Bibliography

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A disagreements among intellectuals Abyssinia (Ethiopia), 189 about, 217 Acheson, Dean, 93, 111, 131, 134, French justiﬁcation of occupation 148, 153, 166, 172, 173, 179, of, 190 180, 191, 193, 198, 200, 202, Front de Libération National 203, 228, 231, 258–261 (FLN), 211, 217, 224–226, Adenauer, Konrad, 204, 240, 244, 239 257, 262 Harkis, 225, 236 and Franco-German rapprochement, and North Africa, 184, 190, 208, 127, 128 210, 215, 226, 243 Aid, 207, 223. See also Trade Pieds noirs, 199, 225 and development, 3, 4, 6, 14, 20, and USA, 15, 16, 21, 37, 183–185, 96, 128, 158, 207, 223 203, 210–212, 216, 219–221, and modernisation, 45, 137, 159, 226, 251, 252 250 War of Independence, 183, 208, Algeria. See also Morocco; North 224 Africa; Tunisia Allied Commissions of Control and consequences for French (ACC), 110, 153 politics, 128, 210 Alphand, Hervé, 39, 70, 90, 215, and de Gaulle, 15, 31, 38, 62, 63, 216, 234, 251, 254, 256, 276, 127, 128, 130, 183, 216, 220, 277 239, 243–245, 251, 252 Alsace-Lorraine, 47

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 309 A. J. Williams, France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2, 1940–1961, Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41444-1 310 INDEX

Anglo-American Relations. See Special Auriol, Vincent, 42, 56, 71, 75, 96, Relationship 127, 130, 131, 133, 136, 172, Anglo-French Relations. See Britain; 173, 189, 200, 227 France Australia, 185, 187, 262 and European integration, 89, 126, Avenol, Joseph, 97, 115, 117, 143, 128, 131, 133, 149, 151, 160, 174. See also Blum, Léon 162, 164, 165, 188, 205, 216, andLeagueofNations,8, 17, 32, 240, 241, 257 38, 58, 79, 83, 97, 107, 114, and First World War, 1, 6, 17, 62, 143, 197 78, 80, 82, 96, 102, 109, 139, 140, 144, 154, 160, 161, 185, B 186, 240, 247 Beauvoir, Simone de andSecondWorldWar,1, 2, 8, and gender, 18 12, 13, 15, 22, 25, 27, 31, importance of, 18, 30, 271 34, 63, 72, 78, 82, 83, 88, relations with Sartre, 18, 26, 30, 100–103, 106, 134, 155, 160, 271 177, 184–186, 196, 224, 227, writings of, 18 240–242, 245–247, 249, 259, Belgium, 27, 93, 101, 108, 109, 143, 263, 268 150, 262 Treaty of Dunkirk, 1947, 188 Benoist-Méchin, Jacques, 44, 45, 50, ‘Anglosphere’, 16, 19, 90, 189, 268 71, 73 ‘Appeasement’, 11, 211 Bergson, Henri, 6, 7, 17, 30, 61, 62, evoked in Suez Crisis, 21, 128, 165, 261, 264, 265 184, 185, 195, 209–211, 220 importance of, 7 Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 74, 80 inﬂuence on de Gaulle, 6, 7, 61, and Council on Foreign Relations 62, 261, 265 (CFR), 55, 78, 140, 196 Berle, Adolf, 68, 80, 81, 85, 93, 97, Aron, Raymond 111, 117 on democracy, 156 Berlin Wall, erection of, 245, 251 Bermuda Conference, 1953, 164, friendship with St.-Exupéry, 33 205, 274 and Mitrany, 155 Beveridge Report, 1942, 90, 91, 169 Atlantic Charter, 1941, 34, 63, 97, and ‘Social Security’, 86, 89, 158 126, 132, 220, 242 Bevin, Ernest, 108, 131, 143, attitudes towards in Britain and 149–151, 160, 176, 179, 188, France, 239 189, 193, 226, 227 Attlee, Clement, 132, 150–152, 155, as Foreign Secretary, 108, 143, 149, 157, 158, 169, 176, 178, 191, 150, 188 247 and‘ThirdWorldPower’,176, 188, election of 1945, 138 226, 227 relations with USA, 132, 138, 152, Bidault, Georges, 110, 111, 129, 130, 191 153, 160, 165, 171, 177, 179, INDEX 311

