DONAX EXPLOITATION ON THE PACIFIC COAST: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL LIMITS

Don Laylander Caltrans District 11 P.O. Box 85406 San Diego, CA 92186-5406

and Dan Saunders Brian F. Mooney Associates 9903 Businesspark Drive, Suite B San Diego, CA 92131

ABSTRACT

The marine mollusk genus Donax spp. is widely distributed and was exploited prehistorically in several regions of the world. On the west coast of North America, the focused exploitation of Donax gouldii seems to have been largely limited, in space, to the San Luis Rey River - Buena Vista Creek area of northern San Diego County and, in time, to the Late Prehistoric period. Possible explanations for these limits are discussed.

DISCUSSION northern Florida (Larson 1980:71; Miller 1980). The marine mollusk genus Donax spp. is represented in the intertidal zone of open, Two species of Donax are present along sandy beaches along the tropical and temp­ the southern California coastline: D. goul­ erate margins of the continents washed by dii, which ranges south from Santa Cruz or the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. San Luis Obispo, and D. californicus, which ranges south from Santa Barbara (McLean Most species ofDonax consist ofrather 1978; Morris 1966; Rehder 1981). Five other small individuals, and their size would seem Donax species are found in the Gulf of Cali­ likely to have limited the appeal ofthese fornia. Aboriginal Donax exploitation in the clams as efficient food packages for littoral region seems to have focused primarily or collecting peoples. Despite this drawback, exclusively on D. gouldii. Donax is known archaeologically to have been exploited prehistorically in several re­ Donax gouldii lives in the intertidal zone gions. D. trunculus and D. cornea were ofsandy beaches, generally in the upper 4 found in Franchthi Cave in southern Greece em of the deposit. The size of individuals (Shackleton 1988:18-20; Shackleton and van ranges from under one-half inch (1.25 cm) to Andel 1986). D. serra was found in archaeo­ just over 1 inch (2.5 em). Populations ofthe logical contexts in the Western Cape area of animals have been estimated to reach as South Mrica. D. deltoides was apparently high as 20,000 individuals per m2 in a band used very extensively in eastern Australia ofLa Jolla beach 2 to 5 m in width and more (Godfrey 1988). D. variabilis, which occurs than 8 km in length (Garrison 1968). Sum­ along the coastline of the southeastern mer gathering of Donax may have been in­ United States from Texas to Virginia, is hibited by the potentially toxic algal blooms found in prehistoric middens as far north as known as "red tide" which affect some open

Proceedi:ng& ofilie SoDonacidae (Mee­ represent about 30 million kcal of energy han 1982). Tapes sp. were individually and 5 million g of protein, which would cor­ placed in clean sand with the hinges up, and respond to about 11,000 person-days worth grass and brush were burned over them to of calories and 95,000 person-days worth of open and to cook them.. This method ofpro­ protein (Table 2). It seems fair to conclude cessing may have been possible for Donax as that Donax was a more-than-negligible food well, although its efficiency seems question­ resource and that its harvesting was a sub­ able. stantial activity at this location prehistori­ cally. Numerous shell middens along the southern California coast have been investi­ However, an examination of the archaeo­ gated archaeologically. Detailed reports of logical record suggests that the focused ex­ these investigations sometimes mention ploitation ofDonax on the Pacific Coast of Donax among the shellfish genera which are North America was distinctly limited, both represented in the middens. However, Do­ in space and in time. Spatially, the occur­ nax is rarely more than a very minor consti­ rence ofDonax as one ofthe major shellfish tuent. genera within substantial middens seems to be largely limited to northern San Diego One Donax-rich midden which has been County, and more specifically to sites within studied in some detail is site SDI-5445. Lo­ or near the San Luis Rey River and Buena cated on the San Luis Rey River in Ocean­ Vista Creek drainages. Chronologically, Do­ side, about 3 km from the coast, the site now nax middens seem to be restricted to the lies under paved surfaces and in agricultural Late Prehistoric period. fields. The archaeological remains are pri­ marily marine shell, with some ceramics but In a summary ofshellfish remains recov­ almost no lithic artifacts. Donax gouldii ac­ ered from 42 sites in 6 Southern California counts for over 75% ofthe recovered shell counties, Wlodarski (1985) reported no evi­ and for an even higher proportion of the dence for a focus on Donax exploitation out­

