National Academy of Sciences Autumn Meeting

The National Academy of Sciences held its Autumn Meeting at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, on October 13-15, 1969. Three symposia and four sessions of contributed papers comprised the scientific sessions. Ab- stracts of contributed papers are printed in this issue. The following activities highlighted the program. Public Lecture- THE HONORABLE THOMAS J. \ICINTYRE, United States Senator: Power at the Pentagon and the Consent of the Governed: Congressional Control of Military Research and Development Award Presentation- The G. K. Warren Prize to BRIGADIER RALPH A. BAGNOLD (Ret.), F.R.S., "in recognition of his outstanding contributions to "

SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS Monday Afternoon: SYMPOSIUM ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE Chairman: M\IATTHEW S. MIESELSON Harvard University, Cambridge, M\Jassachusetts GEORGE BUNN, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (formerly General Counsel, U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency): International Legal History and Present Status HAN SWYTER, Arlington, Virginia (formerly U. S. Department of Defense): Political Considerations and Analysis of Military Requirements for Chemical and Biological Weapons IVAN L. BENNETT, JR., New York University MIedical Center, New York, New York (formerly Deputy Director, Office of Science and Technology): Significance of Chemical and Biological Warfare for the People

Tuesday Morning: SYMPOSIUM ON THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE- MANNED VS. UNMANNED Chairman: MIILLETT G. 1\IORGAN Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire FRANK H. BORMAN, Colonel, USAF, M\1anned Spacecraft Center, NASA, Hous- toil, Texas: Discussion Leader, Manned Exploration 1419 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1420 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 PROC. N. A. S.

HARRISON H. SCHMITT, Manned Spacecraft Center, NASA, Houston, Texas: Contributor, Manned Exploration WILLIAM G. SHEPHERD, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Contributor, Manned Exploration WILLIAM H. PICKERING, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: Discussion Leader, Unmanned Ex- ploration ANTHONY L. TURKEVICH, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois: Contributor, Unmanned Exploration JOHN W. FINDLAY, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia: Contributor, Unmanned Exploration Tuesday Afternoon: SYMPOSIUM ON THE FORMS OF WATER (First Session) Chairman: WALTER H. STOCKMAYER Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire BARCLAY KAMB, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: The Polymorphic Forms of Ice ANDREW AsSUR, U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labora- tory, Hanover, New Hampshire: Freezing of Sea Water: Some Implications BARCLAY KAMB, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: Glacier Ice LARS ONSAGER, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: Electrical Properties of Ice HANS GRETHLEIN, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire: Recovery of Water by Reverse Osmosis Wednesday Morning: SYMPOSIUM ON THE FORMS OF WATER (Conclusion) Chairman: WALTER KAUZMANN Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey FRANK H. STILLINGER, JR., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey: Structure in Liquid Water IRWIN D. KUNTZ, JR., Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey: The Interaction of Water with Proteins ELLIS R. LIPPINCOTT, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland: Polywater Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 64, 1969 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 1421

DUWAYNE M. ANDERSON, U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire: Remote Analysis of Planetary Water

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Monday Morning Sessions

Session Chairman: BRYCE CRAWFORD, JR. Polar Ice Core Studies: C. C. LANGWAY, JR. The Origin of Oceanic Ridges: EGON OROWAN Charged in Ice: K. ITAGAKI Microwave Dielectric Absorption of Surface Adsorbed Water: W. T. DOYLE and P. HOEKSTRA A Shear Limit to the Formation of Thrombi on Polyurethane Surfaces: A. KAN- TROWITZ, P. MADRAS, AND H. PETSCHEK On the Analysis and Synthesis of Abstract Systems: REESE T. PROSSER Hidden Momentum Consistency Condition for Amperian Current Sources of Magnetization: W. SHOCKLEY Exact Magnus Formula for Three Dimensional Vortices: ELISHA R. HUGGINS

Session Chairman: ROBERT A. ALBERTY On the Mechanism of Gel Permeation Chromatography: JULIAN F. JOHNSON and ROGER S. PORTER A Stochastic Model for Chain Molecule Dynamics: W. H. STOCKMAYER and W. GOBUSH Thermodynamics of Liquid Crystals: ROGER S. PORTER and JULIAN F. JOHNSON Homogeneous Nucleation of Polymer Colloids: R. MI. FITCH and C. H. TSAI Thermodynamic Parameters for Dissolved Gases: JOEL H. HILDEBRAND Preparation and Properties of a "Soluble" Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii: PERRY W. WILSON, R. J. FISHER, JOEL OPPENHEIM, and LEON MARCUS Measurements of A TP Levels of Intact Azotobacter vinelandii under Different Conditions: LUCILE SMITH and CHRISTOPHER J. KNOWLES Conformational Studies on the Threonine Sensitive Homoserine Dehydrogenase- Aspartokinase Complex of E. coli K12: EDWARD W. WESTHEAD and MARK TAKAHASHI An Unusual Low-Temperature Inactivation of Insect Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases: JOHN H. NORDIN and WILLIAM GELB Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1422 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 PPROC. NAN. A. S.

