancer predominantly in the Great Plains and Upper Midwest. It is also popular with bee keepers. • Biennial herbaceous plant. First year plants do not bloom. Second year plants grow 3 - 7' high and are bush-like with white flowers. • Similar in appearance to yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis). Yellow sweetclover has yellow flowers. • For more information see the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) sweetclover website or the Wisconsin DNR white sweetclover website. Photo: White sweetclover at Lac Qui Parle Wildlife Management Area, Minnesota in 2016 (photo by Fred Harris, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). 1 Photo: White sweetclover the second year after a prairie burn (photo by Joe Blastick, The Nature Conservancy). Current Regulation: White sweetclover is not currently regulated. NOTE: (Additional supporting information may be added to a box even when the decision tree process bypasses that question. Text used for the Answer box for this non-required text should be BOLD AND ITALIC. -
RED CLOVER This Plant May Become Weedy Or Invasive in Some Regions Or Habitats and May Displace Other Vegetation Trifolium Pratense L
Plant Guide Weediness RED CLOVER This plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and may displace other vegetation Trifolium pratense L. if not properly managed. Consult your local NRCS Plant Symbol = TRPR2 Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service Office, or state natural resource or agriculture department Contributed by: Idaho Plant Materials regarding its status and use. Weed information is also available from the PLANTS web site at plants.usda.gov Description Trifolium pratense L., red clover, is an introduced biennial or short-lived perennial that grows as one of two types: medium (double-cut) or mammoth (single- cut). Red clover initiates growth from the plant crown. Plants have hollow, hairy stems and branches. Stem lengths of medium and mammoth types average 18 inches and 24-30 inches, respectively. Medium types have about 4 branches per stem; mammoth types have 6 branches per stem. USDA NRCS PLANTS Each leaf consists of a slender stalk bearing 3 leaflets. The taproot of red clover normally disintegrates in the second year and plants that Uses survive have developed secondary, extensively Red clover is the most widely grown of all the true branched roots. Flowers are borne in compact clovers and is the most important legume hay crop in clusters at the tips of the branches and are usually the northeastern United States. Red clover is rose-pink in color. The flower shape is similar to pea primarily used for hay, pasture, silage, and soil flowers except is more elongated and much smaller. improvement. It is a quick growing crop, easily Flower heads usually consist of up to 125 flowers.