180, 203–207, 230, 231, 247, as post-war economic model, 55, 248, 274 219, 221 as French Foreign Minister, 165 debates on ‘decline’ of, 21 ‘Blitzkrieg’, 27, 31 in First and Second World Wars, Bloch, Marc, 69, 104, 119 227 Blum, Léon in the Middle East, 214 and Britain, 142–144 Second World War, 12, 27, 34 and Eurafrique, 188 British Empire correspondence with Avenol, 143 and British Labour Party, 92, 158, views on Europe of, 45, 106, 141, 168 143 and Commonwealth, 98, 150, 188, wartime trial and captivity of, 86 192, 219, 221, 255 Bohlen, Charles, 135, 136, 141, 198, and ‘Greater Britain’, 219 255 atrocities committed in, 267 Bonnet, Henri, 126, 127, 165 decolonisation of, 184 Boris, Georges, 56, 64, 94, 116 ideas of belonging and citizenship, and de Gaulle, 64 187 and SFIO, 56 in First and Second World Wars, Bowman, Isaiah, 79–81, 87, 98, 221 227 disagreements with Pasvolsky about reliance on ‘native’ troops, 190 PWP, 79 and Round Table, 150, 186, 221 Bretton Woods Organisations, 86, 87, and USA, 219 136, 149, 241 British International Studies Associa- ‘Brexit’ tion (BISA), 8 and the Labour Party, 37, 38, 83, Bruce, David, 135, 165, 169, 84, 86, 91, 92, 94, 108, 114, 200–202 129, 137, 142, 149, 150, 155, Buchan, John (aka Lord Tweedsmuir), 157, 158, 168, 169, 178, 192, 187 229 Bundy, McGeorge, 258, 277 debate over, 21 Butler, Richard ‘Rab’, 165 Britain (aka United Kingdom) in 1940, 5, 8, 27, 33–35, 62, 139, 142, 146, 152, 156, 187, 188 C and ‘Brexit’, 21, 192, 268 Caffery, Jefferson, 135, 140 and ‘Special Relationship’, 90, 187, Camus, Albert, 13, 18, 24, 26, 185, 193 216, 236, 272, 280 and European integration, 149, 151 Carr,EdwardHallet,79, 222, 223 and France, 55 Casablanca Conference, 1943, 52, 59 and Germany, 17, 41, 266 Cassin, René, 19, 26, 39, 54, 56 and Suez Crisis, 1956, 21, 185, Céline, Louis-Ferdinand 211, 220 anti-semitism of, 32 and the USA (1940-1945), 6 collaboration activities, 124 312 INDEX

writings of, 32 Cole, G.D.H., 155, 157, 158, 178. Césaire, Aimé, 18 See also ‘planning’ and French intelligentsia, 218–219 and Labour Party, 157 US views of, 205 ‘Collaboration’, 7, 18, 28, 42, 44, 46, Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 256, 257 71, 225. See also ‘Humiliation’; Chamberlain, Neville, 33, 34 ‘Liberation’; Resistance replaced by Churchill, 34 changed use of after 1940, 28 Chatham House (aka RIIA), 8, 34, in context of de/colonisation, 216 79, 140 ‘Commission to Study the Organiza- and PWP, 79 tion of the Peace’, 190. See also Chauvel, Jean, 255 Post-war planning (PWP) attitudes to imperialism, 190 China and PWP, 190 de Gaulle on, 13, 220, 256 Commonwealth. See British Empire and ‘Open Door’, 9 ‘Corporatism’, 43, 84. See also and PWP, 87 ‘Planning’ and UNRRA, 107 Cot, Pierre, 37–39, 69, 95 US attitudes towards, 132 and de Gaulle, 39 Churchill, Winston Coty, René, 96, 127, 194, 245 defence of British Empire, 221 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), and Eisenhower, 164–166, 206, 55, 78–81, 85, 140, 196 240, 247, 248 and post-war planning (PWP), 55 and European integration, 165 Couve de Murville, Maurice, 47, 126, and FDR, 36, 52, 88, 109, 187, 127, 153, 177, 194, 209, 210, 221 226, 229, 237 and Truman, 133, 164, 247, 248 Crossman, Richard, 140, 150, 151 ‘United States of Europe’, Zurich, Cuba, 256 1946, 149 Bay of Pigs incident, 256 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 5, Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, 245 43, 128, 159, 168, 190, 194, Culture 200, 202, 208, 254 ‘cultural turn’ in international reports on France, 168 relations, 6 Clay, General Lucius, 131, 147 and politics, 13, 14 Clémentel, Étienne, 139 as source of historical understand- Coal, importance of, 160, 161 ing, 221 Cold War, 16, 88, 101, 103, 125, power exercised through, 61 126, 134, 147, 148, 185, 196, Curtis, Lionel, 150, 151, 186, 187 197, 220–222, 239, 242, 247 . and Round Table, 150 See also Kennan, George Frost, USA ‘Containment’ policies, 14 D emergence of, 240 Dakar campaign, 1940, 77 INDEX 313