314 Table 1

Marine Shell Radiocarbon Dates for Site SDI-5445

C-14 C-4 Cali- One-Sigma Reservoir- Lab. Shell- Age Adjustd brated1 Date Effeet2 No. fish (yrs. Age (yrs Date Range Date Range Beta- Genus B.P.) B.P. (AD.) (AD.) (AD.)

44185 Argopecten 1230:t 60 1650:t 60 410 275-440 775-1240 44186 Chione 810 :t 60 1230 :t 60 780 680-880 1180-1780 44187 Donax 790 :t 60 1230 :t 60 780 680-880 1180-1780 44188 Argopecten 400:t 60 850:t 60 1200 1055-1245 1555-present 44189 Donax 560:t 60 980:t 60 1024 999-1153 1499-present 44190 Donax 390:t60 840:t 60 1217 1159-1260 1659-present

I Based on the calibration of Stuiver and Pearson (1986) 2 Based on the reservoir correction of -700:t 200 years, suggested by Taylor et aI. (1986)

Table 2 Table 3

Nutritional Value Represented by Projected Donax sp. Ocurrence in Selected Southern Donax sp. Remains at Site SDI-54451 California Archaeological Sitesl

Energy Protein Sites with Sites with Sites in Donax Donax as One per 100 g of clam 76 kcal 13g County Sample Present of Main Genera recommended daily 2,900 kcal 56g allowance, for a San Luis Obispo 5 1 0 male aged 19-22 years Santa Barbara 6 2 0 estimated Donax sp. 31.2 106 kcal 5.3106 g Ventura 9 3 0 contribution re­ Los Angeles 10 2 0 presented at Orange 9 1 0 site SDI-5445 San Diego 3 2 1 person-days of 10,800 94,600 nutrient repre­ person-days person-days 1After Wlodarsld (1985) sented at site SDI-5445

INutritional data based on Whitney and Hamilton shellfish species which were identified as (1987) typical ofthe sites did not include Donax (Davis 1968). For Baja California middens in general, including those ofthe northwestern coast, T~llez Duarte (1987) did not note Do­ side of northern San Diego County (Table nax as a common or characteristic shellfish 3). Farther south, systematic or quantified genus. However, at least 1 Donax-rich mid­ evidence concerning Baja California shell den is reportedly present on the northwest­ middens is scarce. In a study of sites in the ern coast of Baja California, north ofLaguna vicinity of Bahia Concepci6n, on the south­ Guerrero Negro (John Foster, personal ern Gulf of California coast, 30,000 identi­ communication, 1992). fied specimens included no Donax (Ritter 1979). Around Bahia de los Angeles, on the A review of reports on archaeological northern Gulf of California coast, the 23 sites in San Diego and Orange counties (Ta­

