Obituary South African Journal of Science 103, March/April 2007 99

search Group (AORG), an amazing gathering of talented individuals who Frank Nabarro: A journey through included Maurice Wilkes, Patrick Black- ett, Andrew Huxley and Nevill Mott. The head of AORG was Brigadier Basil science and society Schonland, who was later to become the first president of the South African Coun- A.G. Every* cil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and to play an important role in the recruitment of Nabarro to the Univer- N A CAREER SPANNING ALMOST SEVENTY YEARS, FRANK NABARRO ACHIEVED WORLD RENOWN sity of the Witwatersrand (Wits). Nabarro for his pioneering contributions to the theory of crystal lattice dislocations and their role in reminisces how in AORG he ‘helped Mott Ithe plastic deformation of solids. He wielded enormous influence on materials science on problems of diffraction affecting the through his acclaimed monograph, Theory of Crystal Dislocations, the encyclopaedic series of accuracy of anti-aircraft radar, studied the books, Dislocations in Solids, which he edited, and innumerable personal ties. In the various effectiveness of anti-aircraft shells and offices he held at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, and through his worked out the consequences of Solly membership of numerous scientific societies and committees, he played an important role in the development of science in South Africa and the transformation of our society. Nabarro Zuckerman’s experiments on the pene- possessed to a remarkable degree the ability to bridge cultures, whether scientific, political or tration of shell fragments into telephone social, and was sought out by many for his knowledge and wise counsel. He questioned precon- directories and legs of beef.’ For his ceived notions and prevailing wisdom, and, through his personal attributes and extraordinary services, Nabarro was awarded the MBE* achievements, acquired legendary status in his lifetime. in 1946. With the cessation of hostilities in 1945, Nabarro was awarded a Royal Society Warren Research Fellowship and re- sumed his academic career in Mott’s group at Bristol University. This was a particularly exciting time at Bristol, that saw a large influx of talented young people from the liberated territories and elsewhere. This included two South Afri- cans, Jan van der Merwe, who wrote the seminal papers on the role of misfit dislo- cations in epitaxy, and somewhat later, Alan Stroh, who died tragically at a young age, but not before making revolutionary contributions to the mathematical theory of anisotropic elasticity. There was a second legendary group at Bristol at the time, that of Cecil Powell, who was to win the Nobel prize for fundamental discov- Frank Reginald Nunes Nabarro was born of the flexibility and the tension of dislo- eries in cosmic ray physics. Nabarro on 7 March 1916 in London, England. He cations in determining the flow stress. writes of this period: ‘The problems that received his schooling in Nottingham This was a field in its infancy, since it was Mott’s group was tackling were less fun- and, in 1934, went up to New College, only in 1934 that the essential role of dislo- damental than those posed by cosmic Oxford, to read physics. Once there, as he cations in plasticity had been recognized rays, but we felt that we were doing just as put it, ‘T.C. Keeley, who was in charge of by G.I. Taylor, E. Orowan and M. Polanyi. good physics. We were breaking new the practical classes, soon realized that my In their 1936 book, Theory and Properties of ground, and the fact that our work might strength lay on the theoretical side’, and Metals and Alloys, Mott and Jones state, be of value to industry gave it weight in he proceeded to take first class honours in ‘We make no mention of the strength of another dimension which could compen- mathematics and physics. alloys, which is of the greatest technical sate for its lack of ‘fundamentality’.’ The There was a setback in his first venture importance, because it has not yet proved progress of physics takes strange turns, into research, when after several months possible to apply the methods of atomic and it may be, as suggested by Frank of work on the theory of magnetic coer- physics to the problem.’ Nabarro’s attrac- Wilcek, that topological ideas used in de- civity, he discovered that the problem had tion to quantum mechanics at that time scribing dislocations and other defects in already been solved by Becker in (what bright young theoretical physicist solids will be needed for the understand- Germany, but he was undeterred. Guided is unmoved by its siren call?) found ex- ing of the cosmic medium.’ by the future Nobel laureate Nevill Mott, pression in a paper with Herbert Fröhlich During his Bristol period, Nabarro was in 1940 he published the first quantitative on the orientation of nuclear spins in responsible for advances in the theory of estimate of the flow stress of a crystal metals. Two of his four early papers were metal plasticity and work hardening, hardened by a solid solution or coherent communicated to the Royal Society, an describing the atomic structure of crystal precipitate, pointing out the importance exceptional achievement for someone of dislocations, studying the interaction his age. between sound waves and dislocations *School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, and inventing the concept of diffusional Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa. During the war years, Nabarro worked E-mail: [email protected] for the British Army Operational Re- *For Member of the Order of the British Empire. 100 South African Journal of Science 103, March/April 2007 Obituary

Nabarro with Solly Zuckerman visiting Wits in 1975. Vice-chancellor Guido Bozzoli on right.