Tuesday Afternoon Session Session Chairman: D. STANLEY TARBELL Single Gene Mutations in Mammalian Somatic Cells: THEODORE T. PUCK, FA-TEN KAO, and LAWRENCE CHASIN Active and Inactive Ribosomes in Mouse Liver: 0. A. SCORNIK Effects of Reserpine on Brain Electrical Activity that Relate to Central Amine Mechanisms: R. H. RECH, J. H. PIRCH, and P. D. THUT The Transport of Oxypurines by Isolated Renal Tissue: W. 0. BERNDT The Photochemistry of Perfluorodiazines: D. 1\I. LEMAL, V. AUSTEL, and C. L. BRAUN Molecular Structure of Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane: ROBERT K. BOHN and YUAN-HENG TAI Slow Nitrogen Inversion in Bridged Heterocyclics: GORDON W. GRIBBLE Wednesday Morning Session Session Chairman: PAUL C. ZAMECNIK Isozyme-Patterns and Sexual Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune: JOHN R. RAPER and CHIU-SHENG WANG Determinations of Nitrogen Fixation Activity and Phosphorus Availability in Wisconsin Lakes Using the Acetylene Reduction Assay: R. H. BURRIS, W. D. P. STEWART, and G. P. FITZGERALD Skin Wettedness and the Maximum Evaporative Power of the Ambient Environment: A. PHARO GAGGE Electrical and Psychophysical Responses of the Human Visual System to Modu- lated Light: LORRIN A. RIGGS and SAMUEL SOKOL Offset Analysis Description of Racial Differences: W. SHOCKLEY Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Autumn Meeting, Hanover, New Hampshire, 13-15 October 1969 The Photochemistry of Perfluorodiazines preted to mean that xanthine and uric acid are transported by the renal organic acid The effects of ultraviolet radiation upon secretory mechanism. Hypoxanthine, on tetrafluoropyrazine and especially tetra- the other hand, is transported by the or- fluoropyridazine will be discussed in rela- ganic base secretory system to a slight tionship to the valence isomerization of extent, while the bulk of the activity resides other aromatics and to the cyclobutadiene in a specific purine transporting process. problem. This latter process may represent either a renal secretory mechanism, similar to the V. AUSTEL acid and base systems, or a device for C. L. BRAUN accumulating necessary intermediates for D. M. LEMAL normal renal metabolic processes. Dartmouth College W. 0. BERNDT The Transport of Oxypurines by Isolated Dartmouth Medical School Renal Tissue Molecular Structure of Bicyclo[2.1.0]- Most mammals maintain relatively low pentane plasma uric acid levels. Elevation of these levels can lead to precipitation of the uric The conformation of a 4-membered ring acid resulting in the clinical syndrome of can be puckered or planar. All structural gout. Since a major route of excretion of studies of 4-membered ring compounds uric acid is the kidney, considerable effort which do not contain cyclic or exocyclic has been expended in studying the renal double bonds report a puckered equili- elimination of this substance. For ex- brium configuration for the free molecule. ample, renal transport of uric acid under In the solid state, some of these molecules in vitro conditions has been well docu- have planar rings. However, it appears mented. Accumulation of this substance likely that the planar configurations in the by rabbit renal tissue appears to resemble solid phase are due to crystal packing forces that for other organic acidssuch as p-amino- which dominate the intramolecular forces hippurate. The recent availability of and cause a planar structure. On the clinically useful xanthine oxidase inhibitors other hand, compounds such as cyclo- has prompted other studies on the disposi- butane and cyclobutanone containing cyclic tion of the uric acid precursors, hypo- or exocyclic double bonds have planar xanthine and xanthine. The xanthine up- equilibrium configurations. take process is an energy-dependent one Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane has a cyclopro- with the following characteristics: a po- pane ring fused to a cyclobutane ring. tassium requirement, blockade by certain From electron diffraction studies of the organic acids, enhancement by acetate, vapor, we determined that the 4-membered and the quality of being uninfluenced by ring is planar. The remarkable carbon- certain purines. The hypoxanthine ac- carbon bond lengths in this molecule are cumulation process is also energy-depen- shown in the figure below with least-squares dent but has the following characteristics: standard deviations of the last significant no potassium requirement, no blockade by figure included in parentheses. The 1.602 certain organic acids, stimulation by ace- and 1.449 X bond lengths are much longer tate, and blockage by certain purines. and shorter, respectively, than carbon- This and other evidence has been inter- carbon distances observed in other uncon- 1423 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1424 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 PROC. N. A. S.

jugated molecules. Qualitative rational- materials and has no nitrogen-fixing ac- izations of these distances can be formu- tivity. Further centrifugation of the lated, but no existing theory can quantita- 180,180 fraction for ten hours spins down tively account for these results. the nitrogenase as a black pellet which, 1.545 (4) when suspended in buffer, has a spe- cific activity four times that of the 1602 (15) 1.4492i> 30,30 fraction. Alternatively, the 30*30 ROBERT K. BOHN fraction can be heated at 500C for ten YUAN-HENG TAI minutes and then centrifuged at 180,000 X g for three hours. The resulting 180,180 University of Connecticut fraction also has a fourfold increase in activity. With either method a specific Preparation and Properties of a activity of 40-45 nanomoles N2 reduced/ "Soluble" Nitrogenase from mg protein/min is obtained. Azotobacter vinelandii R. J. FISHER Electron-microscope studies of A. P. W. WILSON vinelandii OP when grown on N2 and on University of Wisconsin fixed nitrogen sources revealed an extensive JOEL OPPENHEIM internal membrane system formed only LEON MARCUS when N2 was the nitrogen source. It is Loyola University, Chicago proposed that the role of the membranes is to protect the anaerobic process of nitro- gen fixation from 02 inactivation. When Homogeneous Nucleation of N2-grown cells of A. vinelandii OP are dis- Polymer Colloids rupted by osmotic shock, an extract is obtained in which the nitrogenase is "sol- Polymer colloids of narrow particle size uble" in the operational sense of remaining distributions can be formed in both aqueous in the supernatant liquid when subjected to and organic media by the free radical poly- centrifugation procedures that pellet the merization of solutions of suitable organic enzyme complex from extracts prepared monomers. Stable sols are usually, but by other methods, e.g., by French pressure not necessarily, acquired by the addition of cell breakage. an amphipathic compound which is ad- Centrifugation of the crude extract sorbed at the newly forming interface. prepared by osmotic shock at 30,000 X g These sols may serve as models for other for 30 minutes results in a water-clear precipitating systems formed by homo- supernatant fluid (30.30) that is essentially geneous nucleation. free of the membrane fraction with its asso- A theory is proposed which predicts the ciated cytochromes and NADH oxidase rate at which particles will form, as well as activity and is oxygen-labile. This 30,30 the final number of particles per unit vol- fraction has similar specific requirements ume as a function of experimental param- for nitrogen fixation, as do extracts pre- eters. It does not rely on a knowledge of pared by the French pressure cell treat- the microscopic interfacial free energies of ment. The 30,30 fraction can be further embryonic clusters as required by the purified by centrifuging for three hours at classical theories. Three kinds of experi- 180,000 X g in 10 per cent glycerol which mental information are required: (1) the protects the nitrogenase system from in- distance that a primary growing oligomeric activation. A twofold increase in the chain radical in solution will diffuse before specific activity is achieved in the 180,180 precipitating out to form a particle, (2) the fraction. The pellet contains ribosomal over-all rate at which the reaction pro- Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 64, 1969 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 142.5