315 bles 4 and 5; Figure 1) helps to define more in space and in time which seem to charac­ closely the pattern ofDonax exploitation in terize the exploitation ofDonax in western time and space. Chronologically, out of34 North America, several hypotheses may be studies ofLate Prehistoric sites, Donax ac­ considered. The present evidence is not suf­ counts for 10% or more ofthe recovered ficient for definitive conclusions, but at least shell in 12 cases. Of32 studies ofArchaic­ some factors favoring acceptance or rejec­ period sites, Donax represents considerably tion of some ofthe hypotheses may be brief­ less than 10% ofthe shell in all cases except ly noted: one. The shell from the single Archaic ex­ ception, SDI-9588, was reported in terms of 1. The Donax resource might not have been the numbers ofvalves belonging to each available in economically-attractive quanti­ genus, rather than by weight. Donax gouldii ties at places and times other than those at valves which were recovered archaeological­ which it was exploited. As has been noted, ly weighed an average of0.3225 g, according the overall geographical range ofthe genus to one sampling (Corum. 1991:131), whereas, in western North America is much wider for example, Argopecten sp. valves weighed than the area within which evidence ofits 4.3 g and Chione sp. valves weighed 5.2 g. If exploitation has been identified. Donax may the average non-Donax valve at site SDI­ have been present within this wider area but 9588 weighed 5 g and the average Donax maYhave been present in large concentra­ valve weighed 0.3225 g, the proportion of tions only within a smaller area; however, Donax by weight at that site was only 3.5%, there is no specific evidence to support such which is not out ofline with the general Ar­ a supposition. Chronologically, Donax may chaic-period pattern. have been available in abundance only in the latest prehistoric period. It is unlikely that Spatially, Donax middens show a strong such a temporal change, ifit occurred, was clustering in the San Luis Rey-Buena Vista related to ocean temperature changes; the drainage systems. As has been noted, Donax study area is closer to the northern than to yields of 10% or more were reported from 12 the southern limit ofthe genus, and what Late Prehistoric sites or site-clusters. Of little evidence is available concerning Holo­ these, 7 are in the coastal zone near the San cene climatic changes in the region points to Luis Rey River or Buena Vista Creek, in the a cooling rather than a warming trend dur­ Oceanside-Carlsbad area. Another 3 are lo­ ing the Late Prehistoric period (Tartaglia cated inland: On the San Luis Rey River, 1976). A more plausible cause ofa late flor­ near Bonsall; in Moosa Canyon, a tributary escence for the genus would be a change in ofthe San Luis Hey River; and on Deer the physical environment. During the early Springs Creek, a tributary ofSan Marcos Holocene, the rising post-glacial seas flooded Creek which is close to the headwaters of many estuaries along the San Diego coast, Buena Vista Creek. One apparent exception creating lagoons and bays which acted as to the geographical pattern, a sampling at sediment traps for San Diego's rivers. In the site SDI-4513 in Sorrento Valley, involves an late Holocene, when the sea level had be­ analysis which, like the study ofthe Archa­ come essentially stable and when some of ic-period site SDI-9588, was reported in the estuaries had fllied with sediment, more terms ofvalve counts; when the suggested sand presumably found its way to the open conversion to weight percentages is made, coast to create the sandy beaches which are the proportion ofDonax is only about 1.4%, the habitat for Donax. which is more consistent with several other archaeological samples taken from this same 2. Elements ofthe procurement and pro­ site. A single remaining, as-yet-unexplained cessing technology which was used in ex­ geographical anomaly is the high proportion ploiting Donax might have been unavailable ofDonax found at sites SDM-W-1837 and at other times and places. The equipment SDM-W-1838, which are located near Enci­ necessary for harvesting would appear to nitas Creek, well to the south ofthe main have been extremely simple: A basketry Donaxarea. container for sifting sand from Donax in the surf. A more plausible technologicallimita­ To account for the apparent restrictions tion might be efficient preparation equip­

316 Table 4

Donax Occurrence in Selected Archaic-period Archaeological Sites in San Diego and Orange Counties