in too much of a hurry to go through a studentship and earn his doctorate the normal way. The seminal papers he wrote in these early years are among his most highly cited, but his research output continued almost unabated throughout his life as he rose to a position of almost unrivalled The Bristol Physics Department after the war.Nevill Mott and Cecil Powell to right of centre front.Nabarro at back on right, Jan van der Merwe second row, second from left. leadership in his field. creep. He enjoyed relating how, in treat- ostracized Germany, and was received The move to South Africa ing the phenomenon of dislocation pile with great deference.’ Doris acted as his In 1953, despite the gathering political up, he was confronted by a particularly interpreter during this visit, and this was storm clouds, Nabarro moved to South difficult mathematical problem. He took it the beginning of a sequence of events that Africa to take up the position of head of to H.H. Heilbronn, who solved it in short saw her joining Mott’s group and sharing the Department of Physics at Wits. He order, but refused to have his name at- an apartment with the Nabarros, after- had an offer also from Simon Fraser tached to the resulting paper [Eshelby wards taking up a position in the Wits University in Canada, but opted instead J.D., Frank F.C. and Nabarro F.R.N. Physics Department while her husband, for Wits, attracted by the climate (the (1951). The equilibrium of linear arrays of Heinz, became the first electron microsco- Nabarros’ eldest son was asthmatic and dislocations. Phil. Mag. 42, 351–364], ’for pist at the CSIR, and eventually ending they did not think going to damp Vancou- fear of having his reputation as a pure up at the University of Virginia (UVA). As ver would be good for him) and by the mathematician tarnished.’ Frank and Doris ascended the firmament presence of Schonland in the area. There Virtually any physicist who has done a of science, they maintained a warm, if were dire warnings from some of his course in solid-state theory will have tempestuous, friendship. Over the years, colleagues in the U.K., but these were countered by encouragement from Alan heard of the Peierls–Nabarro force, which the UVA group has had strong links with Cottrell, who was visiting South Africa at is the force needed to move a dislocation Nabarro, van der Merwe and others in the time and wrote that Wits operated no through a crystal lattice. The idea first ap- South Africa, with Bill Jesser in particular academic colour bar and was essentially peared in a paper by Peierls, which con- making frequent visits to this country. But liberal in outlook. Nabarro’s intention tained a mistake that Nabarro corrected; this is getting ahead of the story. was to stay for five to ten years, but that he then developed the idea much further In 1949, Nabarro joined Birmingham was not to be. in a succession of papers over the years. In University to take up a lectureship in Within a few years of his arrival, his inimitable style, however, Nabarro the Metallurgy Department, which D. Nabarro had built up the Physics Depart- writes that the concept had very little to Hanson had built up to great strength. ment to considerable strength. Interest- do with Nabarro, or even Peierls, but was Here there was the strong intellectual ingly, although he established a group invented by Orowan. On the other hand, stimulus of luminaries such as Alan working with him on the mechanical Peierls, in a letter to Nabarro dated 7 Cottrell, Bruce Bilby, Jock Eshelby and properties of solids, he did not seek to August 1989, writes: ‘…you not only got Robert Cahn. During this period Nabarro turn the department into an empire the answer right, but generalized it.’ Else- put much effort into calculating the inter- focused entirely on his area of expertise. where he opines that, ‘It would be better if action of lattice vibrations and conduc- On the contrary, through successful the force was called the Orowan–Nabarro tion electrons with dislocations, gave a hiring, he encouraged the diversification Force’. formal theoretical proof of the Schmid of the department into magnetic reso- In 1948, Frank Nabarro married Marga- Law of resolved shear stress in crystal nance spectroscopy (spearheaded by ret Dalziel, who had been Schonland’s plasticity, and published a long review Jan Loubser and later Mike Hoch), low- personal assistant. In the same year his paper on the mathematical theory of temperature physics (led by David gift as a bridge builder came to the fore. stationary dislocations, which later McLachlan), optical spectroscopy (started As Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, who was formed the foundation for his book. His by Piet Wedepohl and expanded by a newly minted Ph.D. in Stuttgart at considerable achievements by the end of Darrell Comins) and theoretical physics the time, explains: ‘In September 1948 this period were recognized with the (the first chair was held by Christian Nabarro became one of the very first conferring of an honorary D.Sc. on him by Toepffer, and Richard Lemmer was world-class scientists to visit war devas- Birmingham University in 1953. After the appointed to a personal chair in mathe- tated and at the time internationally years he had lost in the war, Nabarro was matical physics). In time there was expan- Obituary South African Journal of Science 103, March/April 2007 101