Dalton, Hugh, 37, 43, 93. See also and colonialism, 12 Special Operations Executive French thinking about, 12 (SOE) and world order, 12, 92 Darlan, Admiral François, 46, 47, 49, Depression, 1930s, impact of, 1, 106 250 De Rougement, Denis, 13, 48 and Vichy, 46, 52 and Ligue du Gothard, 48 in North Africa, 52 and ‘Myth’, 48 Darquier de Pellepoix, Louis. See Development Vichy: Commissariat aux affaires and economic wellbeing, 221 juives and Soviet planning, 148 Davis, Noman H., 80 Dien Bien Phu, 1954, 12, 207 Decolonisation, 184, 191, 218, 255 and France, 12, 207 and development, 218 and USA, 12 and race, 216 Dillon, Douglas, 135, 213, 214, 233, de Gaulle, Charles 252 and Algeria, 15, 63, 128, 130, 243, Dreyfus Affair in French politics, 17 245 and Charles Maurras, 17 character and attitudes of, 61 Dulles, Allen, 49 as democrat, 39 Dulles, John Foster early writings (pre-1939), 6 background as lawyer, 196 and Eisenhower, 250 and Eisenhower, 196, 212, 240, and Europe, 2, 4, 13, 21, 34, 41, 248 45, 60, 64, 96, 109, 112, 126, and ‘European Union’, 132 127, 130, 169, 183, 242, 244, in First World War, 140 253, 261, 262 French views of, 166, 190 Franco-Soviet Pact, 1944, 141 and ‘moral’ foreign policy, 259 and French Resistance, 50, 250 and PWP, 12 and Germany, 7, 35, 45, 47, 111, and PWP process, 132 140, 244, 255, 257, 271 as Secretary of State, 12, 140, 195, and Giraud, 52, 54, 257 204, 251 Grand Strategy of, 259, 260 Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1943, and Kennedy, 253 59, 99, 110 myth of, 28, 127 French exclusion from, 59 and Pétain, 19, 40, 44, 51, 84 Dunkirk, 1940, 33–35, 47 relations with Churchill, 41 return to power, 1958, 245, 261 and Roosevelt, 80 E and the Fourth Republic, 96, 183, Ecole Nationale d’Administration 241, 252 (ENA), 95, 159 and USSR, 7, 64 Eden, Anthony Dejean, Maurice, 19, 39, 54, 60 and Churchill, 164, 165, 248 Democracy and de Gaulle, 41, 54 314 INDEX

and Eisenhower, 212 European integration and Suez Crisis, 1956, 165, 211 and Britain, 151, 257 Egypt, 196, 212, 213, 226. See also and EDC, 164, 205 North Africa; Suez Crisis, 1956 and Franco-German relations, 130 Eisenhower (Dwight D.) US encouragement of, 241 and de Gaulle, 250–252 European Recovery Program (aka and EDC, 134, 164, 166 Marshall Plan), 107, 123, 145 and European integration, 164, 165 European Union, 89, 126, 132, 156, as President, 2, 12, 134, 167, 183, 157, 163. See also European 198, 203, 247, 251 Economic Community (EEC) and Suez Crisis, 211 Britain, attitudes to, 35 ‘Engagement’ France, attitudes to, 261 pre-war development of, 7 USA, attitudes to, 35 ‘Epuration’ (reprisals after Liberation), Existentialism, 271 224 ‘authenticity’, 216 in Europe, 224 inﬂuence on decolonisation debates, in France, 47, 60, 100–102, 216 104–105 ‘mauvaise foi’(badfaith),216 Eritrea, 1941 campaign, 189 ‘Eurafrique’. See Bevin, Ernest, Blum, F Léon, British, French Empires Fascism European Advisory Commission and corporatism, 84 (EAC), 59, 99 in France, 53 European Coal and Steel Community ‘Federalism’ (ECSC), 137, 169 British attitudes towards, 156 and European integration, 162 Federal Union, 156 Founded, 160–162 and ‘functionalism’, 154 European Defense Community (EDC) Feis, Herbert, 81 and Britain, 164, 165, 206 ‘Force de frappe’ (French nuclear and Eisenhower, 134, 164, 166, deterrent), 166, 169, 259 167 Forces Françaises de l”intérieur – FFI. founded, 160–162 See French Resistance and France, 164–168 Foucault, Michel non-ratiﬁcation, 102 appeal of, 218 and USA, 167 Fourth (French) Republic and USSR, 167 and Algeria, 21, 245, 252 European Economic Community and Indochina, 15, 205 (EEC) politics of, 126 and Britain, 254 Fox, William T., 247 encouragement by USA, 241 and ‘Superpower’, 247 French attitudes towards, 261 France. See also Algeria, de Gaulle, Luxembourg Compromise, 170 Charles INDEX 315