Percent Site(s) Sample Size1 Donax2 Reference ------CA-ORA-85 9,317 g Eberhart 1989 CA-ORA-183 96,421 p 0.0 Cottrell et al. 1985 CA-ORA-323 12,194 P Barter 1987 CA-SDI-48 379,606 g 0.0 Gallegos and Kyle 1988 CA-SDI-197 1,618 g 0.0 Gallegos et al. 1988 CA-SDI-222/4281 1,870 P 1.8 Bingham 1978 CA-SDI-1087 1,548 g 2.6 Hector 1987 CA-SDI-1246 7,127 g 0.0 Hector 1985b CA-SDI-4358 23,307 g Carrico and Gallegos 1983 CA-SDI-4405 3,583 g 0.0 Gallegos 1985 CA-SDI-4619 4,316 g Smith 1989 CA-SDI-5130 16,874 g Carrico 1978 CA-SDI-5130 55,982 g Quillen et al. 1984 CA-SDI-5216 11,132 g Hector 1981 CA-SDI-7197 1,210 g Pigniolo and Gallegos 1990 CA-SDI-9588 2,403 v 35.3 Gilbert and Reinoehl 1987 CA-SDI-IO,220 14,825 g 0.5 Smith 1986b CA-SDI-IO,238 34,137 g 0.0 Smith 1986a CA-SDI-IO,915 17,873 g 0.0 Smith 1989 CA-SDI-I0,945 83,445 g 0.3 Pigniolo et al. 1991 SDM-W-19 8,904 g 0.0 Hector 1983b SDM-W-20 187,004 g 0.0 Smith and Moriarty 1985 SDM-W-51A 1,429 g Smith 1982 SDM-W-I06 16,084 g 0.0 Kaldenberg and Hatley 1976 SDM-W-IIO 7,681 g 0.0 Hector 1985a SDM-W-131 37,576 g 0.0 Gallegos 1991 SDM-W-132 70,026 g 0.3 Carrico and Phillips 1981 SDM-W -179/951/942 12,629 g Bull 1976 SDM-W-192 43,852 g 0.1 Carrico and Ainsworth 1980 SDM-W-920 8,675 g Apple and Olmo 1983 SDM-W-2115 11,361 g Connors and Bull 1980 Cal E:8:15/E:8:17 182,995 g Leach 1975

19 = weight in grams; v = count of valves; p = count of pieces ~yphen indicates no Donax recovered; 0.0 indicates Donax present but less than 0.05%.

317 Table 5

Donax Occurrence in Selected Late Prehistoric Archaeological Sites in San Diego County and Orange Counties

Percent Site(s) Sample Sizel Donax2 Reference

CA-ORA-22 6,296 g 0.4 Cook and White 1977 CA-ORA-129 12,917 g Demcak 1988 CA-ORA-130 6,741 P Barter 1987 CA-SDI-2739/6142/6144/6147 24,770 g Gallegos and Carrico 1984 CA-SDI-4513 221 v 18.1 Eidsness et al. n.d. CA-SDI-4513 3,703 g 0.4 Hector and Wade 1986 CA-SDI-4513 7,732 g 1.0 Gallegos et al. 1989 CA-SDI-4609 10,086 g 3.4 Carrico and Taylor 1983 CA-SDI-4609 35,645 g 0.4 Hector 1985c CA-SDI-4807 1,144 g 23.8 Cook 1978 CA-SDI-4845 39,160 g 0.0 Gallegos 1986 CA-SDI-5081 1,645 g 0.8 Eckhardt 1980 CA-SDI-5443 3,954 g 0.1 Carrico and Taylor 1980 CA-SDI-5445 32,936 g 77.7 Corum 1991 CA-SDI-5589 432 g 43.2 Fulmer 1984 CA-SDI-5601 9,189 g 14.0 Hector 1983a CA-SDI-5634 7,516g 0.0 Berryman and Varner 1981 CA-SDI-6753 2,410 g 98.4 Cheever 1989 CA-SDI-6754 364g 0.9 Cheever 1989 CA-SDI-6819 598 g 0.7 Cheever 1989 CA-SDI-9473 6,580 g 28.8 Corum and White 1982 CA-SDI-9476 842 g 0.3 Hector 1984 CA-SDI-9967 1,926 g 22.2 Gallegos and Carrico 1984 CA-SDI-I0,955 971 g 0.5 Smith 1990 SDM-W-143/146 407,424 g 10.1 Cardenas and Robbins-Wade 1985 SDM-W-147 263,822 g 0.0 Bull and Norwood 1977 SDM-W-149 130,739 g 0.6 Bull 1978 SDM-W-150 27,709 g 0.0 Heuett 1979 SDM-W-223A 4,120 g 19.0 Quintero 1987 SDM-W-45911277/1278/1279/1280 2,135 g 8.9 Hatley 1979 SDM-W-977A 3,274 g 8.6 Bull 1978 SDM-W-1257 447 g 46.8 Flower et at. 1979 SDM-W-183711838 5,187 g 58.1 Franklin and Carrico 1979 SDM-W-213112132 2,595 g 3.5 Wade 1986, 1987

Ig = weight in grams; v = count of valves; p = count of pieces 2ftyphen indicates no Donax recovered; 0.0 indicates Donax present but less than 0.05%.