ceeds, and (3) the rate of generation of the served "pleasant" skin wettedness of 25 initiating free radicals. per cent or below or for an upper limit of Methods for obtaining these data are 100 per cent, allowable combinations of described. Experimental results are pre- activity, of clothing, of air temperature, and sented to support the prediction of the of humidity can be predicted for comfort or absolute' number of particles under a tolerance. By using skin wettedness as an variety of conditions over a range of two environmental parameter, a rational "effec- orders of magnitude. tive temperature" that is useful in a heat balance equation can be developed. R. M. FITCH C. H. TSAI A. PHARO GAGGE University of Connecticut Yale University

Skin Wettedness and the Maximum An Unusual Low-Temperature Evaporative Power of the Inactivation of Insect Glyceraldehyde-3- Ambient Environment Phosphate Dehydrogenases

Skin wettedness is a resultant of the In recent years it has been demonstrated secretion and production of sweat at the that glycerol accumulation can be in- skin surface and the evaporative power of duced by cold stressing certain insects the ambient environment. It also may be which are known hibernators. The car- defined as the fraction of the total skin sur- penter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) is face of the human body from which evap- one of a number of such organisms. In an oration of sweat contributes to the regula- effort to learn more about the biochemical tion of the body temperature. When sweat control mechanism of cold-induced glycerol production exceeds the maximum evapora- accumulation, and its possible relationship tion rate possible to the environment, regu- to hibernation, several glycolytic enzymes lation by sweating is impossible. The from carpenter ants and honeybees (Apis physiological significance of this concept, mellifera), both members of the order first proposed by us in 1937, has been ex- Hymenoptera, were studied. tended in later years by physiologists (Beld- Recent work has shown that at 00 ing and Hatch, 1955; Woodcock, 1956; adenine nucleotides cause inhibition and ac- Kerslake, 1958) and more recently by bio- companying dissociation of glyceraldehyde engineers (Ibamoto and Nishi, 1968; Rapp, phosphate dehydrogenases (GPDH) of 1968); all were interested in the dual rela- yeast and rabbit muscle. Such low-tem- tionship between mass transfer by evapora- perature characteristics of glycolytic en- tion and heat transfer by convection. The zymes would be important physiologically maximum heat loss, possible by evapora- in hibernating insects. We have studied tion from the skin surface, can be predicted the effects of nucleotide triphosphates on with reasonable accuracy from the humid- insect GPDH activity. Four-hour in- ity present and from the various factors cubations at 00, in the presence of 5 mM (i.e., skin and air temperature, clothing ATP, caused 80 per cent inhibition of the insulation, and air movement) that govern rabbit muscle enzyme but did not inactivate the convective heat loss. Wettedness is the enzyme from either ant or bee. No in- quantitatively the ratio of the observed hibition was observed when any other evaporative heat loss from the skin to this nucleotide triphosphate was substituted for maximum. Wettedness affects the judg- ATP. Both yeast and insect enzymes are ment of warm discomfort and sets the protected against ATP inhibition by 3 mM environmental limits for regulation of body NAD+. Specific activity of GPDH as a temperature by sweating. For an ob- function of ATP concentration determined Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1426 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 PROC. N. A. S.