British ‘arrogance’ towards, 267 and North Africa, 39, 54, 190, 195, collaboration and fascism in, 53 208, 210, 243 cultural clash with ‘Anglo-Saxons’, Organisation Internationale de la 50, 112, 170 Francophonie 1970, 199 ‘decadence’ in 1930s, 95 and Suez Crisis, 185, 195 defeat, 1940, 1, 5, 8, 19, 27, Third World ‘tiermondisme’, 184 32–35, 40, 43, 44, 263 Union Française, 1946-58, 199 and European integration, 89, 188 US attitudes towards, 202 and Fourth Republic, 2, 5, 20, 21, French Resistance (‘Free French’) 42, 127, 130, 196, 205, 220, in Algiers, 56 268 and ‘cleansing’ (épuration), 60 and Germany, 125, 149, 161, 244, Comité national d’études de la 272 Résistance, 64 interwar period, 151 Comité national français (CNF), liberation of, 1944, 60, 101 50, 54 Commission pour l’étude des and North Africa, 34, 39, 41, 46, problèmes d’après guerre, 64, 90 54, 59, 60, 195, 209, 210 Conseil National de la Résistance occupation of, 205 (CNR), 57 Provisional Government (GPRF), disagreements within, 57 1944–46, 5, 95, 130, 141 Forces Françaises de l”intérieur role of philosophy and intellectuals – FFI, 43 in, 18 and ‘irregular ﬁghter’, 30 and sociological analysis, 6 in London (Groupe Jean Jaurès), 38 and the State, 55 relations with de Gaulle, 15, 50 Vichy Government of, 1940-44, 46, and SOE, 104 54, 104 US attitude towards, 202 wartime exiles, 2, 156, 200 French Socialist Party (SFIO) Free French. See French Resistance and British Labour Party, 92 Welles dismissal of, 40 in exile, 143 French Empire. See also Algeria, and PWP (incl. economic planning), Vietnam 57 and Algeria, 16, 127 and Suez Crisis, 184 and Brazzaville, 184 ‘Functionalism’, 154. See also importance during Second World Globalism; Mitrany War, 186 and Indochina, 126, 129, 199–201, 208 G intellectual opposition to, 3, 12, 19, Gaitskell, Hugh, 192 30, 32, 35, 61, 185, 224 as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 192 and nationalist challenges, 17 as Foreign Secretary, 192 ‘native troops’ [e.g. Spahis], 190 relations with Labour Party, 192 316 INDEX