318 /.-...... ,.....-'..,..,...­ , " ,...-'..,1 " ,.." ".'­ I /' , " .••1 I / i I' I i ,/ J i 0RA-12t1 6 i .r-·... ..! , ...... 1/ , '. /' ../" ....­ I I"'-'~ j'1"J, I' (' .-'-'...... I ,/.,, i 81:11-5580"it' . ,r' ,...•~ '., I .~ \ ,'.... . I /~ 901-4807 ',.1'-'-'" ...... " I .-....,4'~. ,-...... -""', ... :',:.<.:::;',/ SDI-513C:,-' W-459/etc. . . . , ,""W-I831 M) SOl-&«5 , ',' ."...\ ;=­ ,srii-'12.-iio :-'25: ./.. .. .& W-223A . ,,··W-2115~....SOI-seol/.lC. I ,·SDI-9413'.ji." 'n ASDI-5834 ,_./ . W-'43/elc. W-2131 .', l . .W-.'.I,.: 3 ~" W-I32 . _/ I ,,''" • "',', I' , _. 'SDHI1~/,.c,.& SOl-~' _r'"" - ..\ ...r .... - · '.":W-149'bW-110 r.l ,,­ , "::>::V;~rA'fj 901-"405'-' ,,...,...­ -./ , ' . SDI-/48Uj'ffjW,,'79/e1C, 0-, f .sOF2r~~C. ,rG>si)i-52!'_ ,,_.­ -N­~ ..'.' '''.:, ASDI-5081j SDI-l0.220P ,,' .; · ..•.. :'::':l~W-51A" ! \ " SDI-'0.238~,' .•.',',':; .J'­ ) .' , .. ;-.: SDl-10.1115 _._.-" -" • 9D1:"II!S8II (j)SOI-4.§.!0•. _·- -, .I f · ., ... ',w-20 W-19 .... · 1 . . :.,87'0_,<)901-1067 i . .. A SOI-4613/etc. /.-.. } r'-''''' ...... r .J' I'-'~'-''''' ,.' $01-10.l1:5li6 ('"" /­ "..' .,...1-.,... ._..,.".../ ...;' s..····\ ..... " .I o II 10 III 20 ,'­ _/ A ._/ SOI-9478 - / E:8:15/et,9'" , ,j .JO'-, ,..,,/.­ - o . o Atche.lc'"t*lod Sit. 801-7107 .... -....­

6 La!. Pr.nlalorlc Site ./

.. Site with 0..... ) 101f0.., ...Ight

Figure 1. Selected sites with marine shell assemblages, San Diego and southern Orange counties.