after four hours of incubation at 00 in- published figures for these parameters are dicates that while the rabbit muscle so scattered for the same gas as to make it enzyme shows a typical inhibition curve, difficult to select "best" values; in 1967, the insect enzymes display a cooperative therefore, I substituted for these indirectly type of curve with a Hill slope of 3.8. determined molecular parameters the These studies suggest that the insect directly and accurately known molal energy enzyme has evolved a low-temperature of vaporization, AEbV, and the molal capability which enables it to retain func- volume, vb, of the liquified gas, both at its tional catalytic power under conditions boiling point. A plot of values of AE2V which inactivate the enzymes from muscle against the most trustworthy values of E/k and yeast. reveals direct proportionality. The same is true for vblI/ vs. a. WILLIAM GELB Recent examples will be shown of ex- JOHN H. NORDIN cellent linear correlations of thermody- University of Massachusetts namic properties of different gases in the same solvent with these parameters. It is no less "scientific" and far more Slow Nitrogen Inversion in practical to regard molecules of a solute as Bridged Heterocyclics immersed in the potential energy field of its solvent than it is to split this field into A new example of slow nitrogen inversion imperfectly known pair potentials of ques- has been uncovered in the 7-azabicyclo tionable additivity and to try to integrate (2.2.1 ]heptane system. Variable-tempera- them over an undetermined distribution ture NMR studies reveal that the barrier to function inversion (AFt) is approximately 14 kcal/ mnole in the 7-aza-tetrahalobenzonorbor- JOEL H. HILDEBRAND adiene system (halo = chlorine, fluorine). University of California, Berkeley It is also observed that one conformation (invertomer) is favored over the other. It is believed that the predominant conforma- Microwave Dielectric Absorption of tion is the one with the lone pair on the Surface-Adsorbed Water same side as the electron-deficient benzene ring, because of a favorable charge-transfer interaction. Reasons for the observed The notion that surface-adsorbed water slow nitrogen inversion will be discussed has a higher degree of intermolecular hydro- and other systems will be presented. gen bonding has been suggested from sev- eral experimental observations. Since the GORDON W. GRIBBLE frequency of maximum dielectric absorp- Dartmouth College tion is very sensitive to intermolecular bonds, dielectric spectroscopy would appear to be a useful tool in elucidating the disposi- Thermodynamic Parameters for tion of adsorbed water. Dissolved Gases On the absorbants Na-montmorillonite and y-alumina-oxide, the dielectric proper- In 1958 and subsequently, we correlated ties at radio- and microwave frequencies properties of solutions of gases in liquids by were measured over the temperature range using the "force constants," e/k, and colli- from -150'C to +300C. These data sion diameters, a, which serve as parameters show the existence of a dispersion at radio in equations for molecular pair potential frequencies and one centered about 109 Hz. energy such as that of Lennard-Jones and The dispersion at 109 Hz indicates a high its variants. Unfortunately, however, the mobility in at least some of the adsorbed Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 64, 1969 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 1427

water down to temperatures as low as and the segment bows out when an AC field -500C. moves the charged segment against the line tension between pinning points on the P. HOESKTRA . The terms for the dielectric U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and constant and the dielectric loss in this Engineering Laboratory, Hanover model are dependent on the segment length W. T. DOYLE of the dislocation line, 1, and dislocation College density, p. Because 1 and p change with Dartmouth mechanical deformation and annealing of the sample, the observed dielectric behavior of mechanically strained ice as well as the Exact Magnus Formula for high dielectric permittivity can be reason- Three-Dimensional Vortices ably explained by using this model. An estimate of the charge concentration We derive an exact Magnus formula for was made by measuring the amplitude of three-dimensional fluid core vortices and vibrating charged dislocations under a apply both the technique of the derivation known electric field with direct observation and the results to (1) the study of vortex via Lang X-ray topography. The estimate creation and destruction in superfluid using this method gave a charge per unit helium, (2) the study of the effect of length of the order of 10-12 Coulomb/meter viscosity on the structure of a vortex core, with positive sign on the dislocation lines (3) the derivation of a theorem relating en- observed. This value is in good agreement ergy dissipation and vortex motion, and (4) with the assumed value used to calculate the derivation of an exact, non-time aver- the dielectric response and of the same age, Josephson equation relating chemical magnitude as that obtained by other re- potential and vortex motion. searchers working on alkali-halide crystals. ELISHA R. HUGGINS K. ITAGARI Dartmouth College U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover

Charged Dislocations in Ice On the Mechanism of Gel Permeation The high dielectric permittivity of ice has Chromatography been attributed to Bjerrum-type defects. However, the dielectric behavior of strained The use of gel permeation chromatog- ice indicates a strong effect due to deforma- raphy for characterization of polymer tion. Dielectric measurements were made molecular-weight distributions is a well- on ice single crystals at - 10'C, deformed recognized, widely used technique. After in shear and compression. Appreciable a brief review of the formal definitions, the change was observed during high loading, various attempts to relate elution volume and the change remained when the load to molecular dimensions will be discussed. was removed, indicating that the differences The two principal approaches to under- observed resulted from the deformation in- standing the separation mechanism-steric duced by creep. A model was postulated, exclusion and restricted diffusion-will be assuming that the motion of charged dis- treated in detail with particular emphasis locations is the major mechanism for the on the areas where various theories and dielectric properties in the audio-frequency experiments are in conflict. The applica- range. This model assumes a charge per tion of the theory of zone broadening and unit length on the dislocation line segment, its predictions as to optimum operational Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1428 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969PPROC. N. A. S.