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 136 functionalism and federalism, 154 Gary, Romain Gouvernement Provisoire de la Education Européene 1944, 31 République Française (GPRF). See and Europe, 31 France French Consul in Los Angeles, 185 ‘Greater Britain’. See British Empire writings of, 31 Grotewohl, Otto. See Blum, Léon GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs Groupe Jean Jaurès. See French and Trade), 149, 223 Restistance and ‘Imperial Preference system’, ‘Growth’ (as economic policy), 16, 192 158, 218 ‘Rounds’, 149, 223 problems of, 16 Gavin, James, 135, 254, 257 ‘Geopolitics’, 59 H German Neueordnung (‘New Order’) Hallstein, Walter, 170 appeal in Europe, 31 Harris, Sir Arthur (Bomber), 43 appeal in France, 32 Hauck, Henri. See French Resistance: Germany Groupe Jean Jaurès defeat of, 63 Hayek, Friedrich, 85, 86, 136, 155, division of, post 1945, 94, 102, 147 265. See also Keynes, Maynard; and EDC, 166, 167, 204 ‘Neo-liberalism’ and European integration, 257 Heidegger, Martin, 124, 271 French attitudes to post-1945, 143 Herter, Christian, 251 Morgenthau Plan, 94, 102, 140 Holocaust, 105, 263, 267 and ‘New Order’ (neueordnung), Vichy French involvement in, 105 45 Hopkins, Harry, 41, 147 rearmament of, 164, 204 and FDR, 41, 147 and recovery from war, 93, Hoppenot, Henri, 40, 58 140–143 Hull, Cordell, 40, 52, 80, 81, 98, 99, Soviet fears of, 32 107, 161, 223 US attitudes to, 93–94, 148–149 and Britain, 40 ‘Zones’ after 1945 (incl. ‘Bizonia’), and FDR, 81, 107 152 and PWP, 81 Gide, André, 105, 141 ‘Humanitarianism’, 88 Giraud, Henri (General), 51, 54, 257 and Human Rights, 88 and de Gaulle, 54, 257 ‘Humiliation’, 2, 15, 17, 20, 21, 27, ‘Globalisation’, 8 29, 31, 33, 51, 55, 63, 64, 78, antecedents of, 159 97, 110, 112, 124, 126, 212, consequences of, 185 217, 223, 225, 226, 244–246, ‘Globalism’, 11, 124. See also Mitrany, 258, 261, 269 David as concept, 27, 29, 65 contrasted with ‘world order’, 11 links to colonisation, 27, 217, deﬁned, 11 224–226 INDEX 317

Huntziger, General Charles, 46, 47 Kennan, George Frost, 14, 15, 134, 135, 147, 148, 259, 260 and Europe, 134, 147 I and US foreign policy, 148 Indochina. See French Empire; Kennedy, John F. Vietnam assassination of, 2, 247 Internally Displaced People (IDPs), and de Gaulle, 253 108, 141 early life of, 253 and UNRRA, 108 and France, 253, 255, 257–259 ‘International Society’, 16, 17, 31, and Macmillan, 245, 249 269 as President of USA, 21, 62, 135, contradictions of, 17 203, 249, 256, 257, 260 International Studies Association Kennedy, Joseph, 33, 36 (ISA), 8 Kenya, decolonisation of International Trusteeship, 191 Mau Mau rebellion, 192, 225 and ‘Commission to Study the Keynes, Maynard, 34, 62, 85, 86, 88, Organization of the Peace’, 93, 111, 136 190 and Hayek, 86 and PWP, 190 and negotiations with USA, 88 Ismay, Filed Marshall Lord, 137 Khrushchev, Nikita, 251, 257, 258 Italy, 7, 9, 35, 40, 49, 84, 110, 133, and Kennedy, 258 143, 150, 153, 156, 159, 167 Kissinger, Henry, 11, 267 and Abyssinia, 189 and balance of power, 11 Korean War, 202

J James, William, 62 L and Bergson, 62 Labour Party, British and pragmatist philosophy, 62 and British Empire, 158, 168 Japan, 9, 14, 35, 49, 53, 156, 194 in Government, 137 and China, 9, 14 post-war plans, 157 French views about, 185 relations with SFIO, 84, 91, 92, and Treaty of Versailles, 9 142 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 2, 242 and USA, 168 and Vietnam War, 2 Langer, William L.. See Ofﬁce of Jünger, Ernst (in Paris, 1940-44), 124 Strategic Services (OSS), Vichy and Europe, 124 Government Jusserand, Ambassador Jules, 133 Lansing, Robert. See ‘Self- determination’ Laski, Harold, 142, 143 K Laval, Pierre Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928, 102 collaboration, 47, 48 318 INDEX