sion into related fields such as Mössbauer tance, remains contentious, and it is still Tony Ball, but Nabarro was in close touch spectroscopy and high-pressure physics, not possible to calculate accurately the with their work, and involved in the and condensed matter theory. Nabarro contribution of dislocations to the electri- supervision of the research students oversaw the creation of the Electron cal resistivity of metals. The difficulty Ludwig Schöning and Haydée le Roux. Microscope Unit, which John Mathews stems from the complexity of disloca- The second, the strength of hard metal ran and in the process established his tion networks and their interactions. In alloys, Nabarro was always closely associ- reputation in epitaxy. With the appoint- the absence of definitive answers from ated with, through a life-long collabora- ment of Friedel Sellschop as director of fundamental microscopic models, engi- tion with Luyckx on WC-Co. The third, the Nuclear Physics Research Unit neers have devised a multitude of para- on diamond physics, was driven mainly (NPRU) in 1956 (later renamed the meterized empirical models that serve the by others, although there were joint Schonland Centre), one saw a major day-to-day needs of the metals process- papers by Urlau, Logie and Vermeulen thrust of the department into nuclear ing industry. Nevertheless, the search for with Nabarro. The SSPRU evolved over physics open up. This was a time when a more fundamental understanding of the years into what is now called the nuclear physics was widely considered the problems in this field remains very Materials Physics Research Institute, the panacea to all problems. much alive. In later years, Nabarro turned and has left its genetic imprint on the The transformation of what had previ- his attention to quasi-crystals, dislocation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong ously been essentially a service depart- patterning, and creep resistant materials Materials. ment into a major research department and rafting in superalloys, which with Nabarro’s involvement in dislocation ruffled more than a few feathers, both in H.L. de Villiers he surveyed in the mono- physics led to two other fields of interest. the department and the university ad- graph, The Physics of Creep. The first, started out with Jackson, was in ministration, and in one heated moment Much of Nabarro’s early work at Wits crystal whiskers, thin metal filaments Nabarro threatened to resign, but wiser was done with students and young asso- which are free of dislocations and able to counsel prevailed. Over the years, the de- ciates, including Edward Silk, Paul Jack- withstand large elastic strains. The study partment has flourished, and still has con- son, John Mathews, Silvana Luyckx, of the superconducting properties of siderable strength in the research areas Charlie Levitt, Lionel Levinson, Duncan strained tin whiskers led to a long and opened up in those early years. Nabarro, Mitchell, Leon Vermeulen and Ewald rewarding collaboration with McLachlan with his puckish humour, is recorded as Wessels, many of whom achieved consid- and Barbara Rothberg Bibby. At the same once saying: ‘The only thing that upsets erable success in their careers. In spite of time, Alex Quintanilha was working on me is that the department has been doing being a theoretician, most of the students the theory of the interaction of crystal better since I retired.’ he supervised were experimentalists. dislocations with lines of magnetic flux in The responsibilities of running a de- Jackson recalls that ‘although Nabarro a superconductor, while McLachlan and partment, and being out of the scientific could not offer much guidance on the Terry Doyle were studying the same topic mainstream (in the days before e-mail technical aspects of their work, he always experimentally. This interest in supercon- and downloads!) did take their toll on had a good intuitive grasp of the results ductivity led Nabarro and Quintanilha Nabarro. Through prodigious effort he coming out. If an elaborate calculation to spend a few months at Orsay with kept on the cutting edge of his field by had been performed, he was quickly able de Gennes and Friedel, whose interests, returning to the writing of his mono- to recognize anything that was false.’ For by the time they arrived, had moved to graph, Theory of Crystal Dislocations, sure, Nabarro had an instinct for selecting liquid crystals. Undeterred, Nabarro which he had started on in the U.K., and it students who were able and self-reliant. turned his knowledge of dislocations and appeared in print in 1967. In a letter to Nabarro must be one of the greatest disclinations to this new topic, suggesting Nabarro dated 8 March 1968, Egon champions of experimental physics we the use of the Euler–Poincaré characteris- Orowan writes: ‘The book is splendid, have had. When he was negotiating to tic to classify defects in nematic liquid overwhelming. I admire your omni- come to Wits, his primary concern was crystals. On his return to Wits, he encour- science of the subject and judgment, what experimental facilities there were, aged a succession of medical students to which puts your book on a level different and what funding there would be from carry out simple but elegant experiments from all others I know.’ This was at the government and industrial sources for on disclinations in nematic liquid crystals. height of the Cold War, and Vladimir experimental research. Despite assur- A further interest, stimulated by Bill Alshits recalls how delighted they were to ances he was given, support was slow in Harris and Sheila Saffer, was the applica- receive a copy of the book in his institute materializing, and in 1957 he tendered his tion of the ideas of dislocations and in Moscow at a time when there was a resignation in frustration. Fortunately, he disclinations to biological materials. This dearth of Western scientific literature. was persuaded to stay, and the situation led to an analysis of the structure of an As the demands of his new position did in time improve. The Solid State Phys- insect muscle, which appears to have eased, Nabarro was able to devote a larger ics Research Unit (SSPRU) was estab- anticipated the ideas of some biologists portion of his time to research, and over lished in 1961 with Nabarro as director. Its and, during a sabbatical in Berkeley in the years contributed key ideas to many purpose was to coordinate research activ- 1977, to a successful mechanistic descrip- areas of dislocation physics. The period of ities sponsored by the university, the tion of the crenation of red blood cells by novelty and discovery in the 1940s and CSIR, Hard Metals Ltd, De Beers DRL and drugs. 50s had by then passed, and the study of Iscor. From the outset, the unit’s activities Nabarro would often give Mott’s advice dislocations had fallen into the hands of were divided between basic physics and to young researchers: ‘Try to get a mental metallurgists and materials scientists, but projects having a direct bearing on the picture of what is going on, then find the there were, and still are, major problems South African economy. There were origi- simplest theory that contains the essential that need to be satisfactorily resolved. For nally three main fields of research. The facts. When things become complicated, example, the problem of work hardening, first of these, the fracture of quartzite, was leave the details to someone else.’ He which is of immense practical impor- largely carried out by H. Schlössin and disparaged Baroque Science, a term 102 South African Journal of Science 103, March/April 2007 Obituary

coined by Alvin Weinberg that refers to argued that while universities should a farewell tribute to Nabarro, declared: the pursuit of a topic to the point where it direct their resources towards the study ‘He was an inspiration to generations of becomes preoccupied with tidying up of matters of social relevance, they should scientists and he had a significant influ- endless minor details. Luyckx points out maintain their intellectual independence, ence on the thought and direction of this that, despite his encyclopaedic knowl- and guard against becoming a propa- university. He was renowned for his bril- edge of his field, he knew the limits to his ganda organ for any particular political liant mind, sharp intellect, meticulous- abilities, and was open to the contribution movement or party. ness and his unique sense of humour.’ from other people whose skills comple- In his 1988 address, he relates two inci- Nabarro was appointed a CSIR fellow in mented his own. This is exemplified by dents in his life. One was when Hitler’s July 1994, and served up to March 2005. his collaboration with Umesh Waghmare forces were about to invade Great Britain, He was only the third such appointee to of the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Ad- and his fate as a young Jew looked bleak. this prestigious position, which requires vanced Scientific Research in Bangalore, The other was when the South African from the incumbent services such as India, whom he visited in May 2006, in the government attacked the liberal universi- enhancing the image of the CSIR, net- last months of his life. The topic of their ties. Again he decided not to run away but working, technology foresight and research, modelling the slip system in WC to stay and fight, in this case in the mentoring. Bob Scholes, another fellow, and the influence of electric fields on defence of academic freedom. In this dark has written: ‘Frank was convinced that stacking faults, was an area Nabarro had hour he foresaw the politics of destructive the application of systematic and scien- not ventured into before. Tiju Thomas, confrontation being replaced by the tific study to the problems of delivery of Waghmare’s student charged with doing politics of negotiation. He was not afraid services in a democratic South Africa the computer simulations, recounts the to disagree openly with radical elements would greatly increase their efficiency. following: ‘It’s an indelible impression who wanted the university, in a blaze of He cared deeply about this country, its Nabarro left on me. My perspective of glorious defiance, to be closed down by people and their future. For all his appar- science widened after meeting him. He the police, or to take issue with the ent otherworldliness, some of the best was not just an outstanding researcher, National Union of South African Students lessons I learned from Frank related to the but also an excellent student, asking perti- (NUSAS), when it promoted the utopian processes and politics of large organiza- nent questions which gave me a better vision that the university ‘should not be tions. He had an instinctive feeling, no view and understanding of the problem.’ concerning itself with redundant mea- doubt honed over half a century of ser- Nabarro served Wits University in vari- sures of achievement and status such as vice in many roles and committees at the ous capacities, including a term as deputy degrees and diplomas, but be responsible university, for the nuances of bureau- vice-chancellor. During his tenure in that for the continuing education and training cratic communication and the subtle position, in 1981 he drew up the Aca- of all members of society irrespective of manoeuverings that go on in between the demic Plan, the first for any South African age.’ various interests in any organization. university, which anticipated a large Nabarro was an inspiring teacher and Although frequently critical of the CSIR influx of black students. With the aid of mentor. A generation of physics gradu- as it struggled during the 1990s to rede- outside sponsors, he helped coordinate ates from Wits remembers with fondness fine its mandate and remain viable and academic support activities in mathemat- the evening sessions at his home, where relevant in the New South Africa, he ics, science and English. His address to the the human side to physics was revealed. remained loyal to its vision: to bring December 1980 Wits graduation cere- His lectures were challenging, and forced science and technology to the service of mony (University of the Witwatersrand one to think. Through them one saw the country and its people.’ Gazette, December 1980, pp. 5–8) is one of physics not as cut and dried, but as an He was elected to the Royal Society of the most forceful and cogent statements open-ended, evolving subject. London in 1971, and rendered many ser- one can read from that period, of the vices. He and John Nye wrote the Royal urgent need to improve the education of Retirement and new opportunities Society Biographical Memoir on Charles black children, particularly in the subject Nabarro retired in 1984, but remained Frank and he and Ali Argon were respon- areas of mathematics and science. an active member of the Wits community, sible for the Memoir on Egon Orowan. Nabarro never wavered in his support always generous with his time and wise Under the auspices of the Royal Society, for opening the doors of academe in counsel. He devoted considerable effort he was one of the first Western scientists South Africa to all who could benefit from to trying to persuade the university to to visit China after the Great Leap For- higher education. In his graduation establish a Chair of Materials Science and ward. He was concerned that he and address to the University of Natal on 28 to seeking an endowment for this from a Phillip Tobias were the only FRSs in South April 1988, he did not hide his contempt potential donor. Sadly, this did not come Africa, and went to considerable efforts to of the Separate Universities Act, saying: to fruition in his lifetime. In the last try to get others elected. He was elected ‘The biggest blow that the government months of his life, he motivated for the an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of struck at the liberal universities of South support of biomaterials research, and South Africa in 1973 and served as presi- Africa in 1959 was to deprive us of our chaired a meeting, called by Belinda dent from 1988 to 1991. right to be … a place where men and Bozzoli, the deputy vice-chancellor for Nabarro played a prominent role in the women without regard to race and colour research, that brought together interested establishment of the Academy of Science are welcome to join in the acquisition and parties in Gauteng to discuss the desir- of South Africa. In a letter to him dated 26 advancement of knowledge’. He often ability of establishing a centre of excel- July 1994, Frederick Seitz states: ‘I wish voiced his belief that a university was a lence in biomaterials. The outcome was you very good luck in building up the community of scholars, and should be extremely positive, and led to a national Academy. It could play an enormously governed in a collegiate way, a view conference on biomaterials in September important role in the evolution of both somewhat discordant with today’s ethos 2006, and other activities are planned. basic and applied science in South Africa.’ of quality control audits and the like. He Loyiso Nongxa, vice-chancellor of Wits, in He was a council member of the South Obituary South African Journal of Science 103, March/April 2007 103