variables, including again various contra- Single Gene Mutations in Mammalian dictory studies, will be reviewed. Somatic Cells JULIAN F. JOHNSON Isolation of single gene mutations in University of Connecticut mammalian somatic cells in vitro has re- ROGER S. PORTER sulted from introduction of the following University of Massachusetts techniques: development of a minimal, defined medium producing single cell growth into colonies; use of partially mono- A Shear Limit to the Formation of somic cells with regions of hemizygous Thrombi on Polyurethane Surfaces genes; and development of a method for isolating auxotrophs by use of Bromdeoxy- It is well known that the formation of uridine and "near-visible" light, by which thrombi is dependent upon blood-flow con- the wild-type prototrophs are selectively ditions as well as the surface and blood killed. The mutants obtained exhibit chemistry. In order to emphasize flow growth requirements for specific amino devised an in effects, we have experiment acids, sugars, purines, or pyrimidines; which a stagnation point flow is formed over a polyurethane surface. Blood flows have low spontaneous reversion frequen- directly from the carotid artery of a dog so cies in the neighborhood of 10-8; are that its first contact with a foreign surface chromosomally identical to the wild can be observed microscopically. The type; and exhibit all-or-none growth de- observed sequence of events indicates a sur- pending on the presence or absence of their face conditioning time of about one half to specific nutrilite requirements. Thus, they one minute, after which platelets deposit constitute excellent material for genetic- on the surface in minutes in a uniform biochemical analysis. They permit mea- monolayer. At high flow rates on clean surement of both forward and reverse muta- surfaces, this monolayer has been observed genesis which occurs spontaneously or to remain unaltered as determined by which is produced by the action of physical optical microscopy for periods up to three hours. At lower flow rates, platelet ag- and chemical agents. By means of cell- gregation and the attachment of white cells fusion experiments, complementation anal- occur within a circle surrounding the stag- ysis with these markers can be performed nation point. The variation of the radius rapidly and conveniently. Such experi- of this circle with flow rates corresponds to ments have demonstrated that five differ- a condition of constant shear rate. Thus, ent genes can mutate to produce a growth platelet aggregates and white cell attach- requirement for glycine. Quantitative ment occur at shear rates less than about comparison has been carried out on the 0.6 sec-1 in the stagnation flow configura- action of X-irradiation, ultraviolet light, tion. At very low flow rates, both platelet ethyl methane sulfonate, N-methyl N'- aggregation and white cell density increase nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine, caffeine, hydroxy- with increasing radius or shear, becoming most pronounced near the limiting radius. lamine, and ICR-191, a frame-shift muta- gen, for their ability to produce cell killing, A. KANTROWITZ chromosomal aberrations, and single gene Avco Research Laboratory mutagenesis in mammalian cells in vitro. P. MADRAS FA-TEN KAO Boston City Hospital THEODORE T. PUCK H. PETSCHEK LAWRENCE CHASIN Avco Research Laboratory University ofColorado Medical Center Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL.VN.64, 1969 A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 1429

Polar Ice Core Studies walls is unstable and has never been ob- served (Benard's "convection cells," on Nearly 80 per cent of the fresh water on which the hypothesis was based, were the earth's surface is contained as a solid in caused by capillarity, not convection). glaciers. A deep ice core-drilling program The staggering of the ridge segments by initiated by this laboratory has provided long faults which show no trace of upwelling continuous cores from the surface com- is incompatible with convective origin. pletely through vertical profiles of both the The centering of the Atlantic ridge dis- Greenland ice sheet at Camp Century agrees with the gross asymmetry of the (1375 m) and the Antarctic ice sheet at assumed sites of descent east and west Byrd Station (2164 m). A comprehensive (Indonesia and Andes); the symmetry of and detailed core study program is being magnetic anomaly strips is equally un- conducted at CRREL and in cooperation intelligible for the same reason. with researchers from U.S. and foreign Since opposite ridge flanks show no universities and institutes. Methods have shear displacements, the normals of the been established for estimating past annual ridge segments are principal strain axes; and average snow accumulation cycles pre- but the ridge faults, usually normal to the served in the cores. The techniques in- segments, are wrench faults which cannot clude measurements of the variations in the be parallel to principal axes. physical; megascopic, and chemical proper- The difficulties are avoided if the ridges ties as well as the variations in stable iso- develop from tensile , as in the Red topic and natural and artificial radioactive Sea. Rheospheric (asthenospheric) mate- isotopic concentrations. The resultant rial intrudes into these, segregating during data provide important geochemical in- rise into a light fraction (basalt, etc.) and a formation as a function of time (depth) and heavy fraction which sinks down. Re- allow climatological inferences to be made peated fractures lead to the accumulation of on a global basis. a ridge; the gravitational spreading force Recent oxygen isotope ratio measure- of the Atlantic Ridge can account ments (018/016) made on the Greenland ice quantitatively for the assumed velocity core show that long-term isotope variations of the westdrift of South America and in the ice reflect climatic changes. A tem- also for continuing and intru- perature chronology has been developed for sion at the crest. The initiating cause the past 100,000 years. New radio- of the fracture may be either "transvec- carbon dating techniques are being per- tion" (rigid-body displacement of the fected in Antarctica to age-date polar ice inner mantle with compensating counter- in situ by using the boreholes made during flow of rheosphere and lithosphere), ini- the core-drilling operation. An inter- tiated by local heating, or an asteroidal national ice core-drilling program is pres- impact which might have introduced the ently being developed for East Antarctica. Cambrian and ultimately resulted in the paleozoic acceleration of continental drift. C. C. LANGWAY, JR. EGON OROWAN U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Laboratory, Hanover Thermodynamics of Liquid Crystals The Origin of Oceanic Ridges In contrast to normal melting, com- pounds which form liquid crystals do not The hypothesis that oceanic ridges are melt directly from a crystalline solid to an products of upwelling of mantle convection isotropic liquid. Instead, these com- is untenable for a number of reasons. An pounds pass through an intermediate upwelling in the form of thin, very long, low phase, a mesophase or liquid crystal. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1430 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 PROC. N. A. S.