condemned to death, 103 as Prime Minister, 245 Prime Minister, Vichy, 41, 84 Maisky, Ivan, 14, 15, 33 League of Nations (LON), 8, 9, 17, Malaya, British decolonisation of, 197 32, 38, 58, 79, 83, 97, 99, 107, Malraux, André, 252 143 Man, Henri de, 83, 86, 138, 157 and United Nations, 32, 97 Maritain, Jacques, 13, 33, 39, 62, 158 and Woodrow Wilson, 9, 107 Marjolin, Robert, 83, 85, 139 Leahy, Admiral William, 40, 52, 78, Marshall Plan (aka European Recovery 110 Program, ERG) as advisor to FDR, 41 Anglo-French disagreements over, 2 and Operation Torch, 52, 78 in China, 87 US Ambassador to Vichy, 40 Economic Cooperation Administra- Léger, Alexis (aka St-John Perse), 95 tion (ECA), 167, 191 Lehman, Herbert, 58, 107–109, 147 and European integration, 188 and FDR, 58, 107 and ‘Reconstruction’, 123, 132, and UNRRA, 58, 107 145, 147, 153, 157, 161 ‘Lend Lease’, 1941, 86 Marshall, George ‘Liberalism’ and ‘Marshall Plan’, 145 compared with French Left, 3 as Truman’s Secretary of State, 134 and constitutionalism, 279 Massigli, René ‘Embedded’, 82 Ambassador to London, 99 and ‘neo-liberalism’, 85, 146, 264 and French Resistance, 108 ‘Liberation’, 18, 28, 29, 217, Maurras, Charles, 17, 62 225. See also ‘Collaboration’, Mayer, René, 165, 203, 205, 206 ‘Humiliation’, Resistance visit to Truman with Bidault, 206 in context of de/colonisation, 216 McCloy, General John, 103, 109, 162 of France, 1944, 60, 101 McNamara, Robert, 249 Liddell-Hart, Basil, 260 Mers-el-Kébir, 1940, 36, 40, 47, 48, Lippmann, Walter, 85, 211 52, 267 London School of Economics and signiﬁcance for FDR, 36 Political Science (LSE), 8, 155, ‘Militarism’, 145, 271 169 Mitrany, David, 155, 157. See also Lothian, Lord (aka Philip Kerr), 34, ‘Functionalism’ 81, 150, 187 ‘Modernisation’ and United States, 34 and Vietnam, 250 Lukacs, Georg, 62 Mollet, Guy attitude to Britain and USA, 209 French Prime Minister, 42, 209 M and French Socialism, 209 Macdonald, James Ramsay, 84, 187 and Suez Crisis, 209 Macmillan, Harold Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939, 32 and Kennedy, 240, 245, 249 Monnet, Jean INDEX 319

and de Gaulle, 257 French problems in, 243 as founder of the ECSC, 261 and Suez Crisis, 210 in London, 37 US interference in, 209 and the ECSC, 162, 163, 261 Norway Montigny, Jean, 44, 45 war crimes tribunals in, 91 Morocco, 208, 209 Notter, Harley, 80 Murphy, Robert, 40 Muselier, Admiral Emile, 54, 55 ‘Myth’ and ‘Memory’ O and de Rougement, 48 Ofﬁce of Reports and Estimates and European integration, 128 (ORE) and ‘mystique’, 269 and CIA, 128, 168 myth of de Gaulle, 28, 127 Ofﬁce of Strategic Services (OSS), and the French Resistance, 265 5, 43, 49. See also CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) Operation Torch, 1942 N and Vichy Government, 52 Nasser, Gamal Abdel. See Suez Crisis, ‘Ordre nouveau’, France, 1930s 1956 and Aron and Dandieu, 32 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty and de Rougemont, 32 Alliance) Organisation for Economic Coopera- foundation of, 261 tion and Development (OECD), French attitudes towards, 132 161 ‘Neo-liberalism’ Organisation for European Economic attitudes towards, 85–86 Cooperation (OEEC, 1948), contrast with ‘planning’, 85 132, 161 origins of, 265 Organisation Internationale de la ‘New Deal’, 86, 87, 94, 106, 158 Francophonie. See French Empire as French post-war economic Orwell, George model, 158 views on colonialism, 217 internationalised, 87 ‘New Order’ (Nazi Neuordnung) appeal of in France and Europe, 31 P ‘New World Order’, 8, 77, 78, 87, 88 Palestine, British Mandate Anglo-American PWP for, 79 endofmandate,creationofIsrael, and Woodrow Wilson, 87 190 New Zealand, 185, 187, 262 Parson, Talcott, 250 Noel-Baker, Philip, 37, 38, 143, 151 Parti Communiste Français (PCF), and Free French, 38 56, 133, 135, 141, 208, 209, North Africa, 51, 52, 209, 213, 224 220, 250, 257. See also Algeria, and French intellectuals, 224 Morocco, Tunisia and relations with SFIO, 56 320 INDEX