319 ment, specifically pottery cooking pots in that these genera may have been slow to re­ which to boil Donax.. The apparent chrono­ cover from predation and hence have be­ logical and spatial limits for Donax. exploita­ come less available through time. Donax tion on the Pacific Coast coincide with the may have provided an acceptable substitute only time period and with one ofthe fewar­ for or supplement to these genera (Fulmer eas in which pottery was in use. During ear­ 1984). Late Holocene silting up and closure lier periods, steatite vessels were made in oflagoons in northern San Diego County southern California butwere never abund­ may have caused a shift to open-coast re­ ant in the San Diego region. Stone-boiling sources. in tightly-woven baskets was probably prac­ ticed earlier, but it may have been a sub­ 6. Irregularities in the availability ofDonax. stantially less efficient method than cooking sp. might have made this resource attractive directly over fIres in ceramic containers. only within certain settlement system con­ This suggests that the attractiveness ofhar­ texts. Fulmer (1984:7) suggested that: vesting Donax may have increased substan­ tiallyas ceramic containers became avail­ Don~ as it appears in large rapidly able. growing but transient colonies, may have appeared as a supplement or surplus in 3. Interest in Donax. procurement might shellfish foraging strategies, and thus the have been limited by high procurement/ right to its exploitation may not have processing costs. As discussed above, it ap­ been as regulated as for other molluscan pears that the costs were not high, at least species. The sporadically appearing 00­ when Donax. was available in considerable .wg colonies may have been exploited by concentrations. groups that did not normally exploit shell fish to a large extent. 4. Interest in Donax. might have been limit­ ed by low nutritional value. This also ap­ 7. Compatibility or incompatibility with sea­ pears fairly unlikely. The meat-to-shell ra­ sonal scheduling ofthe exploitation ofother tio for at least 1 species ofDonax is 1:2 resources might have influenced the value (Miller 1980), which is relatively high. The assigned to Donax. Larson (1980:71) sug­ nutritional values calculated for clams are gested that Donax variabilis exploitation in not particularly high as compared to verte­ the southeastern United States may have brate faunal and to floral food resources. represented a seasonal replacement of This would perhaps have been a limit on the oyster use. Donax populations would appar­ exploitation ofshellfish in general. In the ently have been optimal for exploitation in particular case ofDonax., ease ofprocure­ the fall season (Miller 1980; Quintero ment would seem likely to have been able to 1987:153). Ethnographic evidence suggests offset this factor. Problems caused by red­ that acorn harvesting was a major element, tide poisoning might have affected the perhaps the most important one, in aborigi­ summer-season exploitation ofDonax, which nal subsistence in this region and that the is an open coast species. This would not exploitation ofthat resource was most in­ have interfered with its exploitation during tensive in the fall. Archaeological evidence the remainder ofthe year. The red-tide seems to suggest the initiation of, or at least problem did not block the early and wide­ an expanded involvement with, acorn pro­ spread exploitation ofMytilus sp. (mussel), cessing during the Late Prehistoric period. which is subject to red tides and which is Although this line ofevidence does not relatively common in Archaic-period mid­ seem to make Donax. particularly well suited dens. to complement acorns in seasonal schedul­ ing, it is possible that a Late Prehistoric fo­ 5. Donax. exploitation might have been at­ cus on acorns, associated with a rise in popu­ tractive only after preferred shellfish re­ lation density, created a vulnerability to pe­ sources had become unavailable due to riodic stress, either on a seasonal basis or in overexploitation or habitat loss. It has been association with irregular failures in the suggested that Chione and Argopecten may natural acorn crop, which was relieved by have been more efficient food sources but Donax harvesting. However, ifDonax. was