Compounds which exhibit one or more From these data, quantitative estimates phases, therefore, exhibit two or more tran- are then obtained for the dimension and sitions. The lowest transition tempera- degree of the best possible simplicial and ture is from the crystalline solid to a meso- polynomial approximations. These esti- phase and the highest temperature transi- mates provide a measure of the complexity tion is from a mesophase to an isotropic of the analysis and synthesis procedures for liquid. The same compound can exhibit all such systems. more than one mesophase or liquid crystal form. The three basic mesophase types, REESE T. PROSSER defined by structure, are called the nematic, Dartmouth College the smectic, and the cholesteric. Until recent years the number of thermody- namic values available for the specific heats Effects of Reserpine on Brain Electrical and heats of transition for these materials Activity Relating to Central have been rare. Sufficient information is Amine Mechanisms now available, however, to make a correla- tion and an empirical classification of liquid Previous work indicated that reserpine crystal types through calorimetric measure- synchronized the normally alert electro- ments. This presentation will cover exist- corticogram (ECoG) of unrestrained rats. ing data and provide a thermodynamic The time-course for this effect was shorter evaluation of the transitions for the three than that for depression of various types of basic mesophase types. A conclusion of behavior. Further investigation showed this work is that liquid crystals exhibit that this synchronization was antagonized the smallest set of first-order transitions by d-amphetamine, was enhanced by a- yet to be demonstrated for pure com- methyltyrosine or p-chlorophenylalanine, pounds. and was reversed to a desynchronization by ROGER S. PORTER dihydroxyphenylalanine (combined with University of Massachusetts isocarboxazid) but not by dihydroxy- phenylserine. Reserpine itself in larger or JULIAN F. JOHNSON chronic dosage induced a secondary de- University of Connecticut synchrony. a-Methyltyrosine or p-chloro- phenylalanine alone caused synchronization of the ECoG, while dihydroxyphenylalanine On the Analysis and Synthesis of but not dihydroxyphenylserine had a desyn- Abstract Systems chronizing influence. During longer re- cording sessions, when ECoG sleep patterns For many purposes a system can be use- were prominent, p-chlorophenylalanine or fully described as a function of prescribed reserpine (as a secondary effect) caused a continuity from one compact metric space decrease in voltage content of the nor- to another. An analysis of such a system mally synchronized patterns. The de- is then an effective description of the be- crease induced by reserpine could then be havior of this function within the class of antagonized by additional treatment with all such functions, while a synthesis of such a-methyltyrosine. These data may repre- a system is an effective approximation of sent functional corollaries of the recent this function by prescribed elementary demonstration that reserpine treatment in- functions. In this paper, quantitative duces increased tyrosine hydroxylase ac- estimates are obtained for the dimension, tivity in the brain. This evidence sup- entropy, and capacity of the class of all ports the view that brain 5-hydroxy- such functions in terms of the correspond- tryptamine mechanisms are involved in ing data for the input and output spaces. ECoG synchronization, while dopaminergic Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 64, 1969 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 1431

pathways exert an opposing influence for at rates up to about 18 flashes per second cortical desynchrony. with all three indicators. R. H. Systematic differences in shape are RECH found among the modulation transfer func- Dartmouth Medical School tions obtained with the three experimental J. H. PIRCH procedures, especially in the low-frequency University of Galveston portions of the curves. P. D. THUT LORRIN A. RIGGS SAMUEL SOKOL Dartmouth Medical School Brown University

Electrical and Psychophysical Responses Active and Inactive Ribosomes of the Human Visual System to in Mouse Liver Modulated Light Thirty-six hours after the surgical re- Flicker is perceived as a result of inter- moval of two thirds of the mouse liver, the mittent stimulation of the eye by light. rate of protein synthesis in the remaining In the present experiments the stimulus is tissue almost doubles, but the concentra- modulated, i.e., intermittent flashes of light tion of ribosomes remains the same. A are superimpt used upon a steady back- tracer amount of HI leucine was injected ground. The depth of modulation is de- in the tail vein of mice, and at different fined as the percentage of stimulating light times thereafter the following parameters that is intermittent; 100 per cent modula- were measured: (1) the specific radio- tion accordingly indicates that no steady activity of leucine in the plasma and (2) in background is present. Modulation depth the aminoacid pool of the liver, (3) the is reduced by decreasing the amount of radioactivity of nascent chains being intermittent light and increasing the back- synthesized on the ribosomes, and (4) the ground light proportionately in order to radioactivity of proteins already finished keep the mean level of illumination constant and released. From the rate at which at all times. Modulation transfer func- nascent chains attain uniform labeling and tions are obtained such that the limits of the lag between the labeling of nascent the flicker domain are specified in terms of chains and the labeling of released proteins, modulation depth and rate of inter- it is calculated that one average chain is mittence. Three response indicators are synthesized in one minute in both the nor- employed: (1) the subjective perception of mal and the regenerating liver. It is also flicker, (2) the amplitude of response calculated that in vivo only 1/3 to 1/2 of the within the eye as evidenced by the electro- ribosomes are actively synthesizing pro- retinogram, and (3) the amplitude of the teins in the normal liver, while most of them response at the occipital level as shown by become active during regeneration. The visually evoked cortical potentials. inactive ribosomes are in polyribosome At high light levels, the psychophysical structures. and cortical indicators show that the hu- The rate of synthesis per active ribosome, man visual system is capable of responding ca. seven amino acids per second, is closely at rates above 50 flashes per second when similar to the value measured in other maximum depths of modulation are em- animal cells, but it is at least three times ployed. Responses to considerably higher slower than the rate at which bacterial rates of stimulation are found in the elec- ribosomes function at a comparable tem- troretinogram. perature. In contrast to bacteria, liver At low light levels, responses are obtained cells do not change the concentration of Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 14.32 N. A. S. A UTUMN MEETING 196RN)PROC. N. A. S.