Pasvolsky, Leo, 79–81, 85, 87, 93, 98, Q 111 Quisling, Vidkun, 104. See also as economist, 85 Norway and PWP, 81 Péguy, Charles, 7, 61 Pertinax (André Géraud), 43 R Race (and Imperialism), 186, 219 Pétain, Philippe and development, 219 anti-semitic legislation by, 51 ‘Reconstruction’ cult of (Maréchalisme de base), 51 and Marshall Plan (ERP), 106, 123, and de Gaulle, 19, 32, 40, 44, 84 145, 147, 153, 157, 161 collaboration with Nazi Germany, and PWP, 12, 81 51 and Yugoslavia, 144 and Vichy, 2, 40 and UNRRA, 106 Philip, André, 45, 56, 139 Reparations, 93, 110, 111, 140, 152 and de Gaulle, 56 post-1919, 112 and SFIO, 56 Resistance. See also ‘Collaboration’; ‘Humiliation’; ‘Liberation’ Pineau, Christian, 210 as concept, 28–29 Planning and decolonisation, 217 in Britain, 82, 84 in France. See French Resistance Commissariat général au Plan, 146 Reynaud, Paul, 37, 168 continuities with Vichy, 159 and Anglo-French ‘Union’, 168 in France, 82, 84, 158 and de Gaulle, 37, 168 pre- and post-war, 1, 12, 20, 29, Robbins, Lionel, 82, 155 55, 56, 79 ‘Role theory’ (Kal Holsti), 195 Pleven, René, 19, 38–40, 54, 125, and John Foster Dulles, 195 126, 130–132, 131, 135, 136, Roll, Eric Lord, 136 164, 261 distrust of ‘European experiments’, Pleven Plan, 1950, 125 136 Rome, Treaty of, 1957, 123, 137, Pompidou, Georges, 260 159, 163, 268 Post-war planning (PWP), 1, 20, 29, Roosevelt (Franklin Delano, aka FDR) 55–57, 79–82, 85, 87, 90–92, and Churchill, 34, 52, 88, 109, 222 94–98, 106, 132, 144, 157, 158, and de Gaulle, 19, 36, 41, 243, 247 190, 196 ‘Four Freedoms’, 90 and CFR, 55, 196 and PWP, 80, 81, 90 and Chatham House, 79 and Stalin, 109, 147 in State Department, 55, 80, 81 at Yalta, 136 Potsdam Conference, 1945, 59, 99, Rostow, Walt, 147, 254 109, 138, 142 and de Gaulle, 254 ‘Pragmatist’ philosophy, 264 and Europe, 254 INDEX 321

and Vietnam, 275 and Smuts, 92 Round Table, 8, 150, 185, 186, 221. Soviet Union (USSR) See also Buchan, John; Curtis, and ‘development’, 96 Lionel; Kerr and Suez Crisis, 210 and British Empire, 150 Leninism, 10 Ruhr, the (incl. ‘Rhineland’) lessons for West of, 222 Anglo-US fears about, 160–163 Western studies of, 222–223 post-1919, 152 Spaak, Paul-Henri, 168, 169 post-1945, 152 Spain, 100, 167 and Sarre, 160 Special Operations Executive (SOE), Rusk, Dean, 203, 249, 254, 255, 258 43, 104, 169 Russell, Bertrand, 62 ‘Special Relationship’ [aka Anglo- American Relations], 193 realities of, 193 S Spykman, Nicholas, 59, 221 Salan, General Raoul, 243, 245 Stalin, Josef, 2, 78, 109, 110, 138, Sarre Conﬂict, 160 140, 141, 146, 147, 153, Sartre, Jean-Paul, 13, 18, 30, 100, 203–205, 248 185, 216, 217, 224, 271 and de Gaulle, 109 and existentialism, 216 views on France, 204 relations with Camus, 18, 216, 217, at Yalta, 1945, 2, 109 224 State Department, 5, 38, 40, 41, 55, Sauvy, Alfred, 91, 216 58, 77–81, 85, 107, 131, 135, Schuman, Maurice, 205, 261 147, 153, 201, 254–256 ‘Schuman Plan’, 131 Advisory Committee on Post-War ‘Sciences Po’ (Ecole libre de sciences Foreign Policy (ACPWFP), 80 politiques), 95 disagreements within, 255 ‘Self-determination’ and PWP (Division of Special debates about, 220 Research), 80, 81 and nation-building, 220 St.-Exupéry, Antoine de, 30, 33, 95 and Woodrow Wilson, 9, 242 writings of, 30 SFIO (Section Française de l”inter- Stimson, Henry nationale Socialiste). See French and Britain, 103 Socialist Party (SFIO) and PWP, 98 Shotwell, James, 144 and the United Nations, 98 Smuts, Jan, 92, 93, 97, 107, 186, 187 and war crimes, 101 and British Empire, 186 St. Pierre et Miquelon Crisis, 36, 38, and ‘Mandates’ system, 107 40, 54 and PWP, 97 Strauss, Admiral Lewis, 166 Social security, 83, 86, 89, 158 Streit, Clarence (‘Union Now’), 156 Sorel, Georges, 7, 264, 265 Suez Crisis, 1956 South Africa, Union of, 93 and Anglo-American relations, 165 322 INDEX