320 e- used as a fill-in resource to bridge periods of Cardenas, D. Sean, and Mary Robbins-Wade nutritional stress, it may have been exploit­ 1985 An Archaeological Investigation of ed at seasons of need rather than at the SDM-W-143/146: An Unique Coastal ;e times when it was most efficiently available. Luiseno Occupation Site in Carlsbad, r California. RBR & Associates, San Die­ '8 Future investigations may help to re­ go. solve these issues by focusing on the chrono­ logical and geographical ranges ofDonax ex­ Carrico, Richard L. ploitation, its technological associations, its 1978 Archaeological Excavation and Test­ seasonality, and the evolution ofHolocene ing at Site SDi-5130, Oceanside, Califor­ ~ coastal environments and ofprehistoric use nia. WESTEC Services, Inc., San Diego. re of other shellfish genera. Carrico, Richard L, and Peter Ainsworth 1980 Archaeological Salvage at W-192A. REFERENCES CITED Imperial Beach, California. WESTEC Services, Inc., San Diego. Apple, Steven A, and Richard K Olmo 1983 An Archaeological Evaluation of Carrico, Richard, and Dennis R. Gallegos SDM-W-920 and SDM-W-921. Santa Fe 1983 Archaeological Testing Program and Ridge, Carlsbad. California. New Hori­ Literature Review for Site W-I08 (SDi­ zons Planning Consultants, Inc., San 4358, SDi-6149 and SDi-8195), Carlsbad, Diego. California. WESTEC Services, Inc., San Diego. Barter, Eloise Richards . 1987 Excavations at CA-Ora-130 and CA­ Carrico, Richard L, and Roxana Phillips Ora-323, Coastal Bluff Sites at Crystal 1981 Archaeological Salvage at W-132A. Cove State Park. Pacific Coast Archaeo­ Carlsbad. California. WESTEC Services, logical Society Quarterly 23(4):31-75. Inc., San Diego. Berryman, Judy A, and Susan Sapone Varner Carrico, Richard L., and Clifford V.F. Taylor 1981 Archaeological Testing Program Car­ 1980 Phase I Test Excavations of Portions ried out on SDi-5634, Shadow Ridge Site. of SDi-5443 Situated on Hallmark Cir­ Vista, California. Archaeological Con­ cuits, Inc., Property. WESTEC Services, sulting & Technology, San Diego. Inc., San Diego. Bingham, Jeffrey C. 1983 Excavation ofa Portion ofYstagua: A 1978 Archaeological Test Excavations Coastal Valley IpRi Settlement. WEST­ within Border Field State Park, San Die­ EC Services, Inc., San Diego. go County. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Cheever, Dayle M. 1989 Cultural Resource Significance Test­ Bull, Charles S. ing at SDi-6753, SDi-6754, SDi-6819 and 1976 Archaeological Investigations at San­ SDi-2046: Four Prehistoric Sites within ta Fe Knolls. RECON, San Diego. the Aviara Development. Carlsbad. Cali­ fornia. RECON, San Diego. 1978 Prehistoric Lifeways at La Costa North: An Investigation of Archaeologi­ Connors, Deborah T., and Charles S. Bull cal Sites. RECON, San Diego. 1980 Eternal Hills: Preliminary Site Test­ ing at SDM-W-2115. RECON, San Die­ Bull, Charles S., and Richard Norwood go. 1977 The Archaeology of Villa La Cumbre: Results of Testing Three Archaeological Cook, Roger A Sites at Batiguitos Lagoon. RECON, San 1978 Archaeological Test Excavations in Diego. Moosa Canyon, San Diego County, Cali­ fornia. Caltrans, Sacramento.

321 Cook, Roger A, and Christopher W. White California: SDM-W-654. Flower, Ike and 1977 Final Report: Archaeolow.cal Test Roth, San Diego. Excavations at 4-0RA-22. Caltrans Dis­ trict 11, San Diego. Flower, Douglas M., Darcy Ike, and Linda Roth Corum, Joyce M. 1977 Archaeolow.cal Investigatigns at W­ 1991 Phase IT Archaeolow.cal Test Excava­ 137. Flower, Ike, and Roth, San Diego. tion at Site CA-SDi-5445, City of Ocean­ side. California. Caltrans District 11, Flower, Douglas M., Darcy Ike, Linda Roth, San Diego. and Susan Sapone Varner 1979 Archaeolow.cal Investigation ofthe Corum, Joyce M., and Chris White Miracosta Estates Project, Oceanside, 1982 Final Report for an Archaeolow.cal California. Flower, Ike and Roth, San Test Excavation at Site CA-SDi-9473. Diego. Carlsbad. California. Caltrans District 11, San Diego. Franklin, Randy L., and Richard L. Carrico 1979 Cultural Resource Test Sampling Cottrell, Marie, Constance Cameron, Vade Program for a Propgsed Figod Control Drummy Chapel, Theodore Cooley, and Project in the Lower San Luis Rey River Adella Schroth Drainage. Oceanside. California WEST­ 1985 Archaeological Investigations Con­ EC Services, Inc., San Diego. ducted at the Newland House Site (CA­ Ora-l83), Huntington Beach, California. Fulmer, Scott Pacific Coast Archaeolow.cal Society 1984 Reguest for Determination ofEli­ Quarterly 21(1):1-74. w.bility for Inclusion in the National Reg­ ister ofHistoric Places, Archaeolow.cal Davis, Emma Lou Site CA-SDi-5589

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1983b Excavation ofSDM-W-19 in the PDU-2AProiectArea. RECON, San Diego.