ribosomes as a response to growth demands Oriental and Jewish Americans give about but are able to increase the proportion of + 1.0 for science. (See W. Shockley's ribosomes engaged in the process. report, in Thirty-Third Educational Con- ference, Educational Records Bureau, 1968, 0. A. SCORNIK pp. 67-99, references.) Dartmouth Medical School W. SHOCKLEY Stanford University Offset Analysis Description of Racial Differences Hidden Momentum Consistency Condition for Amperian Current Sources Two populations having similar and of Magnetization approximately normal distributions of an The accepted model of magnetized matter attribute can differ by having the average involves electronic current densities Je esu/ of one superior or inferior to the other by a cm2/sec constituting amperian current positive or negative offset of a certain loops. In the presence of electric fields Eo number of standard deviations. For produced by o for other sources than Je and family income, the negative Negro offset Pe, a "hidden" momentum energy flow relative to white has remained nearly con- must be carried by Je under steady-state stant in the range - 0.80 i 0.15 standard to account for the diver- from conditions deviations for all incomes $3,000 to gence V Sp = - JJe Eo of that part of $15,000 from 1947 to 1966. Thus, al- Poynting's vector involving cross terms in though incomes nearly doubled and the the o and e fields. This energy flow has a percentage of Negroes below the poverty linear "hidden momentum Gh dependent level significantly dropped, the relation- solely upon its source-sink distribution: ship between Negro and white populations Gh = - f(0oJe/c2) dV. Under adiabati- remained substantially constant and was cally changing conditions, conservation of describable by two normal distributions. total momentum requires that the rate of differences in Evidence that such patterns change inGh mustexactly compensate - Feo, may have hereditary racial origins is the rate of change of Poynting's vector furnished by the variation of Negro offset momentum caused by interaction of Eo and from superior to inferior compared to white Ho with Pe and Je, where, by Maxwell's as seen in a sequence of attributes including equations, Feo = f [PeEo + (Je X Ho/c) ]dV. upward offsets for primarily physical to Therefore, under adiabatic conditions in downward for high levels of social com- which negligible bodily transport occurs, a plexity: +0.35 passing draft board physi- hidden momentum consistency condition cal tests, +0.2 Olympic medals, -0.33 un- requires Je and Pe to so respond to Eo and employment, -0.52 finishing high school, Ho that Gh = Feo, a condition that is a -0.80 family income, -0.87 children liv- theorem for the Pe and Je probability densi- ing with both parents, -1.0 below poverty ties of Dirac's equation but does not hold and IQ performance and Coleman report for quantum equations. A -1.2 of nonrelativistic achievement tests, incidence re- consequence of the hidden momentum tarded (below 75 IQ) children, -1.5 to -3 consistency condition is that ponderomo- intellectual eminence (especially science), tive forces that produce bodily acceleration all values being about ±0.15. Thus, in- on magnetized matter obey the same laws tellectual achievements are significantly as if a dual of the Lorentz force acted upon depressed, compared to economic status in fictitious in elec- keeping with Jensen's level I associative magnetic charges moving and level II conceptual learning offsets tric fields. (Harvard Educational Review, Reprint W. SHOCKLEY Series 2) of 0 and -1. Similar studies for Bell Telephone Laboratories Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 64, ],969 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 1433

Measurements of ATP levels of Intact (0.2 atm) is added to the sample container. Azotobacter vinelandii under In this way the natural gas phase surround- Different Conditions ing the test sample is only moderately dis- turbed. Nitrogenase activity will be com- The ATP level of intact cells of Azoto- pared in four Wisconsin lakes which show bacter vinelandii was measured by using the different degrees of eutrophication. In luciferin-luciferase method. The ATP general, the more eutrophied the water, the level in the presence of oxygen was always greater the abundance of nitrogen-fixing high and about the same with either en- microorganisms. Activity is largely light- dogenous substrate or in the presence of dependent, shows marked daily variation added substrates giving a tenfold variation in lateral and vertical distribution, but is of respiratory rates. On anaerobiosis the always greatest in surface or near-surface ATP level fell to about 1/4 Of the aerobic waters. level. Under anaerobic conditions the rate A technique has been devised to detect of utilization of ATP was 0.4-0.6 and 1.6- the levels of readily available phosphorus 2.3 mu-moles per minute per milligram dry in aquatic ecosystems. The assay de- weight at 120 with endogenous substrate pends on the rates at which laboratory- and with added fl-hydroxybutyrate or lac- grown phosphorus-deficient Anabaena cul- tate, respectively. Theinitialrateof forma- tures respond in their capacity to reduce tion of ATP on addition of oxygen to ana- acetylene when placed in different waters. erobic cells in the presence of j3-hydroxy- Because the technique assays for available butyrate at 120 was 12 mpmoles per minute phosphorusratherthan fortotal phosphorus, per milligram dry weight. These values it is especially useful in eutrophication give ATP:O ratios of 2 for this substrate. studies. It also compares favorably with On addition of oxygen, maximal ATP levels the orthophosphate method currently were attained in about 30 seconds at 120, recommended in Standard Methods for the but 02 uptake continued at the same linear Examination of Water and Waste Water rate for several minutes, until exhaustion (12th edition), both in sensitivity and in of the 02 in the suspending medium. Oxi- time required. dative phosphorylation in intact cells of W. D. P. STEWART A. vinelandii can be an efficient process, but G. P. FITZGERALD phosphorylation does not apear to be R. H. BURRIS tightly coupled to respiration. University of Wisconsin LUcILE SMITH CHRISTOPHER J. KNOWLES Dartmouth Medical School A Stochastic Model for Chain Molecule Dynamics Determinations of Nitrogen Fixation A local-jump stochastic model used by Activity and Phosphorus Availability in Verdier and others for Monte Carlo simula- Wisconsin Lakes Utilizing Acetylene tion of the conformational diffusion of Reduction Assay chain molecules can be generalized and treated analytically. Correlation between The reduction of acetylene to ethylene is neighboring chain links is included, though now routinely used as an index of nitro- only weakly in more than one dimen- genase activity in aquatic and terrestrial sion. Two or more different simul- ecosystems. Refinements in the method taneous elementary processes, including will be discussed, including our finding that rotational diffusion of the whole molecule, in most cases it is unnecessary to flush N2 are easily admitted. The results reduce from the gas phase, if sufficient acetylene under suitable limiting conditions to those Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 1434 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 PROC. N. A. S.