compared to Munich Crisis, 211 U development of, 211 United Nations Eden and Mollet in, 211 and Dumbarton Oaks Conference, effect within Britain, 211 1943, 59, 99, 110 and France, 212, 213 founding of, 59 and Nasser, 211 French membership of, 99 nationalisation of Suez Canal, 211 and PWP, 87, 106, 196 and United Nations, 212 and Suez Crisis, 212 US attitude to (Dulles, Eisenhower), United Nations Relief and Rehabilita- 212 tion Administration (UNRRA) Switzerland disagreements over, 108–109 Marcel Pilet-Golaz, 48 inauguration of, 107 and relations with Vichy, 48 termination of, 108 and the Ligue du Gothard, 48 United States. See also Britain (aka United Kingdom), France and Cold War, 16, 101, 126, 134, 147, 148, 197, 222 T and Empires, 125 Thatcher, Margaret, 4, 265, 266 and Europe, 125 ‘Think-tanks’ ‘Progressive’ era in, 82 and Anglo-US relations, 5 public opinion in, 78 and France, 7 rearmament of, 153 ‘Third World’, 21, 216 origins of term, 216 Tito, Josef Broz, 153 V Tixier, André, 56 Vallat, Xavier. See Vichy: Commissariat Toynbee, Arnold aux affaires juives and Chatham House, 34 Vandenberg Resolution, 1948, 198 Trade. See also GATT (General Versailles, Treaty of Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and PWP, 93 and Aid, 223 and reparations, 93 French distrust of USA over, 88, revision of, 83 192 and Supreme War Council, 139 Imperial Preference system, 192 Vichy Government. See also France Truman (Harry S.) collaboration with Nazi regime, 41 and European integration, 131 Commissariat aux affaires juives, and France, 111, 135, 147, 167, 51, 105 200, 202, 203, 208, 247 and epuration, 104 and Labour Party, 192 Jewish question in, 51 Tunisia, 208, 209 and La Milice, 30, 104 Turkey (and Germany), 49, 145, 199 and Operation Torch, 1942, 52, 78 Tyler, William, 135 and prisoners of war, 44, 46, 51 INDEX 323

Service de Travail Obligatoire, 53 and Roosevelt, 19, 39–41, 58, Wiesbaden Commission d’Armistice, 78–81 46 views about France, 40 Viet Minh. See Indochina; Vietnam Wells, H.G., 78, 92, 113 Vietnam and Atlantic Charter, 92 French in, 199–201 andNewWorldOrder,78 Ho Chih Minh, 202, 249 Westphalian System, 10, 11 USA help for French in, 201 Weygand, Maxime General, 19, 40 US attitudes to, 202 Wight, Martin, 7, 23 Vietnam War (1964-75), 2, 4, 221 Wilson, Harold, 88 von Stülpnagel, General Carl-Heinrich, Wilson, Woodrow. See ‘Self- 46, 47 determination’ and Colonel Edward House, 82 inspiration for FDR, 87 W inspiration for nationalist move- War ments, 188 aims in, 12 and Versailles Treaty, 79 economic causes of, 86 Winant, John, 103. See also European War Crimes Tribunals Advisory Commission (EAC) in France (epuration), 104 Woolf, Leonard, 155, 178 ‘genocide’ and ‘crimes against World War One humanity’, 103 legacies of, 39–41, 78–82, 87–89, and the Holocaust, 105 138 International Criminal Court (ICC), planning during, 17, 78, 80, 82, 1999, 102 96, 101, 140, 160, 186 Lauterpacht, Herch and Lemkin, and Treaty of Versailles, 46, 58, 83, Rafael, 103 161 Nuremberg trials, 95 and Stimson, 101 Ward, Barbara, 86, 157 Y Warsaw Pact, 11 Yalta Conference, 1945, 41, 59, 99, Waugh, Evelyn, 189 109, 141 views about Ethiopia, 189 France as ‘small state’, 2, 109 Weil, Simone, 217 death in wartime Britain, 217 and decolonisation, 217–218 Z Welles, Sumner Zimmern, Alfred, 107 and PWP, 39, 57, 79–81, 92 Zweig, Stefan, 154, 177