323 McLean, James H. North American Seashells. Alfred A 1978 Marine Shells ofSouthern California. Knopf, New York. Natural History Museum ofLos Angeles County Science Series No. 24. Los An­ Ritter, Eric W. geles. 1979 An Archaeological Study ofSouth­ Central Baja California, Mexico. Unpub­ Meehan, Betty lished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of 1982 Shell Bed to Shell Midden. Austra­ Anthropology, University ofCalifornia, lian Institute ofAboriginal Studies, Can­ Davis. berra. Shackleton, J.C. Miller, James J. 1988 Reconstructing Past Shorelines as an 1980 Coquina Middens on the Florida East Approach to Determining Factors Affect­ Coast. Florida Anthropologist 33:2-16. ing Shellfish Collection in the Prehistor­ ic Past. In The Archaeology ofPrehis­ Morris, Percy A toric Coastlines, edited by Geoff Bailey 1966 A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Shells, and John Parkington, pp. 11-21. Cam­ Including Shells ofHawaii and the Gulf bridge University Press, Cambridge, MA ofCalifornia. 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Shackleton, J.C., and Tj.H. van Andel 1986 Prehistoric Shore Environments, Pigniolo, Andrew, Theodore G. Cooley, Shellfish Availability, and Shellfish Joyce M. Clevenger, and Lynne E. Christen­ Gathering at Franchthi, Greece. Geo­ son archaeology: An International Journal 1991 The Archaeology ofa La Jolla Com­ 1:127-143. plex Coastal Camp: Data Recovery Pro­ gram at CA-SDi-l0,945, Point Loma Na­ Smith, Brian F. val Facilities, San Diego, California. 1982 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of ERC Environmental and Energy Servic­ the Solana Point Prgject and a Test es Co., San Diego. Evaluation ofSite SDM-W-51A Brian F. Smith & Associates, San Diego. Pigniolo, Andrew, and Dennis Gallegos 1990 Investigation ofEarly and Late Peri­ 1986a A Report ofan Archaeological Sam­ od Occupation at SDi-7197 Loci A-I and pling Program at Site W-36 (SDi-10,238), E and SDi-11626. Salt Creek I Project. La Vida del Mar Proiect. Solana Beach, Chula Vista, California. ERC Environ­ California. Brian F. Smith & Associates, mental and Energy Services Co., San San Diego. Diego. 1986b An Archaeological Survey ofthe 11­ Quillen, Dennis K, Richard L. Carrico, and Acre Shelley/Manchester Property and Dennis Gallegos the Evaluation ofSite SDi-1O,220. Brian 1984 Archaeological Investigations at SDi­ F. Smith & Associates, San Diego. 5130. Mar Lado Project, Oceanside, Cali­ fornia. WESTEC Services, Inc., San Die­ 1989 Results ofan Archaeological Data go. Recovery Program at Sites CA-SDi­ 4618(A), SDi-4619, and SDi-l0915. Brian Quintero, Leslie F. Smith & Associates, San Diego. 1987 Room and Board at Deer Springs: Faunal Analysis as an Aid to Settlement 1990 A Report ofthe Archaeological Miti­ Studies. Unpublished Master's thesis, gation Program Conducted at Site SDi­ Department ofAnthropology, San Diego 10,955. Brown Lot Split Project. Alpine, State University. California. Brian F. Smith & Associates, San Diego. Rehder, Harald A 1981 The Audubon Society Field Guide to

824 Smith, Brian F., and James R. Moriarty, III 1985 The Archaeological Excavations at Site W-20, Sierra del Mar, a Site Occu­ pied by the La Jolla Complex from 7,140 B.P. (5,190 B.C') to 2,355 B.P. (400 B.C.) l- on the Shores ofLos Penasguitos Lagoon t near Del Mar, California. Brian F. Smith & Associates, San Diego.

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Wlodarski, Robert J. 1985 A Preliminary Report on the Excava­ tion ofVen-629, a Simi Valley Rock­ shelter. Pacific Coast Archaeological So­ ciety Quarterly 21(2):15-31.

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