of the familiar bead-and-spring model appropriate buffers at pH 7.8 containing (Rouse, Bueche, Zimm, and others) but NADPH (lacking threonine) produced an offer the possibility of a more comprehen- enzyme species with both HSDH and sive and self-consistent treatment of ASp-K activity. The HSDH activity viscoelastic, dielectric, and NMR relaxa- is totally insensitive to threonine, while the tion phenomena in polymer systems. ASp-K activity shows partial desensitiza- tion. Desensitization produces a protein W. H. STOCKMAYER species of lower molecular weight (sedimen- W. GOBUSH tation coefficient of 7 instead of 11) which Dartmouth College has desensitized HSDH activity. MARK TAKAHASHI Conformational Studies on the EDWARD W. WESTHEAD Threonine-Sensitive Homoserine University of Massachusetts Dehydrogenase-Aspartokinase Complex of E. coli K12 Isozyme-Patterns and Sexual The homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH)- Morphogenesis in aspartokinase (ASp-K) complex of E. coli Schizophyilum Commune K12 exhibits cooperative binding of the inhibitor threonine. Janin et al. (European Isozymes of several different classes of J. Biochem., 8, 128 (1969)) have demon- enzymes in partially purified protein ex- strated that changes in ultraviolet differ- tracts of five strains of Schizophyllum ence spectra parallel threonine binding commune, isogenic except for genes con- determined by direct binding studies. We trolling sexual morphogenesis, were sep- have studied the effects of threonine bind- arated on polyacrylamide gel by disc ing upon enzyme conformation by using electrophoresis. After staining, isozyme- ultraviolet difference spectra, sulfhydryl patterns were compared on the bases of the group reactivity, enzyme inhibition, and presence or absence, electrophoretic mo- hydrogen exchange. Changes in these bility (Rf values), and relative intensities difference spectra were found to super- of specific isozymes. Differences in impose upon changes in enzyme conforma- isozyme-patterns in all but one of the en- tion determined by the latter techniques. zymes examined, i.e., NADH-dehydro- Thus, changes in threonine saturation co- genase, NADPH-dehydrogenase, a num- incide with changes in enzyme conforma- ber of NAD- and NADP-dependent de- tion. The hydrogen exchange studies pro- hydrogenases, acid phosphotases, leucine vide a technique for studying conforma- aminopeptidase, and esterases, were cor- tional changes which does not perturb related with the operation or inactivity of enzyme structure, gives an idea of the size the A- and B-sequences of sexual morpho- of the perturbation caused by ligand bind- genesis. In a single instance, i.e., pheno- ing, and additionally provides a measure of lases, no marked differences could be cor- the "tautness" or "looseness" of the related with sexual morphogenesis. enzyme. Upon threonine binding, ap- proximately 38 per cent additional hydro- CHIU-SHENG WANG gens are added to the slowly exchanging JOHN R. RAPER core. Desensitization via dilution into Harvard University Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 64, 1969 N. A. S. AUTUMN MEETING 1969 1435

Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Autumn Meeting, Hanover, New Hampshire, 13-15 October 1969

Austel, V., C. L. Braun, and D. M. Lemal ...... 1423 Berndt, W. 0 ...... 1423

Bohn, Robert K., and Yuan-Heng Tai ...... 1423 Fisher, R. J., P. W. Wilson, Joel Oppenheim, and Leon Marcus ...... 1424 Fitch, R. M., and C. H. Tsai ...... 1424

Gagge, A. Pharo ...... 1425 Gelb, William, and John H. Nordin...... 1425 Gribble, Gordon W...... 1426 Hildebrand, Joel H...... 1426 Hoekstra, P., and W. T. Doyle ...... 1426 Huggins, Elisha R...... 1427 Itagaki, K ...... 1427 Johnson, Julian F., and Roger S. Porter ...... 1427 Kantrowitz, A., P. Madras, and H. Petschek ...... 1428 Kao, Fa-Ten, Theodore T. Puck, and Lawrence Chasin ...... 1428 Langway, C. C., Jr...... 1429 Orowan, Egon...... 1429 Porter, Roger S., and Julian F. Johnson ...... 1429 Prosser, Reese T...... 1430 Rech, R. H., J. H. Pirch, and P. D. Thut ...... 1430 Riggs, Lorrin A., and Samuel Sokol ...... 1431 Scornik, 0. A...... 1431 Shockley, W ...... 1432 Shockley, W ...... 1432 Smith, Lucile, and Christopher J. Knowles ...... 1433 Stewart, W. D. P., G. P. Fitzgerald, and R. H. Burris ...... 1433 Stockmayer, W. H., and W. Gobush ...... 1433 Takahashi, Mark, and Edward W. Westhead ...... 1434 Wang, Chiu-Sheng, and John R. Raper ...... 1434 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021