African Institute of Physics for a number health problems and hobbling around of years, and a vice-president from 1988 to painfully on a broken foot, he visited 1991. He had a reputation in those organi- India and China. Notes on a lecture he zations for livening up meetings with his gave, titled ‘Some work on dislocations thought-provoking views. He was a which has interested me’, cover the pe- member of the Science and Engineering riod 1905–2006 and refer to work by Da- Academy of South Africa (SEASA), almost vid Weitz on colloidal crystals, which he from its inception, lending his support to could have heard of only a few days be- its objective to motivate underprivileged fore his departure. This attests to how up communities in the country in the acqui- to date he kept. He returned from China sition of professional skills in science and Nabarro receiving the Order of Mapungubwe from exhausted, but expressed the greatest de- engineering. President Thabo Mbeki. light that he had made it to Xian and seen He held visiting positions at several assertion vehemently. But where there the terracotta statues. He was editing vol- universities in the U.S., Canada, the U.K., were rifts in society that he could influ- umes 13 and 14 of Dislocations in Solids Germany, France, Israel and Switzerland. ence, he strove to bridge them, and when he passed away on 20 July 2006. His He was the recipient of numerous avoided confrontation. He had an mind remained razor sharp to the end. awards, including the De Beers Gold uncanny ability to get on with people Nabarro made a fateful decision in 1953 Medal of the South African Institute of from all parts of the political spectrum in to come to South Africa, fully aware of the Physics, the Institute of Materials Plati- South Africa. He could visit Baruch political tensions that were building up. num Medal, the Institute of Metals R.F. Hirson in prison, and in the next moment His expressed intention was to stay five to Mehl Award, and several honorary doc- conduct a discourse with the Afrikaner ten years, but he remained for the rest of torates. A festschrift in his honour was Nationalists directing science affairs. He his life. Was this a decision he ever regret- published by the Royal Society of South strove all his life to bring theorists and ted? Would his career have been even Africa in 2003, and a special edition of the experimentalists together. Already in more glorious had he remained in the Philosophical Magazine was dedicated to 1987 he had approached Gordon Sibiya, U.K. or gone to Canada? Certainly living him in 2006. He was a Foreign Associate of the president of SEASA, with the sugges- in South Africa restricted his scope for the US Academy of Engineering, the only tion that the Royal Society of South Africa, research, and this by his own admission one on the African continent. His local the Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, probably explains why he never drifted stature was recognized recently with the and the Academy cooperate to form some too far from the field of dislocations. award of the Presidential Decoration, the sort of national coordinating committee. On the other hand, he never expressed Order of Mapungubwe, in silver. There More recently, he spoke in favour of regrets for the direction his life had taken, have been, or will be, symposia in his hon- merging the Royal Society of South Africa and always projected enthusiasm and joy our, including one in Greece in April 2007 with the Academy of Science of South in everything he did. He loved company and another planned by the international Africa. and had a wide circle of friends both in Materials Research Society for late 2007 or What many people admired most about South Africa and abroad, whom he saw early 2008 in San Francisco. Nabarro was his sheer lust for life. His frequently. It must have given him such a Nabarro was not only an outstanding energy and resilience were phenomenal, sense of fulfilment to know how greatly scientist, but also a well-informed and his intellectual vitality extraordinary. He he was admired in the physics commu- cultured man. He shared a love of classi- travelled extensively, attending confer- nity and in academe here. cal music with his wife Margaret, who ences and giving lectures wherever he Further reading was a notable musicologist. He was went. He never stopped being active Nabarro F.R.N. (1980). Recollections of the early days honorary president of the Johannesburg in research, and in the last year of his of dislocation physics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 371, 131–135. Musical Society,and in memory of Marga- life brought out two papers, one with From locations to dislocations: Frank Nabarro turns ret he established the Margaret Dalziel Shrivastava and Luyckx on ‘The size obstructions into opportunities. An interview con- Nabarro Chamber Concert Fund. effect in micro-indentation’, and the ducted by B. Fleischer for Profiles & Perspectives, He relished doing intellectual battle, other a thoughtful essay on ‘Creep in MRS Bulletin, November 2004, 875–879. Nabarro F.R.N. (June 1982). The Physics Department and not infrequently played devil’s advo- commercially pure metals’. Only months at Wits. Meson (newspaper of the SA Institute of Phys- cate, although he would dispute that before his passing, in spite of serious ics), pp. 6–7.